Research Article
Turk J Bot
34 (2010) 159-170
© TÜBİTAK
doi:10.3906/bot-0912-3
Morphological, karyological and phylogenetic evaluation of
Cyclotrichium: a piece in the tribe Mentheae puzzle
Tuncay DİRMENCİ1, Ekrem DÜNDAR2,*, Görkem DENİZ2, Turan ARABACI3, Esra MARTIN4,
Ziba JAMZAD5
1
Balıkesir University, Necatibey Faculty of Education, Department of Biology Education, 10100, Balıkesir - TURKEY
2Balıkesir University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 10145, Balıkesir - TURKEY
3İnönü University, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Malatya - TURKEY
4Niğde University, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Niğde - TURKEY
5Research Institute of Forests & Rangelands, 13185-116, Tehran, IRAN
Received: 04.12.2009
Accepted: 22.02.2010
Abstract: The genus Cyclotrichium, a member of the tribe Mentheae subtribe Menthinae (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae), was
analysed with respect to morphological revision, phylogenetic analysis, and cytogenetic properties. All species of the
genus were investigated for morphological characters and ITS (internal transcribed spacers) of nrDNA sequence
comparison (except C. hausknechtii for ITS). Six members of the genus were also analysed for chromosome numbers. The
combined results strongly suggested that Cyclotrichium is a separate genus in Nepetoideae with distinct morphological,
phylogenetic, and cytogenetic characteristics. For intrageneric phylogeny of Cyclotrichium, 3 groups were recognised: 1.
C. niveum; 2. C. origanifolium; and 3. the remaining 6 species. Clinopodium s.l. and Mentha appear to be most closely
related to Cyclotrichium. The phylogenetic relationship of Cyclotrichium with Clinopodium s.l., Mentha, Micromeria,
Melissa, and Satureja is discussed. This is the first report on the somatic chromosome numbers of 6 Cyclotrichium species
and phylogenetic analysis of Cyclotrichium based on (nrDNA) ITS sequences.
Key words: Cyclotrichium, Clinopodium, Satureja, ITS, phylogeny
Cyclotrichium cinsinin morfolojik, karyolojik ve filogenetik analizi: tribus Mentheae
bulmacasında küçük bir çözüm
Özet: Bu çalışmada Mentheae tribusunun Menthinae alt tribusuna ait Cyclotrichium cinsi (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae),
morfolojik, filogenetik ve sitogenetik yönlerden analiz edilmiştir. Cinsin bütün türleri morfolojik karakterleri ve çekirdek
ribozomal ITS (internal transcribed spacers) DNA dizileri açısından incelenmiş ancak C. hausknechtii tanımlandığından
beri arazide hiç bulunamadığı için ITS dizi analizine katılamamıştır (sadece tip örneğinden morfolojik inceleme
yapılmıştır). Cinsin altı türü karyotip analizine tabi tutulmuş ve kromozom sayıları tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar
Cyclotrichium’un belirgin morfolojik, filogenetik ve sitogenetik özellikleriyle Nepetoideae içerisinde farklı bir cins
* E-mail: dundar@balikesir.edu.tr
159
Morphological, karyological and phylogenetic evaluation of Cyclotrichium: a piece in the tribe Mentheae puzzle
olduğunu göstermiştir. Cins içi filogenetiğe bakıldığında Cyclotrichium’un üç gruba ayrıldığı görülmüştür: 1. C. niveum,
2. C. origanifolium ve 3. geriye kalan altı tür. Clinopodium s.l. ve Mentha cinsi Cyclotrichium’a en yakın olarak gözlenmiştir.
Cyclotrichium’un Clinopodium s.l., Mentha, Micromeria, Melissa ve Satureja ile ilişkileri tartışılmıştır. Altı Cyclotrichium
türünün somatik kromozom sayısı ve Cyclotrichium cinsinin filogenetik analizi bu çalışma ile ilk defa rapor edilmektedir.
Anahtar sözcükler: Cyclotrichium, Clinopodium, Satureja, ITS, filogenetik
Introduction
A group of Lamiaceae that has caused much
confusion over its generic boundaries is the Satureja
L. complex. Briquet (1897) included a number of
genera (e.g., Satureja, Micromeria Benth.,
Clinopodium L., Acinos Mill., and Calamintha Mill.)
in Satureja s.l., while other taxonomists (Bentham,
1848; Ball, 1972; Davis, 1982; Doroszenko, 1986)
preferred a narrower circumscription of taxa and kept
these genera separate.
The genus Cyclotrichium Manden. & Scheng. is
related to these genera in the tribe Mentheae subtribe
Menthinae (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae) (Harley et al.,
2004). In earlier classification, some species of
Cyclotrichium were included in the genera Micromeria
(sect. Piperella Benth.), Melissa L. (sect. Clinopodium),
and Clinopodium (Bentham, 1834, 1848). The
Cyclotrichium was first described as sect.
Cyclotrichium Boiss. with 6 species in the genus
Calamintha by Boissier in Flora Orientalis (1879).
Later, Briquet classified it in Satureia as sect.
Cyclotrichium Briq. (Briquet, 1897). Finally,
Mandenova and Schengelia (1953) introduced
Cyclotrichium as a separate genus with 6 species.
The small genus Cyclotrichium contains 9 species
distributed in Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, and Iran. Only
one species of the genus is a Mediterranean element
(C. origanifolium (Labill.) Manden. & Scheng.) and it
is distributed from Turkey to Lebanon, while all
others are Irano-Turanian elements and are
distributed nearby at the intersection of the Turkish,
Iranian, and Iraqi boundaries (Figure 1). South-west
Asia is a speciation centre for Cyclotrichium
(Leblebici, 1974, 1982; Rechinger 1952, 1982; Davis,
1988; Güner et al., 2000).
