Journal of Phytology 2023, 15: 12-37
doi: 10.25081/jp.2023.v15.8020
https://updatepublishing.com/journal/index.php/jp
Review Article
A comprehensive analysis on the
ecosystem services of Elaeocarpus L.
(Elaeocarpaceae): a review
ISSN: 2075-6240
Sheenu Sharma1, Sabir Hussain1, Durg Vijay Rai2, Anand Narain Singh1*
1
Soil Ecosystem and Restoration Ecology Lab, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India,
Department of Biomedical and Engineering, School of Biological Engineering and Sciences, Shobhit University,
Modipuram, Meerut-250110, India
2
ABSTRACT
Received: October 07, 2022
Revised: February 14, 2023
Accepted: February 15, 2023
Published: March 07, 2023
*Corresponding author:
Anand Narain Singh
E-mail: dranand1212@gmail.com
The Elaeocarpus is considered the largest genus in the family Elaeocarpaceae. It is commonly called ‘Rudraksha’ in India
and has a noteworthy attachment with the Indians, mostly Hindus. The plant is known for its beneficial aspects and
supply of various ecosystem services, particularly in medicinal sciences. The present study provides a comprehensive
review of the genus Elaeocarpus for its ecosystem services in the context of human wellbeing. A literature survey was
conducted from 1970 to 2020 on internet scientific databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed,
and Web of Science using strings such as, Elaeocarpus, Rudraksha, medicine, conservation, tradition, and services.
One hundred two publications were considered for data extraction and finalising the review. Firstly, we classified the
ecosystem services under respective classes as provided by MEA (2005), and the remaining benefits that didn’t fit under
the classification were presented separately. It has been reported that Rudraksha delivers all categories of ecosystem
services: provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. In addition, the Rudraksha plant owes a high status
in medicinal science, ayurveda, and religious mythology. In the last five decades, studies were conducted on various
species of Elaeocarpus for their beneficial aspects. It was found that Elaeocarpus plants have a vital role in ayurveda,
pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological and astrological science. In addition, they have been used as food, firewood,
timber, and the production of secondary metabolites and their role in cultural and religious dimensions are very clearly
discussed. The provisioning and cultural services delivered by Rudraksha constitute only 30% and 10% of the services
mentioned in MEA (2005). However, only a little research has been conducted on regulatory and supporting services
provided by Rudraksha. Therefore, for a long-term sustainability and multifunctionality assessment, the extension of
ecosystem services regarding individual plant’s (tree) services should be highly recommended. Hence, the present review
investigates the scientific knowledge about the ecosystem services of the Elaeocarpus.
KEYWORDS: Conservation, Medicinal, Multifunctionality, Provisioning, Rudraksha, Sustainability
INTRODUCTION
Elaeocarpus commonly called Rudraksha, a genus of the family
Elaeocarpaceae, is a large evergreen, drought-tolerant, perennial,
broad-leaved tree with a large spreading crown and attains a
height of about 15.0-20.0 m (Pant et al., 2013; Singh et al., 2015).
Rudraksha- factually means “Shiva’s tears” which is believed as
the seed of Elaeocarpus species. The word Elaeocarpus is derived
from the Greek word Elaeo = olive and carpus = fruit (referring
to olive-like fruits produced by the genus). Rudraksha’s bead is
obtained from seeds of several species of the genus Elaeocarpus.
The beads are sacred to Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains since ancient
times. It is deep-rooted in our belief systems. It is the heritage
tree of India (http://naturalheritage.intach.org). According to the
Hindu mythological story in Puranas, the seed of Elaeocarpus was
created from the tears of the lord Shiva which were fallen from his
eyes after a prolonged fight with a demon called Asur. Therefore,
Elaeocarpus beads are sacred to the Hindus, and they believe in
the spirituality of the plant. The beads size ranges from the size
of small peas to as large as marble. It is believed to bring good
luck, sound sleep, mental stability, better memory, happy feelings,
and stabilises blood pressure. Elaeocarpus tree is famous for its
spiritual or aesthetic values and provides many other ecosystem
services (Pandey, 2001; Jawla et al., 2018). Ecosystem services
are the benefits people obtain from nature (MEA, 2005). These
benefits include provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural
services. Elaeocarpus is an important medicinal plant with several
medicinal uses in the traditional medication system (Singh et al.,
2015). It has been used to cure many health problems like stress,
anxiety, depression, palpitation, nerve pain, epilepsy, migraine,
lack of concentration, asthma, hypertension, arthritis, and liver
diseases (Joshi et al., 2012).
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Arivu and Muthulingam (2017) claimed that Rudraksha beads
might have exhibited multiple pharmacological activities. In the
last few decades, the phytochemical composition of Elaeocarpus
has also been studied extensively (Miller et al., 2006). Various
extracts from the different Elaeocarpus parts have revealed
the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, and
fatty acids (Dubey, 2018). Traditionally, Rudraksha beads are
believed to cure melancholia, mental disorders, convulsions,
cephalalgia, allergies, neurological diseases and many more
severe diseases like asthma, diabetes, cancer, stress, and blood
circulatory disorders (Singh et al., 2015). It is further believed
that the Rudraksha tree also possesses dielectric and magnetic
properties, which may impart positive changes in the human
body (Prajapati et al., 2016).
The Rudraksha tree, also known for its other bioelectric
properties, includes conductivity, resistivity, inductance, and
dynamic polarity (Sharma et al., 2018). Prajapati et al. (2016)
experimented with bio-electrical energy production with the
help of Rudraksha beads and concluded that Rudraksha beads
of Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. possesses some bioelectrical
energy that helps in relieving stress in humans. Similarly, Rashmi
and Amrinder (2014) have classified the electrical property
of Rudraksha into five categories: resistance, capacitance or
dielectric property, inductance, magnetic property, and dynamic
property. Furthermore, they are assumed to correlate with a
concept by Kumar et al. (2013) that describes the resistance
in our body as coordinated with our heartbeat and then
specific impulses to generate certain biochemicals in the brain,
bringing festive mood, confidence, and feeling energetic. In a
similar study conducted by Swami et al. (2010), the magnetic
property of Rudraksha beads affects different body elements,
the poles of magnets and the body active simultaneously; thus,
the passage enlarges, thus the streaming of blood circulation,
suddenly, the rejuvenated feeling occurs at the side of healing,
and unhealthiness disappears.
All over the world, people from different parts inspired by Indian
spiritualism and belief in its healing power have adopted it as
sacred. Traditionally, communities were utterly dependent on
natural resources and had developed a system of sustainable
use of biodiversity. This traditional knowledge system ensured
the conservation of all-natural resources, including soil, water,
and biodiversity. However, with changing cultural values
and the reluctant connectivity of the people with nature,
urbanisation, industrialisation, and modern lifestyles have
quickly declined traditional conservation and sustainability
practices. Conservation of species that used to come from nature
worship by different indigenous communities is almost extinct
except in specific tribal communities. Plants and animals that
were earlier worshipped are today under threat for their very
existence due to cultural ethos’s dilution. Therefore, this review
has been attempted to collect comprehensive information
about the Elaeocarpus ecosystem services to humankind.
It aims to answer the following questions: (i) What are the
trends in Elaeocarpus research in the scientific field over the
years? (ii) What ecosystem services are delivered by the genus
Elaeocarpus and how can it be interpreted from the existing
literature? (iii) What are the different anti-pathogenic activities
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that have been tested and verified from various species of
Elaeocarpus (iv) How this plant is linked to people’s sentiments
and associated with its values and (v) Which ecosystem services
are needed to be explored for a complete ecosystem services
assessment of the plant. To accomplish this, we have surveyed
the available database and unpublished grey literature, including
dissertations and theses.
Botanical Information
Elaeocarpus L. is an average-sized evergreen tree with an
attractive spreading crown, found in tropical and subtropical
areas at an altitude ranging from the sea coast to 2,000 meters
above the mean sea level. Leaves are large and shining green on
the sun-facing side and dull stringy on earth facing side. Flowers
are predominantly white and appear in April-May (Garg et al.,
2013). Fruits are round or oval, small, violet or blue colored,
and acidic in taste. They start appearing in June and ripen near
October. The ripe fruit is fleshy and has a seed with a blue shell.
The inner part or bead in the seed is called ‘Rudraksha’ (Joshi
& Jain, 2014). A Stony endocarp is a hard, globular, strong
tubercule marked with longitudinal ridges (probably 1 to 21)
that have been reported (Figure 1).
Ecology and Distribution
Elaeocarpus consists of 552 species (Global Biodiversity
Information Facility) found worldwide, which surround tropical
and subtropical regions (Table S1). It is widely distributed from
Madagascar in the west through India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia,
Southern China, and Japan, through Australia to New Zealand,
a
b
c
Figure 1: Morphological features of the Rudraksha tree (E. ganitrus)
a) Oblong-lanceolate leaves, b) Flowers with fringed petals and c) Fruit
with a blue colour shell
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Sharma et al.
Fiji, and Hawaii in the east (Rai et al., 2018). Around 120 species
of the genus, Elaeocarpus were reported from different parts
of Asia (Figure 2). Only 25 species occur in Indian territories
in states such as Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya (Figure 3).
The Rudraksha tree is found in all districts of Assam, though
more frequent in Arunachal Pradesh. In Arunachal Pradesh,
it is expected along the foothill of all districts except Tawang
and Upper Subansiri, and some other high-altitude areas.
Researchers have classified the forest vegetation of Arunachal
Pradesh into five broad types. Rudraksha is found in the tropical
evergreen forest, which is characterised by a three-tier forest
structure. The emergent top canopy trees are straight bole with
an average girth of 2-5 m and a height of 40-50 m. However,
tropical forests of Arunachal Pradesh are being modified
and degraded due to increased anthropogenic pressure. The
age-old practice of shifting agriculture is one of the potent
factors changing the forest microenvironment and reducing
the forest cover (Ramakrishnan & Toky, 1981). Improved
technology, the pattern of forest resource use, and infrastructure
development have widely increased effective wood harvesting
and land-clearing activities. It is believed that if the present
trends continue and effective conservation measures are not
implemented, most of the existing forests will be destroyed or
replaced by degraded communities (Rajbonshi & Islam, 2018;
Menon et al., 2001).
METHODOLOGY
For the synthesis of this review, a comprehensive search of
literature pertaining to Elaeocarpus was conducted on different
web-based databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Science
Direct, Google Scholar, Mendeley, PubMed, other grey literature
and some authentic reports available on the internet. We
searched for relevant data from 1970 until 2020 by using the
following terms and keywords “Rudraksha”, “Elaeocarpus”,
“Elaeocarpus AND Importance”, “Elaeocarpus AND Medicine”
OR “Elaeocarpus AND Tradition” in the Title, Abstract,
Keyword section of the reference databases. The search results
vary with different databases. It yielded 500 publications in
Scopus, 854 through ScienceDirect, 154 from PubMed, and
600 from Mendeley databases.
After that, the inclusion and exclusion of publications for
further analysis were performed with intensive screening based
on the publication’s relativity with the review topic. It was
conducted by Title screening, which resulted in the finding of
550 publications. The duplicate exclusion follows it by merely
checking the title similarity among different database searches
to avoid overlapping articles. In order to be more specific, the
publication was scrutinised with full-text screening. Therefore,
the remaining 102 publications were considered for data
extraction and review synthesis (Figure 4).
