International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2014; 2(3): 33-38
ISSN: 2347- 5129
IJFAS 2014; 2(3): 33-38
© 2013 IJFAS
www.fisheriesjournal.com
Received: 07-11-2014
Accepted: 08-12-2014
Natural food and feeding habits of a locally available
freshwater prawn Macrobrachium dayanum
(Henderson) from Jammu waters, North India.
Yahya Bakhtiyar
Department of Zoology, University
of K ashmir, Srinagar- 190006.
Yahya Bakhtiyar, Rewa Lakhnotra and Seema Langer
Rewa Lakhnotra
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to work out the natural food and feeding habits of Macrobrachium
dayanum in Gho-Manhasa Stream Jammu. Samples were collected monthly between January 2004 and
December 2004. A total of 480 specimens of Macrobrachium dayanum (M. dayanum) were analysed by
categorizing them into four categories based on size and sex. Out of total 480 analysed specimens 214
(44.58%) guts were found to be empty while about 266 (55.41%) contained food. The frequency of
empty stomachs decreased with increasing size. Index of preponderance revealed that detritus was the
dominant food item of M. dayanum. Algae, the second most dominant food item was found to decrease
with increase in size. After detritus and algae other important food items were found to be insecta, sand,
annelids, macrophytes, mollusca, unidentified matter, crustacean and Rotifers. Based on overall analysis
of different size groups the M. dayanum has been categorized as detriti-omnivore feeding on both animal
and plant matter with detritus as dominant food item.
Department of Zoology, Govt.
Degree College, A khnoor-180001.
Seema Langer
Department of Zoology, University
of Jammu, Jammu- 180006.
Keywords: Macrobrachium dayanum, natural food, gut content analysis, index of preponderance,
Jammu.
Correspondence
Yahya Bakhtiyar
Assistant professor,
Department of Zoology,
University of Kashmir,
Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006,
Jammu and Kashmir, India.
1. Introduction
Besides edible fishes, the edible crustaceans are also considered as delicious food throughout
the world and thus, command a market in both domestic and international circuits. In India
there are 18 species of shrimps and three species of crabs, which are commercially important
[1]
. In the very recent past, a freshwater prawn viz. Macrobrachium has emerged as an accepted
candidate for aquaculture. Out of 125 species of Macrobrachium, only a small number
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii, Macrobrachium birmanicum,
Macrobrachium choprai etc.) have been exploited from the culture point of view. In addition
to the above mentioned species, M. dayanum has been rendered to as a notable crustacean
withstanding good economic potential [2]. The species is recorded to attain a maximum size
ranging from 84 mm (female) to 92mm (male) [3] and in Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir) a
maximum size up to 65mm and 60 mm has been reported [4, 5]. The palatable size of the prawn
though small when compared to other cultivable species of prawn, the absolute uniqueness of
M. dayanum lies in the fact that it completes whole of its life cycle in freshwater as compared
to its counterparts who have to spend a part of their life cycle in brackish or sea water thus,
making the culture of M. dayanum practically convenient and economically notable.
Knowledge about the diet of animals based on the analysis of gut contents is fundamental to
the understanding of nutritional requirements and their interactions with other organisms [6]. It
is substantial to know the diet of an animal in its habitat in order to be aware of its nutritional
requirements and its interaction with other organisms. The knowledge of the feeding biology
and ecology helps to evaluate, identify and quantify the resources that specie uses (with the
help of gut content analysis) provides information on those selected from the choices available
from the environment [7, 8]. Studies on the feeding biology of Macrobrachium spp. is scarce
limited to some reports on Macrobrachium Borelli [9]; M. acanthurus) [10, 11]; M. vollenhovenii
[12]
and M. carcinus [13]. The knowledge about the feeding habits of M. dayanum is very
limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to work out food and feeding habits of
Macrobrachium dayanum from Jammu.
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International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies
2. Materials and method
2.1 Collection of samples
To identify the food of various developmental stages of prawn
Macrobrachium dayanum, the animals of different size,
including plankton and benthic groups were sampled in GhoManahasa stream between January 2004 and December 2004.
