Breeding foliage
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Foliage refers to the leafy parts of a tree or plant. "Don't eat the foliage on the rhubarb plant because the leaves are poisonous and eating them can be fatal; the stems, on the other hand, are tasty." The noun foliage refers to leaves — either individual leaves or the collective leafy canopy of many trees or plants.
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Breeding foliage
- 2. BREEDING OBJECTIVES FOR ALL FOLIAGE PLANTS A. Phenotypic Traits • Because the value of foliage plants lies in the esthetic qualities, the improvement of ornamental traits, such as plant form, leaf shape, texture, plant height, shape, thickness, and color, as well as growth rate, has always been important to any breeding program of foliage plants.
- 3. 1. Foliar Variegation and Colors. • Variegated plants comprise about one-third of the ornamental plants grown commercially (Betrock 1996). Due to their magnificent multicolored leaves, variegated foliage plants, such as Aglaonema, Calathea, Chlorophytum, Cordyline, Dieffenbachia, Dracaena, and Syngonium, are widely used in interior plantscapes. 2. Leaf Shape and Size; Petiole Colors. • Some characteristic leaf shapes and sizes are particularly attractive and striking. Changes in leaf size and shape can create new and exciting appearances in hybrids and in aroids; such traits are under multigenic control.
- 4. 3. Plant Form. • Plant overall form has always been an important trait in foliage plants. There are six principal groups Upright eg Dracaena fragrans ‘Massangeana Compact or Clumping eg Anthurium and Dieffenbachia Trailing eg Hedera helix and Ficus pumila Climbing eg Monstera deliciosa, and Philodendron scandens oxycardium Standards eg Ficus benjamina Architectural eg Chamaerops humilis, 4. Flowers. Breeding objectives concerning flowering foliage plants are to increase flower number and longevity and to expand the range of flower colors.
- 5. 5. Fragrance. 6. Growth Rate. B. Stress-related Traits 1. Adaptation to Interior Environments. • The ability of foliage plants to adapt to interior environments and maintain their esthetic appearance is one of the most important traits. • Cultivars with better interior performance could be potential parents for breeding future hybrids. 2. Disease and Insect Resistance. • Foliage plant production requires a warm and humid environment. These are ideal conditions for rapid increase and spread of bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases • The best long-term solution is the development of cultivars that resist infestation in interior environments.
- 6. 3. Temperature Tolerance. • Because of their tropical or subtropical origin, foliage plants are sensitive to chilling temperatures. • Use of resistant cultivars may greatly reduce chilling injury instances during production and transportation and also conserve energy used during the greenhouse production phase.
- 7. ORIGIN OF NEW CULTIVARS There are three main avenues for new foliage plant cultivars to enter the commercial trade: (1) Plant acquisition and introduction, (2) Selection of natural and induced mutations from established cultivars. (3) Hybridization and progeny selection.
- 8. Plant Acquisition and Introduction • Plant acquisition and introduction played important roles in the initial development of the foliage plant industry and will continue to be important in introducing new species and improving existing cultivars by providing germplasm for breeding.
- 9. 1. Plant Acquisition. • There are two avenues of obtaining new foliage germplasm, direct collection from the wild (usually done in conjunction with knowledgeable botanical garden personnel or avid private collectors) or acquisition of established material from botanic gardens or private collectors.
- 10. 2. Evaluation and Utilization of New Introductions. • Most newly collected foliage plants need to be systematically evaluated. This process may be an individual or joint effort between collectors, growers, and/or researchers. Evaluation of a newly collected plant prior to release includes taxonomic identification, methods of propagation, cultivation, and assessment of ornamental value.
- 11. B. Mutations from Vegetative Propagation • Mutant clones or sports have been widely used in foliage plant production as a source of new cultivars. Since most foliage plants are propagated vegetatively, spontaneous mutations may accumulate throughout consecutive generations, and offshoots or cuttings generated from the mutated cells may develop into mutant clones. • Spontaneous somatic mutations are often called bud mutations, bud sports, or sports (van Harten 1998).
- 12. 2. Somaclonal Variant Selection • In addition to sports commonly observed in those traditional vegetatively propagated foliage plants, another form of somatic variation or genetic instability occurs in tissue culture and has been termed somaclonal variation (Larkin and Scowcroft 1981). • Compared to spontaneous somatic mutations, somaclonal variations usually occur at much higher frequencies.
- 13. C. Hybridization • Foliage plants are predominantly cross- pollinating species. Parents used in foliage plant hybridization are not usually derived from inbred, single-seed descent, or pedigree selection, because inbreeding depression limits development of inbred lines in most foliage plant genera. • Interspecific hybridization is the most common practice in producing hybrid cultivars in foliage plant breeding. Interspecific hybridization offers opportunities for obtaining gene recombinations and expands the range of genetic variability beyond that of a single species.