RESULTS
Research on Elaeocarpus Over the Past 50 Years
(1970-2020)
Over the years, researchers have shown immense enthusiasm
to work on the essential aspects of Elaeocarpus. The curative
power of Rudraksha was explicitly written long back in some
holy books, and people practically exercise it. However, all were
written arguments without experimental work. The historical
point from where research is being conducted was the extraction
of organic acids from E. serratus fruits in 1932 (Yamamoto
et al., 1932). Around 36 years, no research was done on this
plant. However, onwards 1970, the research community was
Figure 2: The distribution map of Elaeocarpus L. in the world (Source: Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), https://www.gbif.org/
species/4031193)
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Figure 3: The distribution map of Elaeocarpus L. in India (Source: GBIF)
Figure 4: The search strategy was used to identify relevant papers for a comprehensive literature review
interested to know more; therefore, more research has been
focused on undermining the significance of Rudraksha for
human wellbeing. Due to some researchers’ devotional work,
over 1500 publications have come up with different sets of
powerful features of Elaeocarpus. Thus, studies on Elaeocarpus
have been conducted worldwide, with India topping the list
with more than 120 research publications. China, Australia,
Japan, New Zealand, and the United States of America (USA)
have also done fabulous work on Elaeocarpus. A meta-analysis
conducted to determine per year publication rate published
from 1970 to 2020 (Figure 5). It was observed that over the years
the rate of research publication has increased from 1970 to 2020;
however, abrupt increase was seen after 2000. Due to substantial
research, it has been found that Elaeocarpus has a vital role in
economics, ayurveda, pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological
and astrological sciences (Kumar et al., 2013). Furthermore,
secondary metabolite and phytochemical production have a
prominent role when accounting for ecosystem service values
(Vuong et al., 2018).
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Figure 5: Representing the number of publications concerning years
(1970-2020)
Based on the Scopus data, more than 150 countries have
researched Elaeocarpus. Summarised data in Figure 6 represents
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Sharma et al.
forage, fodder, litter decomposition, and shade. In this review,
we considered only those available in the literature.
Timber and Food
In his book “Taxonomy of Angiosperms”, Pandey (2001)
mentions E. ganitrus Roxb. as a good quality timber-producing
species. The tree’s light and strong white wood were used in
making aeroplane propellers during World War-I. In Nepal,
wood is used as firewood and for agricultural instruments.
The fruit of E. ganitrus Roxb. is a super miracle. There is
much ancient literature where the medicinal and healing
properties of this plant have been reported. According to some
reports, Rudraksha’s fruit also has nutritional importance
(Mundaragi, 2019).
Figure 6: The geographic distribution of the publications concerning
the studies on Elaeocarpus
only countries with higher numbers of publications on this
plant.
Rudraksha and its Ecosystem Services
Despite tremendous interest in ecosystem services research
in the last three decades, working on individual tree species
on the same line is negligible. Researchers have stressed the
ecosystem functioning and services of the whole landscape or
ecosystem level (Costanza et al., 1997; Kremer et al., 2016).
This exercise attributed a system approach analysis, but the
role of an individual tree species providing specific services
could not be assessed at this level; therefore, this may provide
a minimal understanding of ecosystem services at the species
level. Trees are arguably known for regulating extreme events,
carbon sequestration (Nair et al., 2010), biomass production
(Cánovas et al., 2018), timber, and many more ecosystem
services. Like other plants, Elaeocarpus has been noticed to play
a vital role in delivering a set of ecosystem services. However,
its role in carbon sequestration, temperature and extreme
events, and disease regulation is unknown due to limited
research that solely focuses on providing services and cultural
services. A comprehensive analysis of the literature survey was
conducted to develop satisfactory findings on the ecosystem
services of Rudraksha. Then the reported benefits were classified
based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005)
classification of ecosystem services.
Provisioning Services
The MEA defines provisioning ecosystem services (food, fresh
water, fuelwood, timber, biochemicals, and genetic resources)
as the products obtained from the ecosystems. Provisioning
Ecosystem Services (ESs) play a fundamental role in human
survival and well-being. Their involvement in the nation’s
economy is phenomenal, as evident from the recently appearing
markets and valuation systems (Anand & Gupta, 2020).
Work on Elaeocarpus identifies several provisioning services
(Table 1). Although most of the services are not mentioned but
are apparent to be counted. These include fuelwood, timber,
16
Jawla et al. (2018) performed an experiment in which they
did an elemental analysis of pulp and bead of fruit by using a
wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. They
found major minerals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus,
potassium, chlorine, sodium, and sulphur were identified in both
bead and pulp. Trace elements iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum,
palladium, rubidium, and silicon were also identified in both
beads and pulp (Table 2). Therefore, it can be suggested to raise
the production and ingestion of nutrient-rich Rudraksha fruit,
which may add to the diet and relieve the risk associated with
malnutrition in various parts of developing countries.
Phytochemicals and Production of Secondary
Metabolites
The genus Elaeocarpus produces many biochemical and
secondary metabolites that are vital for human well-being.
Several secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, tannins,
flavonoids, and alkaloids were obtained from different species
of Elaeocarpus (Table 3). The fruit of blueberry ash contains
flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins (Vuong
et al., 2018). 1α-hydroxy-olean-12-en-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside
and 1α-hydroxy-olean-12-en-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside
oleanane-type saponins were isolated from the leaves and
twigs of E. hainanensis Oliv. (Nga et al., 2018). Tectoracine,
tectoraline, tectortamidine alkaloids were extracted from the
leaves of E. tectorius Lour. (Chinonso et al., 2018). While
cyanogenic glycoside (6′-O-galloyl sambunigrin) was isolated
from the Australian tropical rainforest tree species foliage,
E. sericopetalus F. (Ezeoke et al., 2018). Another four secondary
metabolites found in E. grandiflorus J.E.Sm. cell suspension
cultures are alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids
extracted from the cell suspension culture of E. grandiflorus
J.E.Sm. (Anggraito et al., 2020). As many as 14 alkaloids were
reported from E. angustifolius Blume leaves (Hong et al.,
2019). Indolizidine alkaloids, grandisines C, D, E, F, and G
isoelaeocarpiline were isolated from the leaves of E. grandis
F. Muell. (Katavic et al., 2006). E. sphaericus K. Schum.
has been reported to possess alkaloids, glycosides, steroids,
flavonoids, tannins, fatty acids, carbohydrates, and proteins
(Singh et al., 2000b).
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Table 1: Provisioning services of Rudraksha species with their functions
Particulars
Species
Roles or functions
References
Food and Timber
E. floribundus Blume
E. lanceifolius Roxb.
E. munroii Mast.
E. serratus L.
E. sphaericus K. Schum.
E. griffithii A. Gray
E. reticulatus Sm.
E. eumundi F.M.Bailey
E. sylvestris Lour.
E. lanceifolius Roxb.
E. dolichostylus Schltr.
E. tonkinensis A.DC.
E. griffithii A. Gray
E. serratus L.
E. glandulosus Wall.
E. dolichostylus Schltr.
E. venustus Bedd.
E. tuberculatus Roxb.
E. sphaericus K. Schum.
E. lancifolius Roxb.
Fuel and energy (e.g., fuelwood,
organic matter), fodder, and
fertiliser (e.g., krill, leaves, litter)
Vuong et al., 2018
Biochemicals and
secondary metabolite
production
Genetic resources
Medicinal resources
Drugs and pharmaceuticals
Pezzuto et al., 1984; http://
naturalheritage.intach.org
Resources for fashion, handicraft,
jewellery, pets, worship, decoration
http://naturalheritage.intach.org
Table 2: Macro and micronutrient analysis of E. ganitrus fruit
pulp and bead (Jawla et al., 2018)
Nutrients
Macro
Micro
Mineral
Potassium
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Sulphur
Chlorine
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Silicon
Manganese
Aluminium
Palladium
Rubidium
Molybdenum
Strontium
Nickel
Selenium
Chromium
Bromine
Arsenic
Content (mg/100g)
Pulp
Bead
1470
50
130
80
‑‑
110
200
0.082
0.014
0.012
30
‑‑
‑‑
0.015
0.023
0.014
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
0.009
0.006
0.004
110
240
20
60
10
40
30
80
0.012
0.018
70
11
20
0.026
0.026
0.016
0.011
0.007
0.006
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
Several isomeric alkaloids of molecular formula C16H21NO2 have
been isolated from the Rudraksha tree leaves (Pant et al., 2013).
These isomeric alkaloids include elaeocarpidine, elaeocarpine,
isoelaeocarpine, epiisoelaeocarpiline, epialloelaeocarpiline,
alloelaeocarpiline, pseudoepiisoelaeocarpiline. Besides these,
species contain a crucial non-aromatic indolizidine alkaloid
called rudrakine (Singh & Nath, 1999). E. serratus leaves
contain potent polyphenols, flavonoids, and myricitrin (Chen
& Yang, 2020). Callus culture of E. grandifloras J.E.Sm.
can produce flavonoids and phenolic bioactive compounds
(Habibah et al., 2020). E. ganitrus Roxb leaves possess
flavonoids, tannin, saponin, and alkaloids (Indriatie et al., 2020).
Fatty acids, diterpenoids, triterpene alcohol, fatty alcohols,
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Singh et al., 2018;
Dao et al., 2019
‑‑
pheophytins, phytosterol, sesquiterpene, hydrocarbons have
been obtained from the leaves of E. floribundus Blume by
hexane extract (Ogundele & Das, 2019). Other phytochemicals
such as trolliamide, gallic acid, urolithin, hydroquinone,
2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic
acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid, and shikimic acid were extracted
from the leaves of E. tonkinensis A. DC. (Dao et al., 2019). The
leaves of E. eumundi F.M.Bailey have phenolic monosaccharides
content (Singh et al., 2018). The seeds and leaves of E. ganitrus
Roxb. have been reported to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, sterol,
phenolic, saponin, and glycosides (Tripathi et al., 2015). The
number of species identified for possessing their respective
secondary metabolites is shown in Figure 7.
Pharmacological and Medicinal Services
Scientific advancement brought a positive approach to the
Rudraksha tree systemic assessment for its healthful properties
in the last 20 years. Rudraksha trees have been reported to
exhibit immune-stimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
anxiolytic, anti-cancerous, anti-ulcerogenic, antidepressant,
and antioxidant activity (Piao et al., 2009; Katavic et al., 2007).
Among these, Elaeocarpus possess the highest antioxidant
activity, followed by antibacterial activity. Several publications
have addressed the pharmacological activity of Elaeocarpus,
with E. ganitrus Roxb. being the highly stressed species for the
pharmacological property. E. ganitrus Roxb. has been identified
as an analgesic, anticonvulsant, anti-amphetamine, cardiac
stimulant, depressor, and smooth muscle relaxant activity
(Bhattacharya et al., 1975). The phenolic and flavonoid contents
in the leaves of E. ganitrus Roxb. provided a considerable
antioxidant activity (Kumar et al., 2008). At the same time,
seeds have been observed to provide antifungal (Singh et al.,
2010), antidiabetic (Hule et al., 2011), antianxietic (Singh et al.,
2013), immunomodulatory and nephroprotective (Kakalij et al.,
2014), hypoglycemic (Tripathi et al., 2015) and antibacterial
properties. Furthermore, the Methanol extraction of E. ganitrus
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Sharma et al.