According to the latest generic description by
Harley et al. (2004), all Cyclotrichium species are
perennial subshrubs, hairs simple or dendroid; leaves
entire or toothed; inflorescence of auxiliary cymes,
sometimes very shortly pedunculate, forming
terminal thyrse of 6 to many flowered, usually remote
verticillasters; bracts, at least the lowest leaf-like,
upper small, inconspicuous, bracteoles ±
inconspicuous, smaller than to equalling calyx; calyx
weakly 2-lipped, 5-lobed (3/2), lobes triangularsubulate, posterior lobes usually shorter than anterior,
calyx-tube cylindrical, straight or shortly curved, 13nerved, throat hairy; corolla resupinate (Figure 2), 2lipped, 4-lobed (3/1), white or lilac, posterior (lower)
lip entire or emerginate, anterior (upper) lip 3-lobed,
slightly deflexed, median lobe larger, corolla tube
twisted, annulate, near middle; stamens 4, ± equal,
long exserted, anthers ellipsoid, thecae 2, parallel,
distinct with short connective; stigma-lobes unequal,
± subulate, posterior lobe longer; disc weakly lobed;
nutlets ovoid, smooth, glabrous.
C. origanifolium
C. niveum
C. leucotrichum
C. longiflorum
C. glabrescens
C. straussii
C. haussknechtii
Figure 1. Distribution map of Cyclotrichium species.
160
C. stamineum
C. depauperatum
T. DİRMENCİ, E. DÜNDAR, G. DENİZ, T. ARABACI, E. MARTIN, Z. JAMZAD
A
C
B
D
Figure 2. Verticillasters of C. longiflorum (A); C. stamineum (B); C. niveum (C) and C. glabrescens (D).
Species of Cyclotrichium are as follows (pictures
are provided if available): C. depauperatum (Bunge)
Manden. & Scheng., C. glabrescens (Boiss. & Kotschy
ex Rech.f.) Leblebici, C. leucotrichum (Stapf. ex
Rech.f.) Leblebici, C. longiflorum Leblebici (Figure
2A), C. hausknechtii (Bunge) Manden. & Scheng., C.
niveum (Boiss.) Manden. & Scheng., C.
origanifolium, C. stamineum (Boiss. & Hohen)
Manden. & Scheng. (Figure 2B), and C. straussii
(Bornm.) Rech.f.
C. niveum (Figure 2C) and C. glabrescens (Figure
2D) are endemic to Turkey, while C. haussknechtii, C.
straussii, and C. depauperatum are endemics of Iran.
Cyclotrichium species contain aromatic essential
oils and hence they are often utilised as spices. They
are also consumed as herbal tea in Turkey. Local
names of these plants are “dağ nanesi”, “kız otu”,
“köpek nanesi”, “karabaş otu”, and “naneruhu” (Baser
et al., 1996).
161
Morphological, karyological and phylogenetic evaluation of Cyclotrichium: a piece in the tribe Mentheae puzzle
Major secondary metabolites of Cyclotrichium
species are isopinocamphone, terpinen-4-ol,
spathulenol, menthone, thymol, carvacrol, and
pulegone (Baser et al., 2001; Kilic et al., 2007).
Secondary compounds based on species are as
follows: C. niveum contains pulegone; C. glabrescens
contains thymol and carvacrol; C. longiflorum and C.
stamineum
contains
isopinacamphone;
C.
leucotrichum contains pulegone, p-mentha-3.8-diene,
and t-cadinol; C. origanifolium contains
isopinacomphone and menthone (Baser et al., 1994;
Baser et al., 1996; Baser et al., 2001; Tepe et al., 2005;
Aslan et al., 2007, Kilic et al., 2007); C. straussii
contains β-caryophyllene and germacrene D (NoriSharg & Baharvand, 2006); and C. depauperatum
contains cis-pinocamphone and pulegone (Sajjadi &
Mehregan, 2006).
Although Cyclotrichium has been established as a
separate genus since 1953 (Mandenova & Schengelia,
1953), it had long been confused with Micromeria,
Melissa, Clinopodium, Calamintha, Acinos, and Satureja
(see above). Moreover, Calamintha and Acinos, which
are closely related to Cyclotrichium, have recently been
transferred into Clinopodium (Govaerts, 1999; Harley
& Granda, 2000; Ryding, 2005; Bräuchler et al., 2006)
although the word Calamintha has not been
completely abandoned (Özhatay et al., 2009). Hence a
molecular phylogenetic analysis will greatly help in
the establishment of the correct classification of this
complex in addition to intrageneric revision of
Cyclotrichium. For this purpose, an ITS (Internal
Transcribed Spacers) sequence based phylogenetic
analysis covering all of the Cyclotrichium species
(except C. hausknechtii, which was never recollected)
along with the related genera mentioned above were
conducted. Utilisation of ITS phylogeny in plants has
been effective (Baldwin et al., 1995; Álvarez &
Wendel, 2003) and it has been validated by numerous
reports (e.g., Liston et al., 1999; Steane et al., 1999;
Bellarosa et al., 2005). Cytogenetic analysis comparing
the chromosome number of Cyclotrichium species
and morphological revision (including C. hausknechtii
from the type specimen and isotype specimens) of the
genus was also conducted.
162
Materials and methods
Morphological Evaluation
All Cyclotrichium species were morphologically
evaluated from collected specimens and/or herbarium
specimens (including type specimens and isotype
specimens) in ANK (Ankara University), BM
(Natural History Museum, London), E (Edinburgh),
G-Boiss (Geneva), GAZI (Gazi University), HUB
(Hacettepe University), ISTE (İstanbul University,
School of Pharmacy), ISTO (İstanbul University,
Faculty of Forestry), K (Kew), W (Natural History
Museum), and in WU (Wien University). Voucher
information can be found in the Appendix.