Prawns were sampled using rectangular haul/sweep net with
1620 cm2 mouth area (1mm mesh size) and 80cm long during
the morning (0800 - 1000 hrs). During the catch operations,
net was manually dragged up to a distance of 10 to 15 feet
along the limnetic-littoral transitional zone (mid-vegetated and
open water zone) and the entrapped individuals were
categorized into different size groups and gently placed in
vials having 5% formalin. The categorization on the basis of
sex was made to reveal the feeding stratagem of animals under
investigation right from larval stage to adult stage and between
males and females. The prawns were divided into four size
groups: MdfI (Size 6.0 mm – 20.0 mm); MdfII (Size 20.1 mm
– 40.0 mm); MdfIII (Size 41.0 mm – 60.0 mm Male); MdfIV
(Size 41.0 mm – 60.0 mm Female).
The plankton samples were collected from pond by filtering
100 litres of surface water through silk bolting round mouth
conical plankton net (50-100 µm mesh size), preserved in 5%
formalin and examined under stereomicroscope (100-400X)
with Reyne’s mount (Chloral hydrate, 50 gm; water, 50 ml;
Glycerine, 12.7 ml; Gum Arabic, 30 g) and identified to lowest
possible taxonomic level with the help of many books [14, 15, 16].
The benthic samples were collected from both stream and
pond with the help Ekmen’ dredge. Samples collected were
then sieved through sieve no. 40 having 256 meshes/cm2.
Macrobenthic organisms were picked up from the sieved
material with the help of foreceps/brush and preserved in 5%
formalin and examined under stereomicroscope (100-400X)
for further identification. The identification was carried out by
following of many books [14, 15, 16].
To study food preferences and feeding ecology a total number
of 120 guts/group of M. dayanum was analysed. For every
group 10 guts/month were analysed to study. Most of the items
found in the foregut though damaged were identifiable while
contents of the hind gut were practically unidentifiable. The
categorization of the dietary items was made on basis of hard
parts (carapace, shell and exoskeleton) and soft bodied
organisms with quick digestion and without hard parts were
categorized as detritus. The total length (TL) of prawns ranged
from 6.0-60.0 mm in case of M. dayanum.
The preserved specimens were then brought to the wet lab of
the Department of Zoology, University of Jammu for further
analysis. The preserved specimens were measured for their
total length (TL) (nearest to 0.1mm using a divider under
stereomicroscope). The alimentary tracts were removed,
weighed (nearest to 0.1grams) and measured (nearest to 1.0
grams). The gut contents were emptied in petridishes
containing freshwater. All the food items were examined using
a stereomicroscope (100-400X) and identified to the lowest
possible taxonomic level with the help of many books [14, 15, 16].
The results so obtained were used to compute percentage
volume of food items in the gut (%V), percentage of
occurrence of guts having particular food item (%O) and Index
of preponderance (IOP) of the food items in the gut of M.
dayanum.