Table 3: Phytochemicals and secondary metabolites reported
various Elaeocarpus species
S. No
Name of the species
Phytochemical and Secondary
Metabolites
1
E. serratus L.
2
E. sphaericus K. Schum.
3
E. ganitrus Roxb.
4
5
E. grandifloras J.E.Sm.
E. reticulatus Sm.
6
E. tonkinensis A.DC.
7
8
9
10
11
12
E. augustifolius Blume
E. hainanensis Oliv.
E. chinensis Hook.fil.ex
Benth.
E. dolichostylus Schltr.
E. floribus
E. floribundus Blume
Myricitrin, tannins, saponins,
flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids
Gallic acid, ellagic acid, Quercitin,
steroid, alkaloids, flavonoids
Polysterol, carbohydrate, tannins,
flavonoids, alkaloids
Terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids
Anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin,
flavonoids
Gallic acid, Urolithin, hydroquinone,
corilagin, chebulic acid, shikimic
acid
Alkaloid
Cucurbitane, terpenes, saponin
Terpenes, cucurbitacin
13
E. tectorius Lour.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
E. mastersii King
E. sericopetalus F.
Muell.
E. parvifolius Wall.
E. sylvestris var ellipticus
E. lanceifolius Roxb.
E. grandis F. Muell.
E. sylvestris Lour.
E. eumundi F.M.Bailey
22
E. oblongus Gaertn.
23
24
25
E. recurvatus Corner
E. chelonimorphus
Gillespie
E. dentatus
26
E. tuberculatus Roxb.
27
E. munronii Mast.
28
E. keniensis
Cucurbitacin, terpenes
Terpenes, cucurbitacin
Fatty acid, Terpenes, Sterol,
pheophytin
Glycosides, sterol, terpenes,
flavonoid, alkaloid, tannins
Phenolic, alkaloid
Glycosides
Ellagic acid
Elaeocarpusin (tannin)
Flavonoid, alkaloid
alkaloid
Coumarin, sterol
Phenolic monosaccharide,
dihydropieceid
Sucrose, fructose, flavonoid, tannins,
steroids
Proanthocyanidin, flavonoid
Terpenes
Palmitic, linoleic, oleic,
hexadecanoic and linolenic acid
Alkaloid, steroid, flavonoids,
terpenes, glucosides, tannins
Flavonoid, glycosides, steroid,
tannins, terpenes
Elaeokanine A, B, C, D, E and
Elaeokanidine A
Roxb. seeds stimulates both non-specific (phagocytosis) and
specific (cell-mediated and humoral) arms of the immune
system (Hule & Juvekar, 2010). Hexane Cucurbitacin F derived
from E. dolichostylus Schltr. has shown anticancer activity (Fang
et al., 1984). E. sphaericus K. Schum. fruit possesses substantial
capability against bacterial disease (Singh & Nath, 1999).
Furthermore, the bark extract of E. parvifolius Wall. (Ellagic acid
rhamnosides) was considerably effective against babesial disease
(Elkhateeb et al., 2005). The flavonoid content in the fruits of
E. serratus has anxiolytic potential (Dubey, 2018). Elaeocarpus
species are known for their antioxidant property. The plant
species that are recognised to possess antioxidant properties
include E. serratus L. (Chen & Yang, 2020), E. mastersii King.
(Okselni et al., 2018), E. sphaericus K. Schum. (Sharma et al.,
18
Figure 7: The number of species identified for possessing respective
secondary metabolites
2015), E. serratus L. (Jayasinghe et al., 2012), E. sylvestris var.
ellipticus (Piao et al., 2009). The leaf extract of E. serratus L.
possessed significant antibacterial and cytotoxic properties
(Biswas et al., 2012). Phenolic monosaccharides isolated from
E. eumundi F.M.Bailey possess anti-inflammatory activity
(Singh et al., 2018). The fruit of E. tectorius Lour. contains
the essential phytochemicals that act as antioxidants and
also have specific antimicrobial activity against urinary tract
infection (Manoharan et al., 2019). Singh et al. (2000b) studied
the benzol, crude oil ether, acetone, chloroform and ethanol
extracts of edible fruit of genus E. sphaericus K. Schum. showed
antiulcerogenic activities in the rats. Figure 8 shows the number
of Elaeocarpus species possessing disease-inhibitory effects.
Pharmacological properties with different extracts are shown
in Table 4 summarises the overall significance of Elaeocarpus
in pharmacology and medicines.
Cultural Services
A literature search mentions cultural values associated with
spirituality, religion, and tradition. Cultural ecosystem services
(CES) refer to the non-material benefits people obtain from
the ecosystems (MEA, 2005), but it indirectly influences the
quality of life. People adore services in spiritual enrichment,
cognitive development, reflection, recreation and tourism, and
aesthetic experiment (Table 5). These are things that are directly
connected with the happiness of people. The cultural services
of Elaeocarpus were familiar from lord Shiva’s period (Khan et
al., 2004). From there, people, mostly the Hindus, have a solid
attachment to the Rudraksha plant.
Spiritual, Religious, and Traditional Values of Rudraksha
Rudraksha has been used since prehistoric time for controlling
various diseases. It is used against vatapaittik disease, dahashaman
(scorching sensation) by rubbing it like sandalwood, swasroga
(bronchial antispasmodic), jwar (fever), apasmar (epilepsy),
matisudhikara (cure mental ailment), manas roga (mental
syndrome) (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee, 2001).
Different parts (beads, leaves, barks) of Rudraksha are used to
treat various ailments and may be worn either on the arm, wrist,
J Phytol • 2023
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Sharma et al.
Table 4: Showing pharmacological properties with different extracts used
S. No.
Properties
Extracts used
References
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Antifungal
Antioxidant
Anxiolytic
Anti‑ulcerogenic
Antihypertensive
Anti‑inflammatory
Antidepressant
Antibacterial
Analgesic
Antiasthmatic
Antidiabetic
Chloroform/ethanol/water
Ethanol
Methanol
Petroleum ether/benzene/chloroform/acetone/ethanol
Water/ethyl acetate
Petroleum ether/benzene/chloroform/acetone/ethanol
Petroleum ether/ethanol
‑‑
Petroleum ether/methanol/water/chloroform
Petroleum ether/benzene/chloroform/acetone/ethanol
Water
Singh et al., 2010
Kumar et al., 2008
Gagan et al., 2010
Singh et al., 2000a
Sakat et al., 2009
Singh et al., 2000a; Kumari et al., 2018
Singh et al., 2000a
Nain et al., 2012
Singh et al., 2000a
Hule et al., 2011
Table 5: Cultural services of Rudraksha species with their functions
Services
Species
Roles or functions
References
Aesthetic values
E. ganitrus Roxb.
Rai et al., 2018
Spiritual and
religious values
Educational values
E. ganitrus Roxb.
Pleasant, positive, and
artful significance
Use of nature for religious
or historic purposes
Use of nature for scientific
research
E. blascoi Weibel
E. robustus Roxb.
E. sylvestris Lour.
E. bojeri R.E.Vaughan
E. prunifolium
E. floribundus Blume
E. venustus Bedd.
E. ganitrus Roxb.
E. tuberculatus Roxb.
Figure 8: Quantitative distribution of potent species against various
diseases
or other body parts (Joshi & Jain, 2014; Hardainiyan et al., 2015).
Rudraksha positively affects stress, anxiety, depression, tremors,
and lack of attentiveness. As per the Ayurvedic medicine
system, they were wearing Rudraksha beads that relieve strain,
insomnia, anxiety, lack of concentration, depression, palpitation,
hypertension, rheumatism, infertility, and asthma. It has an
antiaging effect also (Liyanaarachchi et al., 2018). Rudraksha
has gained a special place in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
They consider Rudraksha beads sacred and holy. In the Hindu
mythological book “Puranas” (holy books, 18 types), it has been
scripted that the Rudraksha plant has been created from Lord
Shiva’s tears. According to Shiva Purana, the one who wears the
J Phytol • 2023
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Tripathy et al., 2016
Roy et al., 1998; Arshad & Kumar,
2006; Das, 2014; Chauhan &
Thakur, 2015; Siva et al., 2015;
Iralu & Upadhaya, 2018
rosary of Rudraksha beads around his/her wrist, arm, neck, or
head will be safe from any calamity. Wearing it makes the person
respected and honoured by all (Chaturvedi, 2004). For centuries,
Hindu believers believed one could cultivate mental, physical,
and spiritual prowess to attain fearlessness and achieve ultimate
enlightenment (Tripathy et al., 2016). Even morphological
and microscopical studies have reported the word “OM” on
the beads (Rai et al., 2016). The seeds of E. floribundus Blume
were used to extract vegetable oil in Myin Ka village, although
it was not produced commercially. The fruits are eaten raw as
wild edible fruit in South Asia (Brahma et al., 2013). The beads
of Elaeocarpus plants have a significant role in prays. They are
associated with the ruling gods of Hinduism, the Beej Mantra,
Planet and zodiac signs, and astrological science (Table 6). The
different types of Rudraksha beads with associated significance
are mentioned below (Figure 9).
DISCUSSION
Ecosystem services are something that we should not take for
granted. These services are the real-life supporting system for
the entire ecosystem. Although understanding the value of
ecosystem services at the ecosystem and landscape level has
provided some insight into the ecosystem and landscape’s ability
to provide various ecosystem services, the focus pertaining to
individual species’ contribution to ecosystem services is ignored.
It should be attainable at the species level if we can evaluate
and describe the ecosystem services of different ecosystems. It
is familiar that trees are a fundamental and essential part of the
ecosystem, despite a significant increase in ecosystem service19
Sharma et al.
Table 6: Role of Rudraksha beads associated with the ruling gods, Beej mantra, planet and zodiac sign, and astrological uses
S. No. Types of
Rudraksha
Ruling gods
Beej mantra
Planet and
zodiac sign
Benefits
1
One‑faced
Shiva
Om Hreem
Nama, Om
Namaha
Shivaya
Sun/Leo
Chronic asthma heart
problems, mental anxiety,
T.B., paralysis, stroke, eye,
problem, bone pain and
headache
2
Double‑faced
Ardhnarishwar Om Namah,
Om Shiva
Shaktihi
Namah
3
Triple‑faced
Agni
Om kleem
Namha
4
Four‑faced
Brahma
Om Kleem
Namha
5
Five‑faced
Kalagni
Om Hreem
Namah
6
Six ‑faced
Kartikeya
Om Hreem
Hoom Namah
7
Seven‑faced
Mahalaxmi
Om Hoom
Namah
8
Eight‑faced
Ganesh
Om Hoom
Namah, Om
Ganesha‑ya
Nam
9
Nine‑faced
Durga
Om Hreem
Hoom Namah
Astrological uses
Enlightens the super
consciousness, provides
improved concentration and
mental structure changes
specific to renunciation
from worldly affairs. The
wearer enjoys all comforts
at his command but remains
unattached.