Genomic DNA isolation, PCR, and Sequencing
Genomic DNA isolation was performed both
manually as described by Dellaporta et al. (1983) and
using a Plant DNeasy kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden,
Germany). PCR was run using the published ITS
primers (White et al., 1990; Sang et al., 1995) with the
following protocol on a Techne Thermal Cycler
(Techne, Cambridge, UK): 5 min 95 °C initial
denaturation, 35 cycles of 30 s 94 °C denaturation, 30
s 50 °C annealing and 1 min 72 °C extension, followed
by a 10 min final extension at 72 °C. The primers used
to amplify ITS regions were also used for sequencing,
which was accomplished commercially by a
biotechnology company (RefGen, Ankara, Turkey).
Phylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the
programs BioEdit (Hall, 1999) and PAUP 4.0b10
(Swofford, 2001). Multiple ITS sequences for the same
species collected from conditions with potential
phylogenetic importance were included in the tree
although no sequence difference was detected. ITS
sequences of 3 species to represent each of the related
genera were obtained from GenBank and their
accession numbers were indicated in parentheses on
the tree. Since Clinopodium s.l. is the most complex
genus related to Cyclotrichium, members of this genus
from the Old World (former Calamintha taxa
Clinopodium betulifolium (Boiss. & Balansa) Kuntze,
C. tauricolum (P.H.Davis) Govaertz, and C.
grandiflorum (L.) Kuntze, and former Acinos species
(Clinopodium alpinum) and from the New World
(Clinopodium georgianum R.M.Harper, C. dentatum
(Chapm.) Kuntze, and C. coccineum (Nutt. ex Hook.)
Kuntze) were also included in the tree in addition to
T. DİRMENCİ, E. DÜNDAR, G. DENİZ, T. ARABACI, E. MARTIN, Z. JAMZAD
the fact that the Old World species are also new
transfers from former genera (Calamintha and
Acinos). For both Melissa and Acinos there was only
one ITS sequence for each in the databases available.
ITS sequences of Clinopodium betulifolium,
Clinopodium tauricolum, and Clinopodium
grandiflorum (former Calamintha taxa) were obtained
through collecting specimens, PCR amplification, and
sequencing as described above.
Karyology
Plant materials from Turkey were collected
between 2005 and 2008. Vouchers have been
deposited at the Balıkesir Herbarium and Biology
Department of Balıkesir University, Turkey. Root tips
were obtained from surface-sterilised seeds
germinated for 2 days on wet filter paper for the
somatic chromosome numbers. Root tips were pretreated with α- monobromonaphthalene for 16 h at 4 °C,
fixed in 3:1 ethanol:glacial acetic acid for 24 h, and stored
at 4 °C until use. The root tips were washed in distilled
water to remove the fixative, hydrolysed in 1 N HCl for
12 min at room temperature, and stained with 2% acetoorcein for 2 h. Permanent slides were made with the
standard liquid nitrogen method. The slides were dried
for 24 h at room temperature and mounted in Depex.
Results
Revised Dichotomous Key
Below is a revised dichotomous key generated in
light of the characters listed in the Table, based on the
Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Davis,
1982) and the Flora Iranica (Leblebici, 1982;
Rechinger, 1982), along with our morphological
evaluation of both collected specimens and herbarium
materials.
1. Plant densely white-tomentellous with dendroid
hairs ......................................................... C. niveum
1. Plant glabrous to various hairy, glandular or not
2. Calyx conspicuously bilabiate, upper lip
divided to halfway into ±recurved, triangularacuminate teeth ..................... C. origanifolium
2. Calyx sub-bilabiate, (often inconspicuously);
teeth erect, triangular-lanceolate to subulate
3. Calyx glabrous or with minute glandular
papillose and sessile glands, without long hairs
4. Stems 10-15 cm, canescent, leaves ovate,
acute, verticillasters many flowered,
bracteoles as long as calyx, calyx grabrous
or with minute glandular papillose (see
Discussion) .................. C. haussknechtii
4. Stems to 35 cm, hirsute-villose, leaves
suborbicular, obtuse to rounded,
verticillasters lax, bracteoles as long as
pedicel ........................ C. depauperatum
3. Calyx glandular puberulent or glandular
pruinose, sometimes with pilose or villose
hairs.
5. Stems at least densely long pilose at
verticillasters, eglandular or glandular,
calyx densely long pilose
6. Bracteoles 2.5-5 mm, calyx 5-7 mm
............................................ C. straussii
6. Bracteoles 4.5-6 mm, calyx 8-11 mm
.................................... C. longiflorum
5. Stems
glandular-puberulent
or
glandular-pruinose with or without long
hairs
7. Stems glandular puberulent, with long
spreading eglandular hairs at least at
nodes; lower calyx teeth 1.5-2.5 mm,
not ciliate ................. C. leucotrichum
7. Stems glandular-pruinose, lacking
long eglandular hairs; lower calyx
teeth 2.5-4 mm, often ciliate.
8. Bracteoles 3-4 mm, linear-lanceolate,
shorter than tube, calyx straight, tube
with or without long hairs; teeth
ciliate or not ............... C. stamineum
8. Bracteoles 5-6 mm, lanceolate, as
long as or longer than tube, calyx
slightly curved, without long hairs,
teeth ciliate ................ C. glabrescens
Phylogenetic Tree
A cladogram displaying the phylogenetic position
of Cyclotrichium species with respect to each other
and with respect to related genera (Clinopodium s.l.,
Mentha, Micromeria, Satureja, Thymus, and Melissa)
was constructed (Figure 3). ITS sequences for
Clinopodium betulifolium, C. tauricolum and C.
