Taraxacum parnassicum Dahlst., Acta Horti Berg. 9: 29. 1926.

8. Taraxacum parnassicum Dahlst., Acta Horti Berg. 9: 29. 1926. View in CoL View at ENA

Taraxacum silesiacum = Taraxacum silesiacum Dahlst. ex G. E. Hagl., Bot. Not. 500. 1938. Type: Poland, Slask (Silesia, Schlesien), Legnica (Liegnitz), (Callier, Fl. Sielesiaca Exsicc. No. 1224) - cult. in Sweden, Stockholm, bergian Bot. Garden 6, 3 June 1904, H. Dahlstedt (holotype in S; isotype in S).

Type.

Greece, Parnassos 1921 G. Samuelson - cult. In Hort. Bot. Upsaliensis, 22 May 1924, G. Samuelson (lectotype S, designated by Lundevall and Øllgaard 1999: 125; isolectotypes in S and BM) .

Description.

Plants small, up to 5-10 cm tall. Leaves pure green, almost glabrous, approximately 3-5(-8) cm long and 1-2 cm wide, usually 3-4(-5) times longer than wide, blades oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, usually broadest in upper 1/3, with 4-5(-7) pairs of lateral lobes; lateral lobes mostly opposite (to remote); lateral lobes of the inner leaves triangular, slightly recurved, with a somewhat convex, entire or barely toothed distal margin, proximal margin usually entire; lateral lobes of the outer leaves triangular, crowded, entire or with a few teeth at the distal margin; interlobes often narrow, with a solitary tooth; terminal lobe of the inner leaves tripartite, with a short subacute tip, entire on the margins; terminal lobe of the outer leaves triangular; petio-les unwinged, purple. Scapes as long as or shorter than leaves, somewhat hairy, especially under the involucres. Capitulum flat or convex, dense, 2.0-2.5 cm in diameter, light yellow, outer strips purple; inner bracts green, pruinose, corniculate; outer bracts usually 9-12, ovate to wide lanceolate, usually 5-6 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm broad, greyish-green, suffused purple, with a white hyaline margin (0.1-0.2 mm broad), erect at the base, recurved at apex, somewhat corniculate; stigmas dark, greyish-green, pollen absent or very poorly developed (up to a few grains on the stigma). Achenes brown-red, with relatively short spinules in the upper part, (3-)3.5-4.1(-4.3) mm long (incl. the 0.7-1.1 mm long, cylindrical or slightly conical cone), rostrum 5-8.5 mm long, pappus white.

Flowering period.

April-May.

Habitat.

In the south of Poland, T. parnassicum usually grows in thermophilic grasslands on limestone rocks (most often in trampled or eroded places) and in rock crevices. In the north, this species was recorded in sandy grasslands and on a dry lawn. Plant communities with the participation of T. parnassicum are dominated by species characteristic to the Festuco-Brometea, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Sedo-Scleranthetea and Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei classes. In Kraków-Częstochowa Upland ( Kusięta) we observed this species in a grassland on limestone rocks together with Alyssum alyssoides , Arenaria serpyllifolia , Arrhenatherum elatius , Artemisia campestris , Asperula cynanchica , Carex caryophyllea , Centaurea stoebe , Cerastium arvense , C. semidecandrum , Convolvulus arvensis , Coronilla varia , Erophila verna , Euphorbia cyparissias , Festuca rubra , Helianthemum nummularium subsp. obscurum , Hypericum maculatum , Medicago falcata , Papaver argemone , Phleum phleoides , Plantago lanceolata , P. media , Poa pratensis , Potentilla arenaria , Ranunculus bulbosus , Sanguisorba minor , Silene nutans , S. vulgaris , Stachys recta , Teucrium botrys , Thymus pulegioides , Trifolium montanum , Veronica arvensis , V. spicata , Vincetoxicum hirundinaria . In Pieniny Mts (Jaworki) we noted this species in a pastured rock grassland accompanied by Acinos arvensis , Agrostis capillaris , Alchemilla glaucescens , Anthyllis vulneraria , Arabis hirsuta , Arenaria serpyllifolia , Botrychium lunaria , Briza media , Bupleurum falcatum , Calamagrostis varia , Carex flacca , C. transsilvanica , Cerastium holosteoides , Cotoneaster integerrimus , Cruciata glabra , Euphorbia cyparissias , Festuca pallens , F. pratensis , Fragaria vesca , Galium mollugo , Hypericum perforatum , Jovibarba sobolifera , Leontodon hispidus , Leucanthemum vulgare , Medicago falcata , M. lupulina , Phleum pratense , Pilosella officinarum , Plantago media , Polygala comosa , Potentilla neumanniana , Ranunculus polyanthemos , Salvia verticillata , Sanguisorba minor , Sedum acre , Silene nutans , Thymus pulegioides , Verbascum nigrum .