Blesses the wearer with
Moon/
Impotency, renal failure,
Cancer,
stress, anxiety, lack of
‘UNITY’. It could be
Scorpio
concentration, depression,
related to guru shishya,
negative thinking, eye
parents‑children,
problems, mental chaos,
husband‑wife, or friends.
hysteria and intestinal
Maintaining oneness is its
disorder
Peculiarity.
Mars/Aries, Cures blood defect,
The wearer gets free from
Cancer, Leo, plague, smallpox,
sins or wrongs from his
Pisces
digestive problems, blood
life and returns to Purity.
Ideal for those who suffer
pressure, weakness,
disturbed menstrual cycle,
from inferior complexes,
spontaneous abortion, and
subjective fear, guilt, and
depression.
ulcer
Mercury/
Blood circulation, cough and The wearer gains the power
Gemin,
brain linked illness, asthma, of creativity when blessed.
Virgo
hesitate, memory lapse and Increases memory power and
respiratory strip
intelligence.
problems.
Jupiter/
Cures diseases related to
The wearer gains health and
Aries,
bone marrow, liver, kidney,
peace. It increases memory
Scorpio,
feet, thigh, ear, diseases of
also.
Pisces
fat, and diabetes.
Venus/
Epilepsy and gynecological It saves from the emotional
Taurus,
problems.
trauma of worldly sorrows
Gemini,
and gives learning,
Virgo, Libra,
wisdom, and knowledge.
Capricorn,
It affects understanding
Aquarius
and appreciation of love,
sexual pleasure, music, and
personal relationships.
Saturn/
Helpful in diseases like
It should be worn by those
Taurus,
colic pain, pain in bone and suffering from miseries of
Libra,
muscles, paralysis, long
body, finance, and mental
Capricorn,
term disease, Impotency,
set‑up. By wearing this,
Aquarius
worries and hopelessness,
the wearer can progress in
asthma, pharyngitis,
business and service and
foot‑related disease,
spend his life happily.
respiratory and confusion.
Rahu
Protection from paralytic
Removes all obstacles
attack, ailments of lung,
and brings success in all
feet, skin, and eye, hydrocele undertakings. It gives
etc.
the wearer all kinds of
attainments‑Riddhies and
Siddhis. After wearing,
foes can become a friend,
i.e., his/her opponent’s
mind or intentions can be
changed.
Ketu
Stomach ache, stress, skin
The wearer is blessed with
diseases and anxiety.
a lot of energy, powers,
dynamics, and fearlessness,
which are useful for living a
successful life.
References
Hardainiyan
et al., 2015
Kumar et al.,
2013; Rashmi
& Amrinder,
2014
Hule et al.,
2011
Hardainiyan
et al., 2015
Hule et al.,
2011
Rashmi &
Amrinder, 2014
Hule
et al., 2011;
Hardainiyan
et al., 2015
Hardainiyan
et al., 2015
Hardainiyan
et al., 2015
(Contd...)
20
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Sharma et al.
Table 6: (Continued)
S. No. Types of
Rudraksha
Ruling gods
Beej mantra
10
Ten‑faced
Vishnu
Om Hreem
Namah
11
Eleven‑faced
Hanuman
Om Hreem
Hoom Namah
Gemini
12
Twelve‑faced
Sun
Om Drom
Sarom Ram
Namah, Aum
Kraum Sraum
Raum Namah
Sun/Leo,
Sagittarius
13
Thirteen‑faced
Indra
Om Hreem
Namah
Venus/
Gemini,
Capricorn,
Aquarius
Om Namah
Shivaya
Gemini
14
15
16
Fourteen‑faced Hanuman
Fifteen‑faced
Sixteen‑faced
Planet and
zodiac sign
Hormonal inequality in the
body, mental insecurity and
whooping cough.
Pashupati nath Om
Pashupataya
Namah
Rahu
Hari and
Shankar
Ketu
Om Namah
Shivaya
Benefits
Astrological uses
The wearer may contain the
influence of ten incarnations
and the ten directions. It
works like a shield on one’s
body and drives evils away.
Body pain, backache,
The wearer will be
chronic alcoholism and liver blessed with wisdom,
diseases.
right judgment, powerful
vocabulary, adventurous life,
fearlessness, and success.
Above all, it also protects
from accidental death. It
also helps in meditation and
removes the problems of
yogic practices.
It is recommended for the
Wearer gets the sun’s
cure of several illnesses,
quality – to rule and to move
including heart disease,
continuously with brilliant
lung disease, skin disease,
radiance and strength.
Useful for Ministers,
eyesight, and hiatus of
politicians, administrators,
stomach, oesophagus, and
bowel problems.
people in business, and
executives. It removes worry,
suspicion, and fear, increases
self‑image and motivation.
Muscular dystrophies
It showers all possible
comforts of life one can ever
desire. It gives riches and
honor and fulfills all the
earthly desires and gives
eight accomplishments
(Siddhis), and the god cupid
(Kamadeva) pleases with
the man who wears it. It is
helpful for meditation and
spiritual and materialistic
attainments.
Brain related and many
Most precious divine gem
other types of diseases.
‑ Deva Mani. It awakens
the sixth sense organ by
which the wearer foresees
the future happenings. Its
wearer never fails in his
decisions. Its wearer gets
rid of all the calamities,
miseries, worries. It protects
from ghosts, evil spirits, and
black magic. It provides the
wearer safety, security and
riches, and self‑power.
Skin diseases, recurring
This represents Lord
miscarriage, stillbirth, etc., Pashupati and is especially
can be cured.
beneficial for economic
progress. Its possessor is
neither orphaned of wealth
nor inflicted by any kinds of
skin diseases.
Taken as a curative agent
It represents victory and the
for diseases like leprosy,
possessor is never affected by
cor‑pulmonale, tuberculosis, heat or cold. It is beneficial
lung diseases etc.
for the saints living in
jungles. The house in which
it is kept is free from fire,
theft, or robbery.
References
Dennis, 1993
Hule et al.,
2011
Shah et al.,
2010
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
Joshi & Jain,
2014
(Contd...)
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Sharma et al.
Table 6: (Continued)
S. No. Types of
Rudraksha
Ruling gods
Beej mantra
Planet and
zodiac sign
Benefits
Excellent for handling
conditions like memory
lapse, functional body
disorders etc.
17
Seventeen‑faced Lord
Viswakarma
Om Namah
Shivay
Taurus
18
Eighteen‑faced Bhairav
Om Namah
Shivay
Aquarius
19
Nineteen‑faced Vishu narayan
Om Namah
Shivay
Mercury
20
Twenty‑faced
Moon
Om Shri Gauri
shankarey
Namah
Moon
21
Twenty‑one
faced
Ganesh
Om garbha
Gauriya Namah ‑‑
Astrological uses
Regarded the best for peace
and comfort in the family.
If a man worships Gauri
Shankar at his worshipping
place, the pain and suffering
and other earthly obstacles
can be destroyed and the
peace and pleasure of family
may increase.
Prevent ailments like
It represents the mother
earth. The possessor
loss of power, mental
harmonisation etc.
remains happy and healthy.
It is especially beneficial
for pregnant women in
protecting their foetus.
Exterminate the disorders of It represents Lord Narayana.
the blood, spinal cord etc.
The possessor is bestowed
with all worldly pleasures.
There is no scarcity in their
life.
It is taken as a nullifier for Regarded the best for peace
the problem of eyesight and and comfort in the family.
snake bites.
If a man worships Gauri
Shankar at his place, the
pain and suffering and other
earthly obstacles can be
destroyed and the peace
and pleasure of the family
increase.
Eradicates gynecological
For women wanting to have
disorders.
children. Her motherhood
gains perfection.
References
Joshi & Jain,
2014
Joshi & Jain,
2014
Joshi & Jain,
2014
Arivu &
Muthulingam,
2017
Singh & Nath,
1999
Figure 9: Types of Rudraksha beads with their significance
22
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Sharma et al.
Table 7: Regulatory and supporting services of Rudraksha species with their functions
Services
Species
Roles or functions
References
Carbon sequestration
E. decipiens Hemsl.
Ma et al., 2016
Erosion regulation
Climate regulation
Nutrient cycling
Soil formation and retention
Biomass production
Biodiversity conservation
NA
E. angustifolius
NA
NA
E. decipiens Hemsl.
E. lanceifolius Roxb.
Alleviate carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to reduce global
climate change.
‑‑
Cyclone resistance
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
Saving plant, animal, microbial and genetic resources for
food production (biodiversity conservation), agriculture, and
ecosystem functions.
related research in the past two decades. There are apparent
gaps in the literature about the contribution of forest and
tree-based ecosystem services. Of the few studies identified,
the majority used a forest distance gradient to establish the
effects and edges pollinator success as an only focus (Blanche
et al., 2006; Klein, 2009; Sande et al., 2009). While such studies
are useful and demonstrate the importance of trees and forests
for delivering a single ecosystem service, it is well-known that
ecosystem services do not act in isolation (Boreux et al., 2013a,
2013b; Renard et al., 2015). Therefore, studies that examine the
interactions of multiple ecosystem services are much needed.
This review has primarily focused on the ecosystem services
of Elaeocarpus - a remarkable anomalous tree. The trends in
scientific research on Elaeocarpus over the years has increased
significantly, which is caused mainly by the interested researcher
because of its comprehensive benefits to the people (Brahma
et al., 2013; Swati et al., 2015).
Furthermore, in earlier literature, researchers have worked on
phytochemicals (Ogundele & Das, 2019), secondary metabolites
(Hong et al., 2019), traditional significances (Hardainiyan et al.,
2015), and other Elaeocarpus properties but have not linked
it with ecosystem services. We collected all the earlier works
on this plant and worked on its linkage with the ecosystem
services. Several ecosystem services of Elaeocarpus have been
cited, mostly under-provisioning services (30% of the overall
provisioning services) and cultural services (less than 10% of
cultural services). Easily accessible provisioning services such
as forage and fodder, timber, fuelwood, food, and shelter for
animals should be evaluated. Few or very few works have been
done so far on this plant’s regulatory and supporting services
(Table 7). Researchers should stress these services to get a
wide-ranging review of the overall services of Elaeocarpus. We
strongly recommend that future research efforts attempt to
bridge these gaps by moving beyond the ecosystem services
of a particular ecosystem, as it were. This level of research is
essential further to dissolve the biodiversity conservation and
livelihood of the people.