163
Species / Trait
Stem
Leaves
Bracteoles
Calyx
Corolla
C. haussknechtii
10-15 cm, glandular
pubescent, canescent
ovate, 8-10 × 5-7 mm,
glandular papillate, hairy
as long as calyx, 5.5-7 mm,
lanceolate
6.5-8 mm, scarcely bilabiate, glabrous
rarely glandular, teeth lanceolate, ciliate,
upper teeth 1.7-2 mm lower teeth c. 2.5
6-7 mm
C. straussii
25-30 cm, hirsute-villose,
glandular papillate
ovate-orbicular, 10-15 × 8-14
mm, hirsute-villose
2.5-5 mm,
linear-lanceolate
subbilabiate, 5-7 mm, hirsute-villose with glandular
papillate, teeth lanceolate, the uppers to 2 mm, the
lowers c. 3 mm
10-12 mm
C. depauperatum
35 cm, pubescent with
short crispy hairs,
sessile glands
ovate-orbicular, c. 10 × 10 mm,
short villose-tomentose
as long as pedicel, 2-3 mm,
lanceolate
±actinomorphic, 6-7 mm, without long
hairs (rarely villose), glandular papillate
with sessile glands, teeth 1.5-2 mm
9-11 mm
C. niveum
20-50 cm, whitetomentellous, dendroid
hairy, sessile glands
ovate-elliptic, 8-14 × 4-9 mm
dendroid hairy
shorter than tube, 1.5-2 mm,
linear to linear-subulate
4-6 mm, subbilabiate dendroid hairy
upper teeth 0.5-1 mm, lower teeth 1-1.5 mm
7-9 mm
C. origanifolium
to 25 cm, hirsute or
glabrous, with sessile or
subsessile glands
ovate to ovate-orbicular,
6-15 × (4-)5-13 mm, hirsute,
with sessile glands or
subsessile glands
as long as calyx tube,
4-5 mm, lanceolateacuminate to subulate
clearly bilabiate, 4.5-7.5 mm, slightly curved,
glabrous to densely hirsute, upper teeth
0.8-1.5 mm, lower teeth, 1.2-2.5 mm
8-12 mm
C. leucotrichum
15-45 cm,
yellowish-green
glandular-puberulent
ovate, ovate-elliptic,
18-25 × 10-15 mm, glandular
papillate, long hairy
shorter than tube, 3.5-5 mm,
lanceolate-subulate
subbilabiate, 5.5-8 mm, straight, densely
glandular papillate upper teeth 1-1.5 mm,
lower teeth 1.5-2.5 mm
9-12 mm
C. glabrescens
10-25 cm, glaucescentgreen. glandular pruinose,
lacking long hairs
ovate to broadly ovate,
10-23 × 8-20 mm, densely
glandular papillate with
sessile glands below
5-6 mm,
lanceolate
subbilabiate, 6.5-8 mm, slightly curved,
glandular papillate, lower teeth 2.5-3 mm,
upper teeth 2-2.5 mm
9-12 mm
C. stamineum
to 35 cm, glaucescentgreen, minutely
glandular-pruinose
without or sparsely
long hairs
ovate, 15-20 × 7-15 mm
densely glandular papillate
with or without sparsely
long hairs
½-1 × tube, 3-4 mm,
linear-lanceolate
subbilabiate, 6-8 mm, straight, glandular
papillate, upper teeth 1.2-2 mm,
lower teeth 2-3 (3.5) mm
8-12 mm
C. longiflorum
to 45 cm, puberulent,
sessile glands, slightly
glandular papillate
ovate to broadly ovate,
15-25 × 10-18 mm,
without long hairs,
with sessile glands
shorter than tube, 4.5-6 mm,
linear-lanceolate
subbilabiate to bilabiate, 8-11 mm, slightly
curved, densely pilose, upper teeth
2-3 mm, lower teeth 3-4 mm
10-13 mm
Morphological, karyological and phylogenetic evaluation of Cyclotrichium: a piece in the tribe Mentheae puzzle
164
Table. Morphological traits of Cyclotrichium species.
T. DİRMENCİ, E. DÜNDAR, G. DENİZ, T. ARABACI, E. MARTIN, Z. JAMZAD
64
91
C. longiflorum (gu011996, 1200 m, Hakkari, TURKEY)
C. longiflorum (gu011996, 600 m, Hakkari, TURKEY)
67
C. stamineum (gu011999, Mosul , IRAQ)
C. origanifolium (gu011998, Niğde, TURKEY)
C. origanifolium (gu011998, Antalya, TURKEY)
C. niveum (gu011997, Sivas, TURKEY)
100
67
C. niveum (gu011997, Malatya, TURKEY)
Clinopodium betulifolium (gu012001)*
87
100
Clinopodium tauricolum (gu012003)*
93
Clinopodium grandiflorum (gu012002)*
Clinopodium alpinum (gi:30013366)**
Clinopodium georgianum (gi:62997136)
100
Clinopodium dentatum (gi:62997135)
66
67
100
Cyc l o t ri c h i u m
C. leuchotrichum (gu011995, Mardin, TURKEY)
C. glabrescens (gu011994, 1100 m, Bitlis, TURKEY)
C. glabrescens (gu011994, 1700 m, Bitlis, TURKEY)
C. depauperatum (gu011993, Chaharmahal-e Bakhtiari, IRAN)
C. straussii (gu012000, Chaharmahal-e Bakhtiari , IRAN)
Clinopodium coccineum
100
98
Mentha spicata
100
Mentha sp. (gi: 62997144)
Mentha suaveolens (gi:42556299)
94
Satureja hortensis (gi:30013368)
Satureja subspicata (gi:194140359)
Satureja cuneifolia (gi:194140361)
100
100
100
(gi:20379190)
(gi: 111119913)
Thymus daenensis (gi:211728816)
Thymus persicus (gi:193228037)
100
51
94
Thymus vulgaris (gi:32966265)
Micromeria hyssopifolia (gi:30011367)
Melissa officinalis (gi:93735352)
Rosmarinus officinalis (gi:42556303)
Figure 3. The cladogram (generated from ITS sequences) displaying the phylogenetic position of Cyclotrichium.