Somatic chromosome number.

24 ( Wolanin and Musiał 2017), 26 ( Małecka 1969).

General distribution.

Widespread European species reported in France, Ireland, Great Britain, Corsica, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Croatia, Greece and Macedonia. In Sweden, this plant is a naturalised alien ( Rohlena 1942; Van Soest 1967; Doll 1973b; Tacik 1980; Gamisans 1985; Dostál 1989; Mosyakin and Fedoronchuk 1999; Uhlemann 2003; Conti et al. 2005; Trávníček et al. 2010; Dimopoulos et al. 2013; Wendt and Øllgaard 2015).

Distribution in Poland.

Scattered localities in southern and western Poland, frequent only in the western part of Lesser Poland (Fig. 23B View Figure 23 ).

Specimens examined.

AD73 - Zasieki distr. Lubsko , roadside, 28 July 1972, E. Kozioł (32319 WRSL); AD96 - Ilowa Zaganska distr. Żary, sandy roadside, 10 June 1971, E. Kozioł (34605 WRSL); AE37 - Nowogrodziec distr. Bolesławiec, railway embankment close to cement plant, 18 May 1972, E. Kozioł (WRSL 32322); Nowogrodziec distr. Bolesławiec, slope of railway embankment E of city, 18 May 1972, E. Kozioł (34556 WRSL); AE49 - Lwówek Śl., sunny hill W of city, 3 May 1972 E. Kozioł (32323 WRSL); Lwówek Śląski, sunny hill, opposite school, 1 km W of city, 30 April 1972, E. Kozioł (35454 WRSL); BC52 - Stare Bielice , sandy roadside of asphalt road, 52°50'57"N, 15°55'04"E, 18 April 2016, M. Wolanin (003322 UR); BD43 - Kębłowo, cemetery lawn, 52°03'04"N, 16°06'41"E, 19 April 2016, M. Wolanin (003517 UR); BD52 - Sterlicz near Sława Śl., sandy roadside, 10 June 1976, E. Kozioł (WRSL); BD87 - Bojanowo , green square, 10 June 1893, C. Scholz (WRSL); BE16 - Grodek . Distr. Wołów, sandy hillock, 26 April 1972, E. Kozioł (211472 KRAM); BE17 - Gródek near Strupina , sandy hillock, 3 May 1972, E. Kozioł (32321 WRSL); BE26 - Grotki distr. Wołów, hillock on eastern edge of village, 15 May 1965, Z. Głowacki (31773 WRSL); BE33 - Legnica , tournament place, 24 May 1895, Callier (WRSL); BE74 - Świebodzice, 12 May 1955, (...) (281375 KRAM); CE91 - Grodków, gravel pit, 3 May 1972, E. Kozioł (0388441, 0388442 KRA); DE78 - Maluszyn , dry roadside, 27 April 2010, M. Bielecki (0396279 KRA); DE84 - Kusięta, grassland on rock, 50°46'06"N, 19°16'16"E, 13 April 2014, M. Wolanin (003347 UR); Olsztyn , Gora Zamkowa , grassland on rock outcrop (NW slope), 50°44'55"N, 19°16'30"E, 13 April 2014, M. Wolanin (003297 UR); Olsztyn , grassland on rock, 50°44'55"N, 19°16'36"E, 12 April 2016, M. Wolanin (003487 UR); DE85 - between Olsztyn and Przymiłowice, grassland on rock (SW exposure), 50°45'10"N, 19°17'05"E, 13 April 2014, M. Wolanin (003348 UR); DF06 - Kroczyce , path on calcareous rocks, 50°34'20"N, 19°31'49"E, 12 April 2016, M. Wolanin (003502 UR); Kroczyce , path on SW slope, 50°34'20"N, 19°31'48"E, 1 May 2013, M. Wolanin (003277 UR); Mirów, grassland on rocks overgrown by shrubs, 50°36'53"N, 19°28'51"E, 1 May 2021, M. Wolanin (003597 UR); DF27 - Żelazko, grassland on rock, SW slope, 50°25'14"N, 19°34'25"E, 12 April 2014, M. Wolanin (003349 UR); DF48 - Gotkowice , xerothermic grassland, SW slope, 50°13'39"N, 