CONCLUSION
The analysis of Elaeocarpus and its services illustrates that
it provides many ecosystem services and plays a vital role in
humankind’s welfare. Its importance in ayurvedic science,
pharmacological science, phytochemicals, mythology, and
J Phytol • 2023
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‑‑
Alamgir et al., 2014
‑‑
‑‑
Wang & Xu, 2013
Barbhuiya et al., 2009
astrology has been reported in several kinds of literature. The
miracles behind disease treatment by Rudraksha was recognised
even in prehistoric time. The religious value of Rudraksha
beads is significant due to their higher affinity with different
ruling gods and the beej mantra associated with the bead. This
religious association would help in conserving Rudraksha from
human exploitation. Despite having some reliable information
regarding Rudraksha and its importance, our knowledge is
still confined. The results show that provisioning and cultural
services provided by Rudraksha constitute only 30% and 10% of
provisioning and cultural services that were mentioned in MEA
(2005). It can be concluded that researchers should focus on
its regulatory and supporting services and this plant’s economic
and socio-culture values. It is vital to note that the considerable
scale of commercial production of Elaeocarpus may improve
the economy and beneficial community crops for local farmers
and provide sufficient revenue. In the future, the trees can be
suggested as a vital commercial tree species, which yields a fair
amount of non-timber forest products every year. Large-scale
planting of these trees inside the forest areas provides additional
livestock resources to the local, tribal, and indigenous groups.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Chairperson, Department of
Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, for providing all the
necessary facilities required for the work. The first author
is supported by the University Grants Commission (UGC),
Government of India, New Delhi in the form of Junior Research
Fellowship [UGC Ref. No.: 453/(CSIR-UGC NET DEC. 2018)].
The second author is supported by the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research, New Delhi, Government of India in the
form of Junior Research Fellowship (09/135(0884)/2019-EMR-I).
AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION
ANS and DVR developed the idea. SS and SH designed the
methodology, SH collected and analysed the data. SS wrote the
first draft of the manuscript. All authors edited the manuscript
to its final version.
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SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE
Table S1: Geographical distribution of Elaeocarpus L. with IUCN status (NE- not evaluated, DD- data deficient, LC- least concern,
NT- near threatened, VU- vulnerable, EN- endangered, CR- critically endangered).
Source: Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
1
Elaeocarpus
carolinensis
NE
2
Elaeocarpus
bifidus
Elaeocarpus
montanus
Elaeocarpus
rotundifolius
Australia, United
States of America,
Micronesia
United States of
America
Srilanka
3
4
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
275
Elaeocarpus
adenopus
Indonesia
NE
GBIF
NE
276
Indonesia
NE
NE
277
LC
LC
278
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia
Knuth,
1941
GBIF
New Caledonia,
Madagascar
Elaeocarpus
kraengensis
Elaeocarpus
oriomensis
Elaeocarpus
kostermansii
5
Elaeocarpus
clementis
Malaysia, Indonesia,
Brunei Darussalam
LC
279
Elaeocarpus
dentatus
6
Elaeocarpus
habbemensis
Elaeocarpus
monocera Cav.
Elaeocarpus
gymnogynus
Elaeocarpus
chrysophyllus
Elaeocarpus
gustaviifolius
Elaeocarpus
christophersenii
Elaeocarpus
gummatus
Elaeocarpus
mollis
Elaeocarpus
guillaumii
Elaeocarpus
miriensis
Elaeocarpus
chionanthus
Elaeocarpus
grumosus
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Philippines
NE
280
NE
281
Elaeocarpus
kontumensis
Elaeocarpus steupii
China
NE
282
Malaysia, Indonesia,
Brunei Darussalam
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam
Samoa, Fiji, Wallis
and Futuna
New Caledonia,
Madagascar
Philippines
NE
283
NE
284
NE
285
LC
286
EN
287
New Caledonia
NT
288
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam
Fiji, Cook Islands,
Malaysia
Vietnam, Lao
People’s Democratic
Republic
‑‑
VU
289
NE
290
NE
291
NE
292
Fiji
NE
293
‑‑
DD
294
Malaysia
CR
295
Philippines
CR
296
Fiji, Cook Islands,
United States of
America, Vanuatu
Philippines
NE
297
NE
298
‑‑
DD
299
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam,
Indonesia, Thailand,
Singapore, Vietnam,
Myanmar, Cambodia,
Bangladesh
NE
300
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Elaeocarpus
miquelii
Elaeocarpus
roseiflorus
Elaeocarpus
mingendensis
Elaeocarpus
chewii
Elaeocarpus
mindoroensis
Elaeocarpus
chelonimorphus
Elaeocarpus
mindanaensis
Elaeocarpus
cheirophorus
Elaeocarpus
griffithii
Elaeocarpus
densiflorus
Elaeocarpus
degenerianus
Elaeocarpus
stellaris
Elaeocarpus
kjellbergii
Elaeocarpus
octantherus
Elaeocarpus kirtonii
Elaeocarpus
stapfianus
Elaeocarpus
acrantherus
Elaeocarpus
sphaerocarpus
Elaeocarpus
acmosepalus
NE
New Zealand, Brazil,
Srilanka, Australia,
Indonesia, Puerto Rico
Vietnam
NE
Brongniart
& Gris,
1861
GBIF
NE
GBIF
Indonesia
NE
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Fiji
NE
Coode,
1995
Knuth,
1941
GBIF
Australia
NE
Indonesia
NE
Philippines, Malaysia
NE
Australia, Papua New
Guinea, Indonesia, India
Vietnam, India, Thailand
NE
Knuth,
1941
Coode,
1996
Guillaumin,
1920
GBIF
NE
GBIF
NE
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam
China
NE
GBIF
NE
GBIF
Malaysia
VU
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
decandrus
Elaeocarpus
kinabaluensis
Elaeocarpus
occidentalis
Elaeocarpus
acmocarpus
Elaeocarpus
de‑bruynii
Elaeocarpus
kerstingianus
China, Lao’s People
Democratic Republic
Malaysia
NE
GBIF
NE
Knuth,
1940
Madagascar
CR
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Micronesia
NE
Elaeocarpus
dasycarpus
Elaeocarpus
kasiensis
Elaeocarpus
kaniensis
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia, Chinese Taipei
Fiji, Cook Islands
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
NE
Coode,
1998
GBIF
NE
GBIF
LC
GBIF
NE
GBIF
NE
GBIF
(Contd...)
J Phytol • 2023
• Vol 15
27
Sharma et al.
Table S1: (Continued)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
27
Elaeocarpus
milnei
Fiji
NE
28
Elaeocarpus
kalabitii
Elaeocarpus
millarii
Elaeocarpus
rivularis
Malaysia
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
301
Elaeocarpus
speciosus
New Caledonia
LC
NE
302
‑‑
NE
Papua New Guinea
NE
303
Elaeocarpus
darlacensis
Elaeocarpus kambi
Brongniart
&
Gris, 1861
GBIF
Fiji
NE
Gibbs, 1909
‑‑
NE
304
Elaeocarpus
spathulatus
New Caledonia
NT
Elaeocarpus
celebicus
Elaeocarpus
grandifolius
Elaeocarpus
celebesianus
Elaeocarpus
castaneifolius
Elaeocarpus
grijsii
Elaeocarpus
chakrosila
Elaeocarpus
gratissimus
Elaeocarpus
chackroula
Elaeocarpus
ceylanicus
Elaeocarpus
yentanensis
Elaeocarpus
yateensis
Elaeocarpus
cassinoides
Elaeocarpus
grahamii
Elaeocarpus
xanthodactylus
Elaeocarpus
graeffei
Elaeocarpus
womersleyi
Indonesia
NE
305
‑‑
NE
Indonesia, Myanmar
NE
306
Vanuatu
NE
GBIF
Indonesia
NE
307
Malaysia
NE
GBIF
New Caledonia
CR
308
New Caledonia
VU
‑‑
‑‑
309
‑‑
310
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia
Australia
NE
India
NE
Guillaumin,
1920
Coode,
1998
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
311
Elaeocarpus
dallmannensis
Elaeocarpus
kajewskii
Elaeocarpus
sordidus
Elaeocarpus
kaalensis
Elaeocarpus
jugahanus
Elaeocarpus
johnsonii
Elaeocarpus simplex
Brongniart
&
Gris, 1861
GBIF
‑‑
NE
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
312
Indonesia
VU
GBIF
India, Srilanka
EN
313
Elaeocarpus
simaluensis
Elaeocarpus joga
NE
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
314
NE
GBIF
New Caledonia
LC
315
India, Bhutan, China
NE
GBIF
Fiji, Tonga
NE
316
Philippines
NT
GBIF
Australia
NE
317
Elaeocarpus
oblongilimbus
Elaeocarpus
sikkimensis
Elaeocarpus
curranii
Elaeocarpus cupreus
Northern Mariana Island,
Palau, Guam,
‑‑
NE
GBIF
Fiji, Cook Islands
NE
318
Elaeocarpus jacobsii
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia
Malaysia, Indonesia
NE
Fiji, Tonga, Samoa
NE
319
Papua New Guinea
NE
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
NE
320
Elaeocarpus
cuneifolius
Elaeocarpus
cumingii
Coode,
1996
GBIF
LC
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
carolinae
Elaeocarpus
gordonii
Elaeocarpus
merrittii
Australia
NE
321
Philippines, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Singapore,
Brunei Darussalam,
Vietnam, Thailand
Indonesia
CR
GBIF
New Caledonia
EN
322
NE
GBIF
Philippines
NE
323
Elaeocarpus
williamsianus
Elaeocarpus
capuronii
Elaeocarpus
whartonensis
Elaeocarpus
melochioides
Elaeocarpus
candollei
Elaeocarpus
glandulifer
Elaeocarpus
wallichii
Australia
NE
324
Madagascar
LC
325
Papua New Guinea
EN
326
Fiji, Cook Islands
NE
327
Philippines
NE
328
India, Srilanka
VU
329
Myanmar
NE
330
Elaeocarpus
integripetalus
Elaeocarpus
nouhuysii
Elaeocarpus
culminicola
Elaeocarpus
nooteboomii
Elaeocarpus
nodosus
Elaeocarpus
cruciatus
Elaeocarpus
cristatus
Elaeocarpus seringii
Elaeocarpus
crenulatus
Elaeocarpus
sericopetalus
Indonesia, Papua New
Guinea
Papua New Guinea,
Australia, Indonesia,
Philippines, Malaysia
Indonesia, Malaysia
LC
GBIF
NE
New Caledonia
VU
Coode,
1998
GBIF
Malaysia
LC
GBIF
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia
New Caledonia
NE
Coode,
1998
GBIF
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Australia
NE
LC
NE
Knuth,
1940
GBIF
(Contd...)
28
J Phytol • 2023
•
Vol 15
Sharma et al.