Rosmarinus officinalis was used as an outgroup. The alignment of the sequences was generated using
the Clustal W algorithm (Thompson et al., 1994) and DNADist function of BioEdit program (Hall,
1999) was used to generate the tree. Percentage bootstrap values (of 1000 replicates) shown on branches
of the tree were calculated by PAUP program (Swofford, 2001). Branch lengths are proportional to
distances. The accession numbers of ITS sequences obtained from GenBank are indicated in
parentheses. Cyclotrichium species are highlighted in a rounded rectangle. Factors with potential
phylogenetic importance such as geographical distance and altitude for the same species are indicated
in parentheses for each relevant taxon of Cyclotrichium (also see the Discussion). *Former Calamintha
species. **Former Acinos species. Accession numbers starting with ”gu” belong to sequences that were
obtained through this study.
grandiflorum were generated along with Cyclotrichium
specimens as described in the Materials and Methods,
while all other sequences were taken from GenBank.
Cyclotrichium species clearly formed a distinct branch
displaying a monophyletic genus (Figure 3). Specimens
of the same species collected from different
geographical regions and from different altitudes
displayed no ITS sequence difference. ITS sequences
for C. hausknechtii were not included in the
phylogenetic tree because this species has never been
re-collected anywhere in the field since it was first
collected. Morphological evaluation, however, has been
conducted on the type specimen (in G-Boiss.) and on
isotype specimens (in K and in BM).
165
Morphological, karyological and phylogenetic evaluation of Cyclotrichium: a piece in the tribe Mentheae puzzle
Karyological features
The somatic chromosome numbers of 6
Cyclotrichium species, collected from different
localities in Turkey, were determined for the first time.
Cyclotrichium species investigated were diploid with
chromosome numbers counted as 2n = 16. The basic
chromosome number of the genus is x = 8. Analyses
were performed in the following species:
Cyclotrichium leucotrichum (T. Dirmenci 3593), C.
glabrescens (T. Dirmenci 3592-b), C. origanifolium (T.
Dirmenci 2178), C. niveum (T. Dirmenci 3566), C.
stamineum (B. Yıldız 16935), and C. longiflorum (B.
Yıldız 16922).
Discussion
Although Cyclotrichium has been established as a
distinct genus since 1953 (Mandenova & Schengelia,
1953), it has a long confused taxonomical history
involving Clinopodium s.l., Micromeria, Melissa, and
Satureja (see Introduction). The Satureja L. complex
that Cyclotrichium belongs to is still undergoing
taxonomical changes as in the examples of
Calamintha, Micromeria sect. Pseudomelissa, and
Acinos’s recent transfer into Clinopodium (Govaerts,
1999; Harley & Granda, 2000; Ryding, 2005; Bräuchler
et al., 2006). With this respect, revised taxonomy of
these genera backed with molecular analysis is still
needed. For this purpose, phylogenetic analysis of
Cyclotrichium has been conducted for the first time.
The Old World members of Clinopodium s.l. (former
Calamintha taxa Clinopodium betulifolium, C.
tauricolum, and C. grandiflorum) appeared closer to
Cyclotrichium than other previously confused genera
(such as Satureja, Micromeria, and Melissa) in the
phylogenetic tree, suggesting its closer relation to
Clinopodium s.l.
The phylogenetic tree (Figure 3) clearly displays
Cyclotrichium as a monophyletic genus and it is in
very good accordance with morphological taxonomy.
The tree also displays all the genera included as
separate groups as well as Cyclotrichium, which was
previously quite confused with the other mentioned
genera. Hence, our phylogenetic analysis strongly
supports Mandenova and Shengalia’s (1953)
suggestion based on morphological taxonomy that
Cyclotrichium is a distinct genus from all the others in
question.
166
As for the intrageneric phylogeny, the cladogram is
in very good accordance with the morphological
classification. As can be seen from the dichotomous
key and the detailed morphological traits table
(Table), the genus splits into 3 groups: 1. C. niveum
group, 2. C. origanifolium group, and 3. the remaining
6 species. C. niveum is full of white-tomentellous and
dendroid hairs on all surfaces of the plant. In this
respect, C. niveum is distinctly separated from all
other species. C. origanifolium has a clearly bilabiate
calyx with a recurved upper lip that is also distinct
from all other species. The third group has a subbilabiate calyx and simple hairs in common. This is
almost exactly the case in the phylogenetic tree, where
the 3 distinct groups mentioned can be clearly seen
(Figure 3).
Morphological analysis of C. hausknechtii revealed
some observations that are important for the
dichotomous key. In the original description of C.
hausknechtii there is no mention of a hairy calyx.
Likewise, in Flora Orientalis (Boissier, 1879) and in
Flora Iranica (Rechinger, 1982), it differs from the
other species with its calyx having no hair. In our
detailed morphological evaluation of type specimen
(in G-Boiss.) and isotype specimens (in K and in BM),
however, dense minute glandular papillose hairs on
the calyx were observed. These hairs cannot be clearly
seen on the isotype in K because the specimen is
highly deformed and very little material is left. The
type specimen in G-Boiss., however, has been very
well preserved and all the morphological details can
be clearly seen. Based on these observations, we
suggest C. hausknechtii is more closely related to C.
leucotrichum rather than to C. depauperatum.