19°43'31"E, 30 April 2013, M. Wolanin (003379 UR); Jerzmanowice , fissures on top of rock, 50°12'36"N, 19°45'19"E, 30 April 2013, M. Wolanin (003387 UR); Sąspów near Ojców, fissure in rock, near school, 50°13'21"N, 19°46'17"E, 21 April 2015, M. Wolanin (003310 UR); between Ojców and Grodzisko, calcareous rocks, 26 May 1929, B. Pawłowski (117613 KRA); between Ojców and Grodzisko, grassy slope, 26 May 1929, B. Pawłowski (189646 KRAM); Ojców, 27 July 1929, K. Piech (169652 KRAM); DF58 - Bębło, grassland at the base of rock on SW slope, 50°10'51"N, 19°47'18"E, 30 April 2013, M. Wolanin (003406 UR); Duze Skalki , rocky paths, fissures in rocks, 50°11'20"N, 19°48'23"E, 30 April 2013, M. Wolanin (003414 UR); Sloneczne Skaly , rock crumbs, SW rock side, 50°12'09"N, 19°45'51"E, 30 April 2013, M. Wolanin (003258 UR); Bolechowice , rocks in Bolechowice Ravine , 6 May 1948, H. Błaszczyk (113891 KRA); Bolechowice , path, 21 May 1975, T. Tacik (392462 KRAM); Bolechowice Valley , 6 May 1948, Pogan (0238571 KRA); DF68 - Nielepice , grassland on S slope of calcareous rock, 50°06'13"N, 19°43'07"E, 12 April 2014, M. Wolanin (003271 UR); Bielany near Kraków, 24 April 1954, Turnau (0155143 KRA); between Kryspinów and Bielany, limestone hillock, 16 May 1976, H., T. & J. Tacik (387574 KRAM); Skala Kmity , fissure in rock, 24 April 1991, A. Woszczenko (403319 KRAM); DF69 - Las Wolski near Kraków, 24 April 1954, Gromczakiewicz (0155142 KRA); DF76 - Grochowiec near Ryczów, 22 May 1926, A. Kozłowska (242483 KRAM); DG14 - Grojec near Żywiec, grassland, 9 June 2000, K. Nowak (562018 KRAM); EE72 - Miedzianka Hill near Chęciny, grassland on SE rock slope, 50°50'47"N, 20°21'37"E, 11 April 2016, M. Wolanin (003511 UR); EE82 - Grzaby Bolminskie , field road, 50°48'46"N, 20°21'44"E, 22 April 2016, M. Wolanin (003321, 003388 UR); EE83 - Sosnowka Hill , fissures in calcareous rocks, 50°48'32"N, 20°25'54"E, 18 April 2012, M. Wolanin (003405 UR); EG23 - Łącko, dry grassland close to Dunajec River , 3 May 1970, K. Towpasz (80794 KRA); EG24 - Czerszlowe Skalki ( Pieniny Mts. ), grassland on SW rock slope, 49°32'54"N, 20°32'34"E, 10 April 2014, M. Wolanin (003368 UR); EG32 - "Pod Kirą” ( Pieniny National Park ), rock near road from Czorsztyn to Sromowce , 49°25'04"N, 20°20'36"E, 9 April 2014, M. Wolanin (003367 UR); Wzar Hill ( Gorce Mts. ), grassland on rock, E side, 22 April 1966, H. Trzcińska-Tacik (092621 KRAM); Wżar, rocks, 22 April 1966, A. Zielińska (063790 KRA); EG34 - Jaworki, grassland on SE rock slope, 49°24'19"N, 20°32'37"E, 10 April 2014, M. Wolanin (003284 UR); FG55 - Łupków, dry slope at altitude of 610 m asl, 2 May 1961, A. Jasiewicz (018948, 437761 KRAM) GoogleMaps .

Notes.

Plant usually small. Leaves with 4-7 pairs of uniform lateral lobes and narrow interlobes, side lobe distal margin often convex and entire. Capitulum small, with light yellow ligules, no pollen or only rarely a few poorly developed grains present. Fruit with relatively short spinules. Species not very morphologically variable, easy to recognise, charming (Figs 26 View Figure 26 , 27 View Figure 27 ).