Table S1: (Continued)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
57
Elaeocarpus
reticosus
Elaeocarpus
vitiensis
Elaeocarpus
retakensis
Elaeocarpus
merrillii
Elaeocarpus
burkii
Elaeocarpus
renae
Elaeocarpus
burebidensis
Elaeocarpus
bullatus
Elaeocarpus
medioglaber
Elaeocarpus
buderi
Elaeocarpus
glaberrimus
Malaysia
LC
Fiji
Brunei Darussalam
Elaeocarpus
recurvatus
Elaeocarpus
verticillatus
Elaeocarpus
brunnescens
Elaeocarpus
mastersii
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Elaeocarpus
rarotongensis
73
Elaeocarpus
marginatus
Elaeocarpus
verruculosus
Elaeocarpus
brigittae
Elaeocarpus
marafunganus
Elaeocarpus
verheijenii
Elaeocarpus
maquilingensis
Elaeocarpus
venustus
Elaeocarpus
verrucosus
Elaeocarpus
gillespieanus
Elaeocarpus
mandiae
Elaeocarpus
venosus
Elaeocarpus
gigantifolius
Elaeocarpus
mamasii
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
331
Elaeocarpus insignis
Malaysia, Indonesia
NE
GBIF
NE
332
Elaeocarpus crassus
Indonesia
NE
NE
333
Elaeocarpus
inopportunus
Elaeocarpus
crassinervatus
Elaeocarpus
inopinatus
Elaeocarpus
indochinensis
Elaeocarpus
nitentifolius
Elaeocarpus
coumbouiensis
Elaeocarpus
ilocanus
Elaeocarpus
costatus
Elaeocarpus
seramicus
Indonesia
NE
Malaysia
NE
Malaysia
VU
Vietnam, Lao’s People
Democratic Republic
China, Fiji, Vietnam
NE
NE
Coode,
2001
Coode,
1996
Knuth,
1940
Coode,
1995
Coode,
1998
GBIF
New Caledonia
VU
GBIF
Philippines
DD
GBIF
Australia
NE
GBIF
Indonesia
NE
Elaeocarpus
hypadenus
Elaeocarpus
sepikanus
Elaeocarpus
corsonianus
Elaeocarpus
hygrophilus
‑‑
CR
Coode,
2001;
Knuth,
1940
Pai, 1938
Indonesia, Papua New
Guinea
‑‑
NE
GBIF
NE
GBIF
Vietnam, India, Thailand,
United States of America
NE
GBIF
Philippines
S. no.
334
Indonesia
NE
335
Malaysia, Indonesia
NE
336
Philippines
CR
337
New Caledonia
LC
338
Vietnam
NE
339
Papua New Guinea
EN
340
Malaysia
NE
341
India
VU
342
Philippines
VU
343
Philippines, Malaysia
NE
344
Malaysia, Indonesia,
Brunei Darussalam,
Singapore
Cook Islands, French
Polynesia, Australia,
United States of
America
Malaysia, Indonesia,
Brunei Darussalam
Philippines
LC
345
NE
346
Elaeocarpus
sedentarius
Australia, Indonesia
NE
GBIF
NE
347
Elaeocarpus corneri
Malaysia
VU
GBIF
VU
348
Indonesia
NE
GBIF
Indonesia
VU
349
Srilanka
EN
Coode,
1994
Papua New Guinea
LC
350
Philippines
EN
Indonesia
NE
351
Malaysia
LC
Philippines
NE
352
Elaeocarpus
sebastianii
Elaeocarpus
coriaceus
Elaeocarpus
nervosus
Elaeocarpus
cordifolius
Elaeocarpus howii
‑‑
NE
Coode,
1994
GBIF
India
VU
353
Elaeocarpus
schoddei
Elaeocarpus
corallococcus
Elaeocarpus hosei
Papua New Guinea
LC
GBIF
Madagascar
EN
GBIF
Malaysia
NE
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
schmutzii
Elaeocarpus
schlechterianus
Elaeocarpus
coorangooloo
Elaeocarpus
schlechteri
Indonesia
NE
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Australia
NE
Coode,
2001
GBIF
NE
GBIF
‑‑
NE
GBIF
‑‑
354
Fiji, Cook Islands
NE
355
Philippines
CR
356
Philippines
EN
357
Philippines
EN
358
Indonesia
LC
359
(Contd...)
J Phytol • 2023
• Vol 15
29
Sharma et al.
Table S1: (Continued)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
86
Elaeocarpus
varunua
NE
87
Elaeocarpus
branderhorstii
Elaeocarpus
mallotoides
Elaeocarpus
bracteatus
Elaeocarpus
geminiflorus
Elaeocarpus
quadratus
Elaeocarpus
variabilis
Elaeocarpus
gaussenii
Elaeocarpus
pyriformis
Elaeocarpus
validus
Elaeocarpus
gardneri
Elaeocarpus
pycnanthus
Elaeocarpus
brachypodus
Elaeocarpus
ganitrus Roxb.
China, India,
Bangladesh,
Myanmar, Pakistan,
Bhutan, Nepal,
Thailand
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
‑‑
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
Elaeocarpus
purus
Elaeocarpus
vaccinioides
Elaeocarpus
gammillii
Elaeocarpus
braceanus
Elaeocarpus
gambutanus
Elaeocarpus
undulatus
Elaeocarpus
pullenii
Elaeocarpus
ulianus
Elaeocarpus
gagnepainii
Elaeocarpus
macrophyllus
Elaeocarpus
macrocerus
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
360
Elaeocarpus
hookerianus
New Zealand
NE
GBIF
NE
361
Papua New Guinea
LC
GBIF
DD
362
Elaeocarpus
neobritannicus
Elaeocarpus sayeri
LC
GBIF
Myanmar, Thailand,
India
New Caledonia
NE
363
Elaeocarpus coodei
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Solomon Islands
NE
GBIF
LC
364
Myanmar
NE
365
India
NE
366
India
CR
367
Fiji
NE
368
Malaysia
VU
369
Elaeocarpus
homalioides
Elaeocarpus
conoideus
Elaeocarpus
holosericeus
Elaeocarpus
sarcanthus
Elaeocarpus
holopetalus
Elaeocarpus samari
Papua New Guinea
NE
370
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
New Caledonia
NE
371
NT
372
Indonesia, India,
United States
of America,
Bangladesh, Brazil,
China, Nepal
Indonesia
NE
373
NE
374
New Caledonia,
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
LC
375
CR
376
NE
377
NE
378
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia, Solomon
Islands
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Samoa, American
Samoa
NE
379
LC
380
NE
381
Vietnam, Malaysia,
Indonesia
Indonesia, Malaysia
NE
382
NE
383
Vietnam, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Thailand,
Brunei Darussalam,
Singapore
LC
384
China, India,
Myanmar, Thailand,
Lao’s People
Democratic Republic
Indonesia
S. no.
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Malaysia
DD
GBIF
NE
‑‑
NE
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia, Malaysia
Australia
NE
Knuth,
1938
Zmarzty,
2001;
GBIF
NE
GBIF
Philippines
CR
Elaeocarpus
hochreutineri
Elaeocarpus
hildebrandtii
Elaeocarpus
myrmecophilus
Elaeocarpus
heptadactylus
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia
Madagascar
NE
Knuth,
1940
Coode,
2003
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
mutabilis
Elaeocarpus
sadikanensis
Elaeocarpus
heptadactyloides
Elaeocarpus musseri
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia
NE
Indonesia
NE
Indonesia
NE
Elaeocarpus
rutengii
Elaeocarpus
compactus
Indonesia
‑‑
‑‑
DD
Coode,
1995
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
murukkai
Elaeocarpus
murudensis
Papua New Guinea
VU
GBIF
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia,
Thailand, Singapore,
Philippines
Indonesia
NE
GBIF
NE
GBIF
‑‑
NE
GBIF
India
NE
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
subpuberus
Elaeocarpus
heinrichii
Elaeocarpus munroii
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Indonesia
LC
NE
DD
NE
Guillaumin,
1920
GBIF
Coode,
1995
Knuth,
1940
Knuth,
1941
Coode,
1995
(Contd...)
30
J Phytol •
2023 •
Vol 15
Sharma et al.
Table S1: (Continued)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
111
Elaeocarpus
tuberculatus
Roxb.
Elaeocarpus
bontocensis
Elaeocarpus
fuscus
Elaeocarpus
macrocarpus
Elaeocarpus
tuasivicus
India, Myanmar
NE
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
385
Elaeocarpus
hedyosmus
Srilanka
NE
Zmarzty,
2001
‑‑
EN
386
Australia, India
NE
GBIF
‑‑
DD
387
‑‑
DD
GBIF
Malaysia
NE
388
Malaysia
NE
GBIF
Samoa
NE
389
Elaeocarpus
ruminatus
Elaeocarpus
hebecarpus
Elaeocarpus
muluensis
Elaeocarpus
multisectus
NE
GBIF
Elaeocarpus bonii
Vietnam
NE
390
Papua New Guinea,
Solomon Islands,
Indonesia, Cook Islands
New Caledonia
116
EN
GBIF
117
Elaeocarpus
fuscoides
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
NE
391
Malaysia
NE
118
Elaeocarpus
truncatus
Elaeocarpus
bojeri
Elaeocarpus
fulvus
Elaeocarpus
macranthus
Elaeocarpus
blepharoceras
Elaeocarpus
ptilanthus
Brunei Darussalam,
Malaysia
‑‑
NE
392
Vietnam
NE
CR
393
Elaeocarpus
coactilus
Elaeocarpus hartleyi
Coode,
2001;
Knuth,
1940
GBIF
Papua New Guinea
EN
GBIF
Philippines
EN
394
NT
395
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
NE
Philippines
NE
Knuth,
1938
GBIF
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia, Nigeria
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
LC
396
China
NE
GBIF
NE
397
Elaeocarpus
multinervosus
Elaeocarpus
clethroides
Elaeocarpus
harmandii
Elaeocarpus
multiflorus
NE
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
blascoi
Elaeocarpus
fulgens
Elaeocarpus
macdonaldii
Elaeocarpus
trichophyllus
Elaeocarpus
bilongvinas
Elaeocarpus
fruticosus
Elaeocarpus
luzonicus
Elaeocarpus
pseudopaniculatus
India
EN
398
VU
GBIF
Indonesia
DD
399
Elaeocarpus
rufovestitus
Elaeocarpus hallieri
Philippines, Japan,
Indonesia, Chinese Taipei,
Micronesia, China
Madagascar
Malaysia, Indonesia
NE
GBIF
‑‑
NE
400
Elaeocarpus rubidus
Palau
NE
GBIF
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
NE
401
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
NE
402
Philippines
CR
‑‑
NE
403
Elaeocarpus
munoceroides
Elaeocarpus
halconensis
Elaeocarpus moratii
New Caledonia
EN
Coode,
1980
GBIF
Philippines
‑‑
404
GBIF
LC
405
NE
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
fraseri
Elaeocarpus
luteolus
Indonesia, Malaysia
VU
406
Elaeocarpus royenii
Papua New Guinea,
Solomon Islands
China, Thailand, Hong
Kong, Vietnam, Lao’s
People Democratic
Republic, Malaysia,
Singapore
Indonesia
NE
Brunei Darussalam,
Malaysia, Indonesia
Elaeocarpus
rubescens
Elaeocarpus
hainanensis
VU
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
NE
407
Elaeocarpus
lanceifolius
NE
Coode,
1994
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
bilobatus
Elaeocarpus
luteolignum
Elaeocarpus
treubii
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
‑‑
NE
408
LC
GBIF
NE
409
Elaeocarpus
chinensis
Elaeocarpus roslii
NE
Indonesia
NE
410
Elaeocarpus miegei
Coode,
1995
GBIF
112
113
114
115
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
S. no.
Elaeocarpus
colnettianus
Elaeocarpus harunii
China, India, Thailand,
Myanmar, Vietnam,
Lao’s People Democratic
Republic, Nepal, Bhutan,
Hong Kong
China, Hong Kong,
Vietnam
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia
Papua New Guinea,
Australia, Indonesia,
Solomon Islands
NE
(Contd...)
J Phytol • 2023
• Vol 15
31
Sharma et al.