Therefore, to locate and collect new specimens of C.
hausknechtii is essential to assess its correct systematic
position as well as to finalise the necessary
modifications in the key.
One interesting observation based on both
morphology and molecular data is that significant
differences with potential phylogenetic importance
(such as long geographical distance and high altitude
differences) caused no difference in Cyclotrichium’s
intrageneric taxonomy. Two different specimens of C.
origanifolium collected from Antalya and Niğde for
instance, displayed no taxonomical difference despite
about 550 km distance and a different climate.
T. DİRMENCİ, E. DÜNDAR, G. DENİZ, T. ARABACI, E. MARTIN, Z. JAMZAD
Likewise, no taxonomical difference was observed for
the 2 specimens of C. longiflorum that were collected
at 600 m and 1200 m respectively, in Hakkari (Figure
3).
Related to the genus Cyclotrichium, no
karyological studies have been reported in the
literature. This is the first record on the somatic
chromosome numbers of 6 species of the genus that
are natively distributed in Turkey. As in the historical
confusion based on morphology, Clinopodium s.l.,
Mentha, Micromeria, Satureja, and Melissa are
somewhat intermingled in terms of chromosome
numbers. Somatic chromosome number (2n) of
Clinopodium s.l. is 2n = 18, 20, 22, 24, 48 (Nilsson &
Lassen, 1971; Löve & Kjellqvist, 1974; Ubera, 1979;
Fernandes & Leitao, 1985; Morales, 1990, 1994),
Mentha has 2n = 18, 20, 24, 36, 40, 48, 50, 72, 96, 120
(Harley & Brighton, 1977; Chambers & Hummer,
1994) Micromeria has 2n = 20, 22, 26, 30, 48, 60
(Cardona, 1973; Cardona & Contandriopoulos, 1983;
Fernandes & Leitao, 1985; Morales, 1990, 1991; Luque
& Lifante, 1991; Bräuchler, et al., 2008), Satureja has
2n = 30 (Löve & Kjellqvist, 1974; Lopez, 1982), and
Melissa has 2n = 32 (Fernandes & Leitao, 1985).
Cyclotrichium, however, has 16 somatic chromosomes
(2n) and this number clearly separates this genus from
all the others mentioned.
In summary, this is the first report that presents a
morphological and phylogenetic revision including
all species of Cyclotrichium, and also suggests a
different position of the genus based on chromosome
numbers.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by TÜBİTAK (grant
number 104T293), Balıkesir University and the
SYNTHESYS program (GB-TAF-3087). Special
thanks to the curators of MB, E, G, K, W, WU and
Turkish herbaria for letting us examine their specimens.
Further thanks to E and Prof. Dr. Bayram Yıldız
providing us with plant materials for DNA extraction.
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T.Dirmenci, E. DÜNDAR, G. DENİZ, T. ARABACI, E. MARTIN, Z. JAMZAD
Appendix
Voucher specimens of the genera
Cyclotrichium Manden. & Scheng. and
Clinopodium s.l. Mill., which are
examined in the present study.
*specimens that were used for genomic
DNA extraction.
Cyclotrichium depauperatum: Iran
Iter Syriaco-Armeniacum, Bors valley fl.
Chyrsan (Khersan), 3000 ped. 08.1868,
Hausskn. s.n. (holotype G, isotype K,
BM). Chaharmahal-e Bakhtiari, Dareh
Bazoft, Kuh-e Keynu, 2150-2400m,
Mozaffarian 58000* (TARI).
Cyclotrichium glabrescens: Turkey
B8 Muş: Muş in subalpinis, c. 2000 m,
09.09.1859, Kotschy 1859: Suppl. 1688
(isotype G, K). Diyarbakır: Hazro,
Uzunargıt, around Değirmen, stream
banks and rocky slopes, 890-930 m,
03.08.1974, H.Demir, S.Akkuş, H.Olgaç
(Dicle Ün. Herb.). B9 between Bitlis and
Baykan 26 km, N 38º 14´860´´, E 041º 57´
329´´, ca. 1100 m, 07.08.2007, Dirmenci
3592-b. Bitlis: Hizan, Karbastı village,
Yamaç, 1500 m, 24.07.2002, T.Dirmenci
1440*. Between Bitlis and Baykan 26 km,
N 38º 14´ 860´´, E 041º 57´ 329´´, ca.
1100 m, 27.06.2007, T.Dirmenci 3441*;
ibid., 07.08.2007, T.Dirmenci 3592-b & M.
Fırat. Şeyh Habib Mt., 1700 m,
05.08.2002, A.Altıok 2759 (VANF).
Kurtboğan hill, 1650 m, 08.08.2001,
A.Altıok 1756 (VABF). Around Karınca
Karakolu, 1300 m, A.Altıok 1539 (VANF).
ibid., 1300 m, 15.07.2001, A.Altıok 1536
(VANF). Bitlis: Hizan, Karbastı village,
Gerzemel Mountain, rocky places, 16001700 m, 17.07.2001, Dirmenci 1440.
Cyclotrichium haussknechtii: Iran: in
fissuris rup. Teng Tokab, Nekbehan, 3000
ped., 06.1868, Hausskn. s.n. (holotype G,
isotype K, BM).
Cyclotrichium leucotrichum: Turkey
C8 Mardin:
Richemil
(Rişmil),
23.07.1888, Sintenis 1352 (isotype E).