Individual stomach fullness scale was estimated to a subjective
scale, ranging from 0 (empty) to 5 (full) [17]. Through the
estimates of percentage volume and frequency of occurrence
of prey organisms, the Index of Preponderance (IOP) [18] was
calculated as follows:
IOP =ViOi (∑ViOi)-1X100
Where:
Vi = volume (percentage) of “i” item
Oi = frequency of occurrence (percentage) of “i” item
3. Results and Discussion
A total of 480 specimens of Macrobrachium dayanum were
analysed by categorizing them into four categories based on
size and sex. Out of total 480 specimens analysed 214
(44.58%) guts were found to be empty while 266 (55.41%)
contained food. Food items identified in the gut of
Macrobrachium dayanum were categorized into 10 main
groups: viz., algae, rotifers, cladocerans, molluscs, annelids,
insects, macrophytes, unidentified matter (UM), sand/mud and
detritus (Table-1). Perusal of the said table divulge that while
zooplankton comprised of Cladocera (Moina sp., Daphnia sp.,
Simocephalus sp., Alona sp., Chydorus sp. etc.), Copepoda
(Cyclops sp. and Mesocyclops sp.) and Rotifera (Brachionus
sp., Keratella sp., Filina sp., Lecane sps., Polyarthra sps.,
Hexarthra sps. etc), phytoplankton were represented by algal
assemblages which were predominantly filamentous. In fact
Cladocera and Copepoda were present all through the year
with Copepoda showing dominance in winter when Cladocera
recorded a decline in their population. The littoral benthic
communities were dominated by Oligochaeta, Rotifera,
Cladocera, Copepoda, Decapoda (M. dayanum, M. kistensis),
Mollusca (Lymnea, Gyralus, Uniomerus sps.), Annelida
(Tubifex, Lumbriculus, Chaetogaster) and Insecta (Anax,
Tabanus, Chironomus, Forcipomyia, Tipula sps.) respectively.
However, most of the algae registered abundance in post
monsoon than in summer and early spring [5, 16].
The dominant food items found in each group of M. dayanum
are as follows:
MdfI (Table 2 & 3): A total number of 120 guts (10 guts per
month) were analysed to study stomach contents of MdfI. Out
of the 120 guts, 75 (62.5%) were found empty while 45
(37.5%) contained food items. Moreover, stomach fullness
scale to deduce the feeding index of M. dayanum revealed
higher values on scale 3 (12.5%) followed by scale 2 (11.66%)
and scale 1 (10.83%).
On the basis of IOP (Index of preponderance), stomach
contents of MdfI indicated predominance of detritus (55.0%)
followed by Algae (30.02%), Sand (4.72%), Insects (3.78%),
Macrophytes (2.52%), Molluscs (1.51%), Annelids (1.32%),
Unidentified matter (0.64%), Rotifers (0.35%) and
Cladocerans (0.08%).
MdfII (Table 2 & 3): Of the total 120 guts analysed, 61
(50.83%) were found empty and 59 (49.11%) contained food.
Moreover, stomach fullness scale revealed higher values on
scale 3 (15.83%) followed by scale 4 (11.66%), scale 2
(8.33%) in the present study.
Stomach contents of MdfII indicated detritus (70.03%) as
predominant food on the basis of IOP followed by algae
(13.52%), Insects (8.54%), Annelids (2.26%), Sand (2.1%),
Macrophytes (1.11%), Molluscs (0.96%), Cladocerans
(0.57%), Rotifers (0.49%) and Unidentified matter (0.37%)
respectively.
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International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies
MdfIII (Table 2 & 3): Out of the total 120 guts analysed, 36
(30.0%) were found empty while 84 (70.0%) were found filled
with different food items. Stomach fullness scale reveals
higher values on scale 5 (24.16%) and scale 4 (15.83%) in this
group.
Stomach contents of MdfIII showed higher prevalence of
detritus (73.82%) on basis of IOP. This was followed by
Insects (9.5%), Algae (5.89%), Sand/mud (5.68%), Annelids
(1.94%), Molluscs (1.38), Cladocerans (0.78%), Macrophytes
(0.55%), Unidentified matter (0.4%). No rotifers were noticed
in the guts of MdfIII during the study period.
MdfIV (Table 2 & 3): Of the 120 guts analysed, 42 (35%)
were found to be empty and only 78 (65%) contained food.
Stomach fullness scale revealed higher values on scale 4
(15.83%) followed by scale 5 (15.0%) and scale 2 (13.33%).
Stomach contents of MdfIV showed pre-eminence of detritus
(75.45%) on basis of IOP, which was subsequently followed
by Insects (12.30%), Algae (6.48%), sand/mud (5.23%),
Unidentifiable matter (0.5%), Annelids (0.21%), Molluscs
(0.09%), Crustaceans (0.07%), Macrophytes (0.05%) and
Rotifers which comprised negligible proportion of the food
(0.004%) during the study period.