Table S1: (Continued)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
137
Elaeocarpus
biflorus
New Caledonia
CR
138
Elaeocarpus
foxworthyi
Elaeocarpus
tremulus
Elaeocarpus
prunifolius
Elaeocarpus
foveolatus
Philippines
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
411
Elaeocarpus
reticulatus
NE
GBIF
EN
412
NE
GBIF
New Caledonia
NT
413
NE
GBIF
New Caledonia,
Thailand
Australia
VU
414
New Caledonia
NT
GBIF
NE
415
Elaeocarpus
calomala
Elaeocarpus
glabripetalus
Elaeocarpus
vieillardii
Elaeocarpus glaber
Australia, New Zealand,
United States of America,
Indonesia, Guyana, Korea
Philippines, India, Papua
New Guinea
China
NE
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
lucidus
Elaeocarpus
bidupensis
Elaeocarpus
longlingensis
Elaeocarpus
tonkinensis
Elaeocarpus
bellus
Elaeocarpus
toninensis
Elaeocarpus
prafiensis
Elaeocarpus
tonganus
‑‑
NE
416
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Brunei Darussalam,
Philippines
China
NE
GBIF
Vietnam
NE
417
Indonesia, Malaysia
LC
GBIF
‑‑
NE
418
Indonesia
‑‑
Vietnam
NE
419
New Caledonia
VU
Tang et al.,
2001
GBIF
‑‑
NE
420
China
LC
GBIF
New Caledonia
NE
421
Philippines
EN
GBIF
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
‑‑
NE
422
‑‑
GBIF
NE
423
NE
Burkill &
Crosby,
1901
Elaeocarpus
praeclarus
Elaeocarpus
tjerengii
Elaeocarpus
floridanus
Fiji
NE
424
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Brunei Darussalam
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand, Singapore,
Philippines, India,
Myanmar, Madagascar,
Vietnam
Indonesia
NE
GBIF
‑‑
NE
425
Indonesia, Malaysia
NE
Solomon Islands,
Papua New Guinea,
Vanuatu, Cook
Islands, French
polynesia, Tonga,
Samoa, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Niue
‑‑
NE
426
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Singapore, Brunei
Darussalam, India
NE
Knuth,
1938
GBIF
‑‑
427
Elaeocarpus
submonoceras
Indonesia, Philippines,
Malaysia, Srilanka,
Brunei Darussalam
Australia
NE
GBIF
NE
China
NE
Indonesia
NE
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Brunei Darussalam,
Singapore, China
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Brunei Darussalam,
Thailand, Singapore,
Cambodia, Puerto Rico
Philippines, Vietnam
Indonesia
NE
Brongniart
& Gris,
1865
Knuth,
1940
Coode,
2001
GBIF
LC
GBIF
NE
GBIF
NE
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
brachystachyus
Elaeocarpus
valetonii
Elaeocarpus
macropus
Elaeocarpus
pulchellus
Elaeocarpus
prunifolioides
Elaeocarpus forbesii
Elaeocarpus
beccarii
Elaeocarpus
floribundus
Elaeocarpus
batudulangii
Elaeocarpus
barbulatus
Elaeocarpus
ferrugineus
153
Elaeocarpus
griffithii
154
Elaeocarpus
baudouinii
New Caledonia
VU
428
Elaeocarpus
largiflorens
155
Elaeocarpus
timorensis
Elaeocarpus batui
Indonesia
NE
429
Indonesia
NE
430
157
Elaeocarpus
polystachyus
NE
431
158
Elaeocarpus
prinodes
Elaeocarpus
longifolius
Malaysia, Indonesia,
Brunei Darussalam,
Singapore
‑‑
Elaeocarpus
duclouxii
Elaeocarpus
lancipetalus
Elaeocarpus
palembanicus
‑‑
432
Myanmar, India
‑‑
433
‑‑
‑‑
434
156
159
160
Elaeocarpus
tinctorius
Elaeocarpus
dolichostylus
Elaeocarpus
stipularis
Elaeocarpus
amabilis
(Contd...)
32
J Phytol • 2023
•
Vol 15
Sharma et al.
Table S1: (Continued)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
161
Elaeocarpus
polysticus
Elaeocarpus
timikensis
Elaeocarpus
floribundoides
Elaeocarpus
floresii
‑‑
‑‑
Indonesia
162
163
164
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
435
Elaeocarpus knuthii
NE
GBIF
NE
436
NE
China
NE
437
LC
Coode,
2001
GBIF
Indonesia
NE
438
Elaeocarpus
octopetalus
Elaeocarpus
acronodia
Elaeocarpus
decipiens
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam, Singapore
Indonesia, Philippines
NE
GBIF
NE
GBIF
NE
Knuth,
1940
NE
GBIF
NE
GBIF
NE
GBIF
165
Elaeocarpus
polydactylus
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
NE
439
Elaeocarpus obtusus
166
Elaeocarpus
batjanicus
‑‑
NE
440
Elaeocarpus
serratus
167
Elaeocarpus
fleuryi
Vietnam, Lao’s
People Democratic
Republic, china
NE
441
Elaeocarpus nitidus
168
Elaeocarpus
polycarpus
Elaeocarpus
flavescens
Elaeocarpus
polyanthus
Malaysia
NE
442
‑‑
DD
443
Malaysia
NE
444
Elaeocarpus
sericoloides
Elaeocarpus
hortensis
Elaeocarpus nanus
Elaeocarpus
thelmae
Elaeocarpus
linsmithii
Elaeocarpus
polyandrus
Australia
NE
445
Australia
NE
446
Solomon Islands,
Papua New Guinea,
Cook Islands,
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
NE
447
DD
448
Elaeocarpus
coloides
169
170
171
172
173
Elaeocarpus
myrtoides
Elaeocarpus
comptonii
Elaeocarpus
rumphii
174
Elaeocarpus
firmus
175
Elaeocarpus
poilanei
Vietnam, China
NE
449
Elaeocarpus
angustifolius
176
Elaeocarpus
linnaei
Elaeocarpus
poculifer
Elaeocarpus
finisterrae
Elaeocarpus
lingualis
Elaeocarpus
pittosporoides
Elaeocarpus
baramii
Elaeocarpus
linearifolius
Elaeocarpus
ferruginiflorus
Indonesia
NE
450
Papua New Guinea
NE
451
Papua New Guinea
NE
452
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Fiji
NE
453
NE
454
Malaysia
NE
455
Vietnam
NE
456
Australia
NE
457
Elaeocarpus
dianxiensis
Elaeocarpus
austroyunnanensis
Elaeocarpus
oblongus
Elaeocarpus
weibelianus
Elaeocarpus
roseoalbus
Elaeocarpus
japonicus
Elaeocarpus
ellipticus
Elaeocarpus
pubescens
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
Indonesia, Papua New
Guinea, Malaysia
China, Chinese Taipei,
Japan, United States of
America
Indonesia, Malaysia,
China, Philippines, Brunei
Darussalam, Singapore,
Thailand, Vietnam, Papua
New Guinea
Chinese Taipei, India,
Brazil, Srilanka,
Indonesia, Ghana, United
States of America,
Panama, Japan
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Brunei Darussalam,
Singapore, Philippines,
Myanmar, Thailand,
Vietnam
Indonesia, Papua New
Guinea
Vanuatu, New Caledonia
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Brunei Darussalam,
Singapore
Papua New Guinea
LC
GBIF
NT
New Caledonia
VU
Coode,
1984
GBIF
Indonesia
NE
GBIF
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia, Solomon
Islands
Australia, Papua New
Guinea, Indonesia, New
Caledonia, Solomon
Islands, Philippines,
Malaysia, United States of
America, Vanuatu
China
NE
Knuth,
1940
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
China
‑‑
Coode,
1995
GBIF
India, Brazil, Philippines,
Australia, Srilanka
New Caledonia,
Madagascar
Indonesia
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
Knuth,
1940
GBIF
‑‑
LC
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
Knuth,
1940
GBIF
(Contd...)
J Phytol • 2023
• Vol 15
33
Sharma et al.
Table S1: (Continued)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
184
Elaeocarpus
limitaneus
Vietnam, Lao’s
People Democratic
Republic, china
NE
185
Elaeocarpus
pinosukii
Malaysia
186
Elaeocarpus
limitaneioides
Elaeocarpus
piestocarpus
Elaeocarpus
balgooyi
Elaeocarpus
pierrei
Elaeocarpus
terminalioides
Elaeocarpus
balansae
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
458
Elaeocarpus
japonicus
‑‑
GBIF
CR
459
Elaeocarpus
robustus
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
NE
460
‑‑
Solomon Islands,
Papua New Guinea
Indonesia
LC
461
Mauritius, China
‑‑
Knuth,
1940
GBIF
NE
462
Cambodia
‑‑
Indonesia,
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
NE
463
Elaeocarpus
filiformidentatus
Elaeocarpus
integrifolius
Elaeocarpus
bokorensis
Elaeocarpus leratii
China, Chinese Taipei,
Japan, Korea, United
States of America,
Trinidad and Tobago
Malaysia, Thailand, India,
Vietnam, Indonesia,
Myanmar, Bangladesh,
Brazil, Nepal
Papua New Guinea
New Caledonia
‑‑
Coode,
2001
GBIF
EN
464
Indonesia
‑‑
GBIF
Vietnam, China
NE
465
‑‑
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
leucanthus
Elaeocarpus
balabanii
Papua New Guinea
NE
466
China, Chinese Taipei,
Japan, Korea, United
States of America,
Vietnam, Belgium,
Indonesia, India
New Caledonia
‑‑
GBIF
Malaysia
NE
467
‑‑
GBIF
194
Elaeocarpus
bakaianus
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
NE
468
Elaeocarpus
petiolatus
‑‑
GBIF
195
Elaeocarpus
tariensis
Elaeocarpus
taprobanicus
Elaeocarpus
fairchildii
Elaeocarpus
pirincara
Elaeocarpus
pilosus
Elaeocarpus
tectonaefolius
Elaeocarpus
baeuerlenii
Elaeocarpus
takolensis
Elaeocarpus
badius
Elaeocarpus
eymae
Elaeocarpus
petelotii
Elaeocarpus
bachmaensis
Elaeocarpus
symingtonii
Elaeocarpus
azaleifolius
Elaeocarpus
euneurus
Elaeocarpus
lepidus
Papua New Guinea
LC
469
Srilanka
NE
470
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
‑‑
NE
471
‑‑
472
‑‑
‑‑
473
‑‑
‑‑
474
‑‑
NE
475
Indonesia
NE
476
Solomon Islands,
Papua New Guinea
Indonesia
NE
477
NE
478
Elaeocarpus
glandulosus
Elaeocarpus
griseopuberulus
Elaeocarpus
polystachyus
Elaeocarpus
serratus
Elaeocarpus
sericeus
Elaeocarpus
chakrosila
Elaeocarpus
merrillii
Elaeocarpus
auricomus
Elaeocarpus
balansae
Elaeocarpus cyaneus
Vietnam
NE
479
Vietnam, China
NE
480
Malaysia
LC
481
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Malaysia
LC
482
NE
483
Cook Islands, Fiji
NE
484
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
S. no.
Elaeocarpus
brunneotomentosus
Elaeocarpus
sylvestris
Elaeocarpus
guillainii
Elaeocarpus rugosus
Elaeocarpus
magnifolius
Elaeocarpus
quercifolius
Elaeocarpus
zeylanicus
Elaeocarpus
sallehianus
Elaeocarpus
nubigenus
Elaeocarpus
punctatus
China, India, Thailand,
Myanmar, Malaysia,
Bhutan, Singapore
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand, China,
Singapore, Cambodia,
Lao’s People Democratic
Republic, India, Vietnam
India, Switzerland,
Myanmar
Vietnam
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
Malaysia
‑‑
Zmarzty,
2001
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
Clarke,
1890
GBIF
Philippines
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
Lao’s People Democratic
Republic, Vietnam
Australia, Korea, New
Caledonia
Samoa
‑‑
‑‑
Coode,
2001
Coode,
1977
Coode,
1995
GBIF
Vietnam
‑‑
GBIF
Srilanka
‑‑
GBIF
Malaysia
LC
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
Indonesia, Malaysia
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
(Contd...)