Mardin: 20 km from Mardin to
Diyarbakır, S. of Sultan Şeyhmus village,
15.09.2007, T.Dirmenci 3592. between
Kızıltepe and Mardin, 1500 m,
23.07.1974, M.Koyuncu 4466 (AEF, GAZI,
E). between Mardin and Kızıltepe, 1 km,
calcareous rocky place, 22.07.2005,
Arabacı 2139*; ibid., rocky slopes, ca. 1000
m, 15.09.2007, T.Dirmenci 3593. Mardin:
Karaman village, 24.07.1970, T.Baytop,
ISTE 18228 (E). Batman: 2 km from
Gerçüş to Mardin, rocky slopes,
15.09.2007, T.Dirmenci 3594. 3 km from
Hasankeyf to Mardin, rocky slopes,
16.09.2007, T.Dirmenci (observation).
Cyclotrichium longiflorum: Iraq:
Mosul: ad confinae Turciae prov. Hakkari,
in ditione pagi Sharanish, in montibus
calc. a Zakho, septentrionem versus. Jabal
Khantur, in saxosis, 1200 m. 4-9.07.1957,
K.H.Rechinger 10794 (holotype E, isotype
G, W). Mosul: ad confinae Turciae prov.
Hakkari, in ditione pagi Sharanish, in jugo
montis Zawita, ca. 1800 m, 09.07.1957,
KH.Rechinger 11992 (E, G, W). Mosul: ad
confinae Turciae prov. Hakkari, in ditione
pagi Sharanish, in jugo montis calc. a
Zakho, septentrionem versus, in saxosis
faucium supra marsis, ca. 1200 m,
09.07.1957, KH.Rechinger 10891 (E, G,
W). Mosul: In fissures rupium calc.
Septentr. Versus expositis supra pagum
Basingera, ca 1200 m, 09.07.1957,
K.H.Rechinger 11512 (W). Turkey C9
Hakkari: between Hakkari and Çukurca,
13 km, 1200 m, 17.06.2004, Dirmenci
2476*; ibid., 15 km, rocky places, c. 1200
m, 09.06.2006. Dirmenci 3356. Şırnak: 60
km from Şırnak to Hakkari, 600 m,
08.06.2002, Yıldız 15158*, Dirmenci &
Arabacı. 63 km from Şenoba to Hakkari,
rocky slopes, 15.07.2001, Z.Aytaç 8171
(ESSE, GAZI, ANK).
Cyclotrichium niveum: Turkey B6
Malatya: in Cappadocia centrali inter
Ketche-Mesera et Guruno (Gürün),
Tchihatcheff 1854:561 (holotype GBoiss.). B6 Sivas: Gürün, Barsakdere,
1500-1600 m, 29.07.1992, Yıldız 9902*.
Divriği, kale çevresi, hareketli yamaç,
kalker, 1100 m, 08.09.1994, A.A.Dönmez
(4270) & Z.Yeşilyurt (GAZI). 20 km from
Gürün to Darande, 23.08.1991, M.Kara
(ESSE 9228). Malatya: between Malatya
and Darende, 1 km west of Develi village,
c. 1600 m, N 38º 23´ 184´´, E 037º 54´
571´´, 10.08.2007, Dirmenci 3506 &
Arabacı. Between Gürün and Darende, 15
km, 1570 m, 11.07.2008, Z.Aytaç (9094) et
al., (GAZI). Malatya/Sivas: between
Gürün-Darende, rocky slopes, 1600 m,
28.06.1974, K.Karamanoğlu & M.Koyuncu
(AEF-4532). Sivas: Deli Da., Bornm.
1893:3482 (E, K). Malatya: between
Gürün and Malatya, 65 km from Malatya,
c. 1500 m, 07.08.1956, McNeil 450 (E).
Gürün, 40 km from Malatya, c. 1400 m,
McNeill 466 (E, K). Malatya: between
Malatya and Darende, South of Develi
village, rocky place, 1400 m, 20.07.2005,
Arabacı 2137*. Doğanşehir, between
Erkenek and Alıçlı, 28.07.1987, Aktoklu
855 (HUB). Darande, kayalıklar, 12001800 m, A.Rıza Gürgen (AEF-17918).
Between Malatya and Darende, 1 km E of
Develi village, N 38 23 184, E 037 54 571,
4795 ft., 10.08.2007, T.Dirmenci 3504 & T.
Arabacı. B7 Erzincan: Kemaliye (Egin)
Sarıkonaklar village, 1800 m, 10.07.1982,
M.Koyuncu et al., (AEF-23266). Kemaliye
(Egin) around of Sarıkonaklar village,
1400 m, 09.07.1982, M.Koyuncu (5780) et
al., (AEF-10532). Kemaliye (Egin), Ariki
Da., 07.07.1977, O.Soner (AEF-6166).
Kemaliye, Aşağı Umutlu, Gökseki Da.,
1500-2400 m, M.Tanker & M.Çoşkun,
26.09.1984 (AEF-14675). Kemaliye
(Egin), Kotachan, in dedivil. Lapidosis,
05.07.1890, Sintenis 2901 (K). Kemaliye,
around of Sandıkbağı, 900 m, 17.11.1980,
Ş.Yıldırımlı 4168 (HUB). Kemaliye,
Başpınar, Buğdaypınar, 1000-1200 m,
Ş.Yıldırımlı 4225 (HUB). Adıyaman:
Gölbaşı, Hamzaköy, 1060 m, 15.09.2001,
A.Dönmez 10127 (HUB).
169
Morphological, karyological and phylogenetic evaluation of Cyclotrichium: a piece in the tribe Mentheae puzzle
Cyclotrichium origanifolium: Turkey
C2 Denizli: d. Acıpayam, Bozdağ, 1670 m,
16.07.1947, Davis 13404 (E). C3 Isparta:
Selçuklu, Çimenova, W side of Sang Da.,
18.07.1949, Davis 15591 (E). Isparta:
Sütçüler, Dedegöl Da., 2200 m,
02.08.1949, Davis 15993 (E). Antalya,
Kemer, Akdağ, 1600 m, 10.07.1949, Davis
15111 (E). C3 Antalya: Akdağ, nr.