Studies on the role of feeding in the functional aspects of
species prove viable tool for the evaluation of structure and
functioning of ecosystems. Appraisal of table 3 suggests
omnivore nature of M. dayanum in general and detritivore in
particular since detritus comprised chiefly about 68.59% of
food followed by algae (13.97%) and insects (8.53%). Many
workers [7, 19] reported that the decapod crustaceans are usually
opportunistic omnivores, obtaining their food from the bottom
of their habitats or from the fauna associated with submerged
and shore vegetation in water bodies, they eat just about
anything that comes in their way. Freshwater prawns in
general are observed to be omnivores. Similar observations
have been made for other related species viz. M. malcolmsonii
[20]
and M. affinis [21]. Some workers [8, 9, 10, 11, 22, 23, 24] have
propounded that decapods diet comprise different food items,
wherein detritus forms an important and quite common
component. M. dayanum (MdfIII and MdfIV) seems to be
energy maximizers selecting the food on the basis of energy
contents. A similar dietary shift has been reported for
Palaemonetes argentines [17] and Crabs [25, 26]. In general, it
was observed that small but abundant micro-crustaceans, such
as rotifers, cladocerans and copepods constitute a minor part of
prawn food. Zooplankton however, may play an important
nutritional role in some stages of crustacean life cycle [27].
Observation of table 2 indicates that out of total 480 specimens
analysed, 214 (44.58%) stomachs were empty and only 266
(55.41%) stomachs contained food items. Comprehensive
review of tables 2 & 3 reveals that empty stomachs decrease in
number with an increase in size being greater (62.5%) for
MdfI followed by MdfII (50.83%), MdfIII (30.0%) and for
MdfIV (35.0%). Although detritus was the main food
component, its bulk increased with an increase in the size of
the prawn. Smaller food components such as algae and rotifers
were observed to show a declining trend as age/size of the
animal increased and consequently size of prey increased with
an increase in the size of prawn. Collins (1999) [17] also
recorded similar observation and attributed the same to be due
to the size and rigidity of the mouth parts. Cladocerans and
insect larvae (mainly chironomids) however, showed a marked
increase in the composition of food vis-à-vis increase in age,
the increment of insect component being significantly higher
than cladoceran component. Macrophytes constituted a large
proportion of stomach content (Table-3), which is apparently
due to their ready availability in the habitat since small larvae
were mostly attached to the macrophytes of littoral benthic
community. It was further observed that as the size and age of
prawn increased, the animal’s stomach revealed a decline in
macrophytes element mainly because of the reason that with
advancing age the animal tends to occupy the benthic region.
Algae and detritus formed the major food component
throughout the year in all size groups where as other food
items recorded irregular pattern of fluctuations with respect to
the seasons and size groups of Macrobrachium dayanum.
Comparison of MdfIII (adult males) with MdfIV (adult
females) shows that number of empty stomachs were less in
male than female thus revealing higher feeding activity of
males as compared to females. This feature may be attributed
to the fact that during the breeding seasons of prawns which
extends from February to May and August to September more
number of females were found with empty stomachs than male
(Table 2). Further, empty stomachs were commonly found in
summer (May-July) and winter (December-February). Similar
results were placed on record [28] for Acetes intermedius
wherein 65.0% empty stomachs were recorded in summer and
58.8% empty stomachs in fall. The present studies do not
comply with certain findings where all filled stomachs were in
P. argentines [17] and in some cases only 3 empty stomachs out
of 102 analysed stomachs in case of M. acanthurus [10, 11].
Stomach fullness scale (Table 2) also varied among sexes and
diverse size groups. While as in MdfI maximum numbers of
stomachs were found to occur on scale 3 followed by 2 and 1,
in MdfII it followed 3, 4 and 2, in MdfIII scale 5, 4 and 1 and
in MdfIV scale 4, 5 and 2. In general it was observed that the
stomach fullness scale for the 480 specimens analysed, 3, 4
and 5 scale dominated. High categories of stomach fullness (3,
4 and 5) as recorded during the present investigation are in
accordance with some workers [17, 29].