34
J Phytol • 2023
•
Vol 15
Sharma et al.
Table S1: (Continued)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
211
Elaeocarpus
perrieri
Elaeocarpus
eumundi
Madagascar,
Indonesia
Australia, Singapore
VU
485
NE
486
Elaeocarpus
leopoldii
Elaeocarpus
auricomus
Elaeocarpus
ledermannii
Malaysia
VU
487
China
NE
488
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
NE
489
Elaeocarpus
pentadactylus
Elaeocarpus
atropunctatus
Elaeocarpus
eriobotryoides
Elaeocarpus
surigaensis
Elaeocarpus
subvillosus
‑‑
DD
490
‑‑
NE
491
Malaysia
VU
492
Philippines
CR
493
Srilanka, Brazil,
Malaysia
VU
494
Elaeocarpus
leptophanes
Elaeocarpus
erdinii
Elaeocarpus
lawasii
Elaeocarpus
arnhemicus
‑‑
‑‑
495
Indonesia
NE
496
Malaysia
NE
497
Australia, Papua
New Guinea,
Indonesia
Fiji
LC
498
NE
499
Malaysia,
Philippines,
Singapore, Indonesia,
Madagascar
NE
500
LC
501
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
India, Myanmar,
Thailand
DD
502
NE
503
NE
504
NE
505
NE
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
Elaeocarpus
laurifolius
Elaeocarpus
pedunculatus
Elaeocarpus
subserratus
Elaeocarpus
latescens
Elaeocarpus
aristatus
Elaeocarpus
aristatus
Elaeocarpus
argenteus
232
Elaeocarpus
elliffii
233
Elaeocarpus
arfakensis
Elaeocarpus
elatus
Elaeocarpus
elaeagnoides
Elaeocarpus
laoticus
Elaeocarpus
sublucidus
234
235
236
237
J Phytol • 2023
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
Elaeocarpus
sterrophyllus
Elaeocarpus
obovatus
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
Australia, United
Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland,
Indonesia, Japan, Srilanka
China
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
GBIF
Bangladesh, India
‑‑
GBIF
Indonesia, Papua New
Guinea, Australia, India,
Myanmar, Malaysia
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
Knuth,
1941
GBIF
Papua New Guinea
‑‑
GBIF
Vietnam
‑‑
GBIF
Thailand, India,
Myanmar, New Caledonia,
Bangladesh, China
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
GBIF
China, Bhutan, India,
Myanmar
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
Coode,
2001
GBIF
Indonesia, Malaysia
‑‑
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
parviflorus
Elaeocarpus
castanaefolius
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
New Caledonia
‑‑
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
micranthus
Elaeocarpus
prunifolius
Elaeocarpus
kanehirae
Elaeocarpus
kaalaensis
Elaeocarpus
bancroftii
Indonesia
‑‑
GBIF
Thailand, Bhutan, India,
New Caledonia, Vietnam
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
Papua New Guinea,
Australia
‑‑
GBIF
506
Elaeocarpus
grandiflorus
‑‑
Coode,
1984
NE
507
‑‑
GBIF
LC
508
Malaysia, Indonesia
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
DD
509
Malaysia
‑‑
GBIF
China
NE
510
Papua New Guinea
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
NE
511
Elaeocarpus
borealiyunnanensis
Elaeocarpus
paniculatis
Elaeocarpus
hochruetineri
Elaeocarpus
stenodactylis
Elaeocarpus
hebridarum
Indonesia, Thailand,
Vietnam, Cambodia,
Lao’s People Democratic
Republic, Philippines,
Malaysia, Singapore,
Bangladesh
China
Vanuatu
‑‑
Clarke,
1890
Philippines, Chinese
Taipei, China, United
States of America
Australia
• Vol 15
S. no.
Elaeocarpus
gaoligongshanensis
Elaeocarpus
acuminatus Wall.
Elaeocarpus
longifolius
Elaeocarpus
mindorensis
Elaeocarpus
acuminatus Bonpl.
Elaeocarpus
aemulus
Elaeocarpus
tonkinensis
Elaeocarpus
prunifolius
Elaeocarpus
serratus Benth.
Elaeocarpus
varunua
Elaeocarpus
ovalifolius
Elaeocarpus
teysmannii
(Contd...)
35
Sharma et al.
Table S1: (Continued)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
238
Elaeocarpus
angustipes
Elaeocarpus
subisensis
Elaeocarpus
subisensis
Elaeocarpus
dulongensis
Elaeocarpus
dubius
Indonesia, Malaysia
NE
512
Malaysia
NE
513
‑‑
NE
514
China
‑‑
515
China, Vietnam,
Cambodia, Lao’s
People Democratic
Republic, Myanmar
Indonesia
NE
516
NE
517
Elaeocarpus
pedunculatus
Fiji
NE
518
Philippines
NE
519
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea,
Fiji
Fiji
NE
520
VU
521
NE
522
Srilanka, India
NE
523
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam
Indonesia
NE
524
NE
525
Malaysia, Brunei
Darussalam,
Indonesia
‑‑
NE
526
Elaeocarpus
salomonensis
Elaeocarpus
symongtonii
Elaeocarpus
seriopetalus
Elaeocarpus
coarctilis
Elaeocarpus
submonocerus
Elaeocarpus
gitingensus
Elaeocarpus
staphianus
Elaeocarpus
firdausii
Elaeocarpus kingii
DD
527
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
NE
528
NE
529
NE
530
NE
531
Malaysia
NE
532
New Caledonia,
Cambodia
China, India,
Bangladesh, Hong
Kong, Thailand
Myanmar
NE
533
‑‑
239
240
241
242
243
Elaeocarpus
lancistipulatus
244
Elaeocarpus
subcapitatus
Elaeocarpus
palimlimensis
Elaeocarpus
amplifolius
Elaeocarpus
ampliflorus
Elaeocarpus
storckii
Elaeocarpus
amoenus
Elaeocarpus
pagonensis
Elaeocarpus
amboinensis
Elaeocarpus
pachyophrys
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
Elaeocarpus
pachydactylus
Elaeocarpus
altisectus
Elaeocarpus
dolichodactylus
Elaeocarpus
pachyanthus
Elaeocarpus
altigenus
Elaeocarpus
dolichobotrys
Elaeocarpus
dognyensis
Elaeocarpus
lanceaefolius
Elaeocarpus
lacunosus
Elaeocarpus
alnifolius
Elaeocarpus
divaricativenus
Elaeocarpus
ovigerus
Elaeocarpus
albiflorus
Elaeocarpus
dinagatensis
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
Elaeocarpus
holzapfelii
Elaeocarpus
pxypyren
Elaeocarpus
acuminatus
Elaeocarpus
monoceroides
Elaeocarpus
punctatus Wall.
Germany
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
Knuth,
1938
GBIF
Indonesia
‑‑
‑‑
‑‑
Coode,
1998
GBIF
Singapore
‑‑
GBIF
Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines, Brunei
Darussalam, Singapore,
Myanmar, Papua New
Guinea, Thailand
‑‑
‑‑
Coode,
1995
‑‑
GBIF
Malaysia
‑‑
Australia
‑‑
Knuth,
1940
GBIF
Indonesia
‑‑
GBIF
Indonesia
‑‑
GBIF
Philippines
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
Indonesia
‑‑
Coode,
1996
GBIF
India
‑‑
GBIF
Elaeocarpus
sadicanensis
Elaeocarpus
lanceolatus
Elaeocarpus
angustus
Elaeocarpus
alaskensis
Elaeocarpus
leptostachys
Elaeocarpus
blepharoceros
Elaeocarpus firmus
Malaysia
‑‑
GBIF
Bangladesh
‑‑
GBIF
Malaysia
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
Gibbs, 1909
Malaysia
‑‑
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
Papua New Guinea
‑‑
GBIF
534
Elaeocarpus
dentatus
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
NE
535
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
Madagascar
LC
536
Elaeocarpus
stipularis
Elaeocarpus obtusus
Malaysia
‑‑
‑‑
LC
537
‑‑
‑‑
New Caledonia
LC
538
Indonesia
‑‑
GBIF
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Philippines
NE
539
GBIF
540
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Malaysia
‑‑
EN
Elaeocarpus
sylvestris
Elaeocarpus
batadulangii
Elaeocarpus
poculiferus
Elaeocarpus
penibucanensis
Beaton
et al., 1984
GBIF
‑‑
Warburg,
1922
(Contd...)
36
J Phytol • 2023
•
Vol 15
Sharma et al.
Table S1: (Continued)
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
267
Elaeocarpus
kwangsiensis
Elaeocarpus
alaternoides
China
NE
541
New Caledonia,
Cambodia
LC
542
Elaeocarpus
dictyophlebius
Elaeocarpus
kusanoi
Elaeocarpus
affinis
Elaeocarpus
kusaiensis
Elaeocarpus
orohensis
Elaeocarpus
dewildei
Malaysia
NE
543
Micronesia
NE
544
Philippines
NE
Micronesia
Papua New Guinea,
Indonesia
Indonesia
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
S. no.
Species
Distribution range
IUCN
Status
Reference
Elaeocarpus
verticellatus
Elaeocarpus davisii
Philippines
‑‑
GBIF
Indonesia
‑‑
Papua New Guinea
‑‑
Fiji
‑‑
545
Elaeocarpus
murukhai
Elaeocarpus
cassinioides
Elaeocarpus meigei
Brongniart
& Gris,
1861;
Robinson,
1908
Guymer,
1983
GBIF
‑‑
‑‑
GBIF
NE
546
Elaeocarpus osiae
Papua New Guinea
‑‑
NE
547
Elaeocarpus avium
Indonesia
‑‑
NE
548
Elaeocarpus
culminicola Elmer
‑‑
‑‑
Baker,
1883
Kükenthal,
1940
Smith,
1969
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of Victoria State Australia I. Hydnangiaceae. Kew Bulletin, 39(3), 499508. https://doi.org/10.2307/4108593
Brongniart, M. A., & Gris, A. (1861). Description of Some Eleocarpus
from New Caledonia. Bulletin de la Société botanique de France, 8,
198-203.
Brongniart, M. A., & Gris, A. (1865). Descriptions of some new species
from New Caledonia. Bulletin de la Société botanique de France,
12, 299-302.
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