Karabuynus Y., 2000 m, 31.08.1947, Davis
14533 (E). C3 Antalya: Tahtalı Da., 2100
m, 16.08.1947, Davis 14144 (E). C4
Antalya: Gebiz, west side of Bozburun
Mountain, 1800-1900 m, 12.07.2002,
Dirmenci 1949*. C5 İçel: Arslanköy,
Bolkar Da., Gökkol Yayla, 2400 m,
calcareous, 07.08.2002, Dirmenci 2178 &
Yıldız. C5 Niğde: Çamardı, Aladağ, road
of Yedigöller, c. 2000-2200 m, 04.08.2006,
Yıldız 16443* & Dirmenci. C4 Antalya:
Akdağ, S. of Geyik Da., above Gözübüyük
yayla, 2200 m, 28.08.1947, Davis 14327
(E). C4 Antalya: distr. Elmalı, Üçkuyular,
1750 m, 28.07.1960, Khan et al. 274 (E).
C5 Mersin: Anamur, Olucak, between
Ermenek and Anamur, 18.08.1949, Davis
16334B (E). C5 Adana: Karaisalı, Bulgar
Da., between Pozantı and Meydan, 1500
m, 01.09.1949, Davis 16585 (E). C5 Niğde:
Regione alpine du Taurus, Pres de GülekMaden, 16.08.1855, Balansa 500 (E). C5
Niğde: Bulgar Maden, 1500 m, 07.1912,
Shie 283 (E), Bulgar maden, 1400-2000 m,
Shie 1896:586 (E). C5 Niğde: S valley of
Maden, 30.07.1969, Darrah 348 (E). C6
Osmaniye: Amonos, Düldül, 1500-2000
m, 07.1911, Haradj. 3846 (E).
170
Cyclotrichium stamineum: Iraq in
rupestribus umbrosis montis Gara,
Kotschy 1841:311 (holotype G, isotype
K). in rupestribus m. Gara, regione
alpinam, 24.07.1841, Hohanacker s.n. (K).
Sarsang, Gara Dagh, 1050-1250 m,
12.06.1958, E.Chapman 26409 (K). Mosul:
Zawita, 21 km a Dohuk orientem versus
in pinetis (P. brutia) saxosis, 800 m, 1012.07.1957, Rechinger 11546 (G, K, W). 25
km a Dohuk c. 800 m, Rechinger 11541
(G, W). Inter Dohuk et Amadiye,
Amadiye 3 km occidentem versus, 1000
m, 12.07.1957, Rechinger 11618 (G, W).
Galli Ali beg, 500 m, 20.08.1958, Ali Rawi
26795 (K). Bekhal, mountain slope,
07.07.1971, S.Omar et al., 38408 (K).
Mosul, Zawita gorge, rocky crevices in
Pinus brutia forest, 23.07.1961, Agnew 733
(E). Sirsang, 4000 ft, 06.07.1955,
R.H.Heines 447 (E). Mosul: Sirsang, Gara
mt. 10.07.1961, Agnew 648 (E). Mosul: ad
confinae Turciae prov. Hakkari, inter
Dohuk et Amadiya, Zawita, 21 km a
Dohuk orientem versus, in fissirus
dopium dolomit, c. 800 m, 12.07.1952,
K.H.Rechinger 11541* (E, K). Amadiya,
Zawita gorge, 23.07.1961, Agnew 733 (E).
Turkey: C9 Siirt: Eruh, Yassıdağ (Serikur
Da.,) Meşindağ pass (Birini pass), 1640 m,
18.07.1981, E.Tuzlacı (ISTO-47340).
Hakkari: 2 km from Çukurca to Narlı
village, 1200 m, 09.06.2006, T.Dirmenci
3357a. ibid., 17.08.2008, Yıldız 16935,
Dirmenci & Fırat. 5 km W of Çukurca, c.
1000 km, 09.06.2006. T.Dirmenci 3358.
Çukurca, 1200 m, rocky slopes in open
Quercus sp. forest, 2.06.1966, Davis 44745
(ISTO-11473, E). C10 Hakkari: Cilo Da.
in Diz dere, 5700 ft, gravel terraces,
06.08.1954, Davis 23924 (ANK,
E).Yüksekova: nr. Oramar (S. of Cilo Da.)
1830 m, Trelawny 1845 (E).
Cyclotrichium straussii: Iran: Persia
occident., in ditione oppidi Sulatanabad,
Strauss s.n. (isotype K, BM). Luristan, left
bank of Kashgan Rud: above Pul-i-Khalor,
60 km W. of Khoramabad: dryish ledges
NW of facing limestone cliffs, c. 1130 m,
11.07.1966, J.C.Archibald 2645* (E).
Lorestan, Shrab-Tak, 2300-2500 m, JuneJuly, M.S.Mossadegh 44 (E).
Chaharmahal-e Bakhtiari, Lordegan,
Kuh-e
Karkunji,
1500-2300
m,
Mozaffarian 54939 (TARI).
Clinopodium betulifolium: Turkey
C5 İçel: above Gözne, calcareous, c. 1200
m, N 37º 00´ 26´´, E 34º 34´ 70´´,
07.08.2007, Dirmenci 3487*, Arabacı &
Brauchler.
Clinopodium grandiflorum: Turkey
A8 Rize: c. 15 km from İkizdere to Başköy,
1260 m, 01.09.2008, Dirmenci 3600* &
Akçiçek.
Clinopodium tauricolum: Turkey C5
İçel: between Gülnar and Ermenek,
around Güneşli village, Cedrus libani
frost, 1200 m, 07.08.2007, Dirmenci
3483*, Arabacı & Brauchler