Present studies revealed M. dayanum to be an omnivore
feeding on both plant and animal matter. If detritus part is kept
aside, the animal and plant matter seems to be almost equal.
Table 4 indicates that in all the size groups the value of RLG
(Relative length of the gut) was less than 1, thus suggesting its
tendency towards carnivory. Similar results have been reported
by several authors [30, 31] who opined that the gut length of
animal depends upon the nature of food they consume, and the
length progressively increases with increasing proportions of
vegetable/plant matter in the diet. Laboratory observations
(wherein a variety of plant and animal origin food were
offered) during the present study period also revealed that M.
dayanum showed strong preference for soft bodied prey items
such as annelids and chironomids which being soft bodied
were easily digestible and also provide better nutrition with
very less effort on the part of predator.
Although food preferences deliberated so far reveal detritiomnivorous nature of M. dayanum which is in stark contrast to
the RLG values (Table 4) that suggest detriti-carnivory nature
of the said prawn. A number of other workers have also
reported that prawns prefer animal food as compared to algae
and other plant material [32, 33]. Preference for animal food
could be related to taste preference and to the relative ease of
food that can be triturated by the gastric armature, processed
by the ‘filter-press’ and digested by the hepatopancreas [23].
Owing to differential values of RLG and food preferences
recorded during the current study, it is felt that till more
elaborate studies are made on this aspect of prawn it would be
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International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies
apt to place M. dayanum in detriti-omnivore category.
As is evident from the table 3, organic detritus (as unidentified
debris) appeared quite regularly in the diet of prawn
throughout the year and in different size groups although its
utilization as food source seems to be important to maturing
prawn when it leads a benthic existence. Besides detritus
component recorded an increase with the size of prawn.
Particulate detritus is known to serve as a substrate for
microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and protozoa. These
microorganisms are probably more important as food than the
substrate [34, 35]. Organic detritus was readily consumed when
other preferred food items were less available. Some workers
[36, 37]
mentioned that decapod crustaceans are omnivorous and
detritivorous. Acetes paraguayensis was reported as
omnivorous feeding mainly on members of littoral benthic and
lotic communities [29]. We also get support from the studies on
the feeding habits and food of in case of M. acanthurus [10]; M.
lamarrei [38]; M. vollenhovenii [39] and M. carcinus [13] which
were found to be omnivorous in their feeding habits.
Table 1: List of the food items recorded during study period (A) Gho-Manhasa Stream (B) Gut of M. dayanum.
Food items
ALGAE
Cyanophyceae
Oscillatoria sp.
Spirulina sp.
A
B
+
+
+
+
Euchlorophyceae
Volvox sp.
+
+
Zygophyceae
Zygnema sp.
Cosmarium sp.
Spirogyra sp.
+
+
+
+
Bacillariophyceae
Navicula sp.
Cymbella sp.
Fragillaria sp.
Diatoma sp.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Ulithricophyceae
Ulothrix sp.
Microsporas sp.
+
+
+
-
Euglenophyceae
Euglena sp.
Phacus sp.
ROTIFERA
Brachionus sp.
Keratella sp.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Food items
Polyarthra sp.
Lecane sp.
Filinia sp.
Monostyla sp.
A
+
+
+
-
B
+
+
-
ANNELIDA
Tubifex sp.
Lumbriculus sp.
+
+
+
+
CRUSTACEA
Cladocera
Daphnia sp.
Moina sp.
Ceriodaphnia sp.
Simocephalus sp.
Bosmina sp.
Alona sp.
Chydorus sp.
Leydigia sp.
Macrothrix sp.
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
Copepoda
Mesocyclops sp.
Cyclops sp.
Diaptomus sp.
+
+
+
+
-
Ostracoda
Cypris sp.
Stenocypris sp.
+
+
+
-
Food items
ARTHROPODA
Odonata
Anax sp.
A
B
-
-
Diptera
Tabanus sp.
Chironomus sp.
Forcipomyia sp.
Tipula sp.
+
+
-
+
-
MOLLUSCA
Gastropoda
Lymnea sp.
Gyralus sp.
Pelecypoda sp.
Uniomerus sp.
+
+
+
-
-
VEGETAL REMAINS
+
+
SAND
+
+
UNIDENTIFIED MATTER
+
+
Table 2: Number of empty guts and stomach fullness scale of M. dayanum observed during the study period.
Parameters
No. of empty guts
Total no. of guts with food
1
2
3
4
5
MdfII N = 120;
MdfI N = 120;
Empty = 75
Empty = 61
N
%O
N
%O
75
62.5
61
50.83
45
37.5
59
49.11
Stomach fullness scale
13
10.83
8
6.6
14
11.66
10
8.33
15
12.5
19
15.83
3
2.5
14
11.66
0
0
8
6.6
~ 36 ~
MdfIII N = 120;
Empty = 36
N
%O
36
30.0
84
70.0
16
8
12
19
29
13.33
6.66
10.0
15.83
24.16
MdfIV N = 120;
Empty = 42
N
%O
42
35.0
78
65.0
10
16
15
19
18
8.33
13.33
12.5
15.83
15.0
Mean N = 480;
Empty = 214
N
%O
214
44.58
266
55.41
47
48
61
55
55
9.79
10.0
12.70
1.45
11.45
International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies
Table 3: Percentage volume (%V), Frequency of occurrence (%) and Index of preponderance of the food items in the guts of M. dayanum analysed during the study period.
Items
Algae
MdfI N = 120;
Empty = 75
Vol.%
%O
IOP
MdfII N = 120;
Empty = 61
Vol.%
%O
IOP
24.54
75.50
16.83
30.02
45.57
MdfIII N = 120;
Empty = 36
Vol.%
%O
IOP
9.33
13.52
39.28
5.89
Vol.%
MdfIV N = 120;
Empty = 42
%O
IOP
Vol.%
10.58
38.46
6.48
15.32
Mean N = 480;
Empty = 214
%O
IOP
49.70
13.97
Rotifera
2.0
11.11
0.35
3.33
8.47
0.49
0.00
0.00
0
0.58
0.51
0.004
1.47
5.02
0.21
Cladocera
0.75
6.66
0.08
2.41
13.55
0.57
3.75
13.09
0.78
3.75
1.28
0.07
2.66
8.64
0.37
Mollusca
1.91
48.8
1.51
3.58
15.25
0.96
5.16
16.66
1.38
3.75
1.53
0.09
3.60
20.56
0.98
Annelida
3.91
20.8
1.32
6.33
20.3
2.26
7.83
15.47
1.94
5.83
2.3
0.21
5.97
14.71
1.43
Insecta
8.79
26.6
3.78
11.0
44.06
8.54
12.41
47.61
9.5
13.41
57.6
12.3
11.40
43.96
8.53
Macrophytes
7.5
20.8
2.52
3.75
16.94
1.11
2.91
11.90
0.55
2.25
1.41
0.05
4.10
12.34
1.03
Unidentified Matter
2.0
20.0
0.64
1.25
16.94
0.37
1.75
14.28
0.4
2.25
1.53
0.5
1.81
13.18
0.48
Sand
7.29
40.0
4.72
6.41
18.64
2.1
6.75
52.38
5.68
6.25
52.56
5.23
6.67
40.89
4.43
Detritus
41.29
82.2
55
45.08
88.13
70.03
50.08
91.66
73.82
51.33
92.3
75.45
46.94
88.57
68.59
Table 4: Relative Length of the Gut of M. dayanum.
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Size Group
MdfI
MdfII
MdfIII
MdfIV
Average RLG
0.66±0.02
0.78±0.03
0.87±0.03
0.89±0.05
4. Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Head, Department of Zoology, University of Jammu for providing
necessary facilities to carry out the research work successfully.
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