- 14. D. Transgene Technology • Transgene technology has been proven to be a powerful method of altering crop characteristics (Hansen and Wright 1999) and should be particularly useful in foliage plant improvement. Foliage plants are not edible and are valued by their esthetic appearance. Transgenic foliage plants would not cause genetic contamination of other crops because most are vegetatively propagated. However, application of transgene technology in foliage plants is quite limited. Anthurium is probably the only foliage plant being successfully transformed.
- 15. • Family : Araceae • Chromosome number 2n =34 (Jones 1957) • Common name : Dumb cane • It is known as dumb cane because of the poisonous nature of its sap, which cause temporary dumbness. • Dieffenbachia is predominately cross- pollinated.
- 16. • Diffenbachia amoena • Diffenbachia amoena 'Calcutta‘ • Diffenbachia amoena 'tropic snow' • Diffenbachia bausei • Diffenbachia daguense 'variegata' • Diffenbachia 'Exotica' • Diffenbachia 'Exotica perfaction' • Diffenbachia 'Galaxy' • Diffenbachia 'Glow' • Diffenbachia hoffmanii • Diffenbachia 'jupiter' • Diffenbachia maculata 'Decora' • Diffenbachia maculata 'superba' • Diffenbachia 'Mosaic' • Diffenbachia reginae • Diffenbachia 'Tropic beauty' • Diffenbachia 'venus' • Diffenbachia Yellow queen • Diffenbachia 'Golden sunset' • Diffenbachia 'Star Bright' • Diffenbachia 'paco'
- 17. Diffenbachia amoena Diffenbachia maculata Diffenbachia hoffmanii Diffenbachia daguense
- 18. • Family : Araceae • Common name : Frasher evergreen,Chinese Evergreen,Golden Evergreen, Silver Queen Evergreen, Ribbon Evergreen. • Chromosome Number 2n =12 • These plants has beautiful foliage and used as house plants. These are hardy herbaceous plants; and most of them produce branches freely. • Most Aglaonema species are open-pollinated • A few species may exhibit apomixis, such as Aglaonema costatum ‘Foxii • Propagation of Aglaonema is by seeds or vegetative tissue, mainly by tip cuttings or division. • Aglaonema hybrids are almost exclusively selected from interspecific hybridization.
- 19. • Aglaonema commutatum • Aglaonema commutatum ‘Elegans' • Aglaonema costatum • Aglaonema cripsum • Aglaonema cripsum 'Green peacock' • Aglaonema 'Malay Beauty' • Aglaonema Marantifolium • Aglaonema nitidum • Aglaonema rotundum • Aglaonema siamense
- 20. Aglaonema commutatum Aglaonema costatum Aglaonema Marantifolium Aglaonema rotundum
- 21. Through Hybridization Through mutation Flamingo Northern Lightning Silver Bay Compact Maria Pride of Sumatra Silver Queen Compact Queen of Siam Jubilee Green Rembrandt Brilliant Beauty Grey Down Lisa Joy Golden Bay Emerald Star’ and ‘Jewel of India’ are two cultivars developed by breeders in India.
- 22. • Family: Euphorbiaceae • Other names: Garden Croton, Variegated Laurel or Variegated Croton • Have intensely coloured, thick, shiny and leathery leaves • Decorates patio, deck or terrace as planted or as potted specimens • Tropical evergreen and hardy in frost-free locations
- 23. • Croton abaitensis • Croton abeggii • Croton aberrans • Croton abutilifolius • Croton barahonensis • Croton barbatus • Croton bathianus • Croton californicus • Croton capitatus • Croton caracasanu • Croton danguyanus • Croton decalobus • Croton eluteria • Croton glandulosus • Croton phebalioides • Croton yecorensis
- 24. Bush On Fire Bravo Croton Banana Croton Petra Croton
- 25. • Shahid Bhagat Singh • Vikrant • Sloppy Painter • Beautiful Lady • Day Spring • Duke of Windsor • Golden Ring • Imperials • Indian Headdress • Jungle Queen • Mona Lisa • Sunrise • Show Girls • Undulatum • Mosaic • Red Bravo • Stoplight • Corkscrew
- 26. • Family : Dracaenaceae • Chromosome number : 2n = 40 • Common Name : Dragon Tree • The dracaenas are grown mainly for their attractive green, variegated and colourful foliage. • Most species of Dracaena develop inflorescences consisting of loose umbels or clusters of greenish-white or cream-colored flowers, sometimes delightfully scented. • The panicle is terminal and bracteate with two or more flowers per bract. • Flowers are bisexual and small. • Crosspollination occurs naturally in the wild
- 27. • Dracaena deremensis 'Bausei' • Dracaena deremensis 'Compacta' • Dracaena deremensis 'Janet Craig' • Dracaena deremensis 'Variegata Compacta' • Dracaena fragrans • Dracaena fragrans 'lindenii' • Dracaena fragrans 'Victoriae' • Dracaena godseffiana • Dracaena godseffiana 'Friedman' • Dracaena hookerina • Dracaena sanderina 'Margaret Bakery' • Dracaena sanderina 'Lulea'
- 28. Dracaena deremensis 'Bausei' Dracaena fragrans Dracaena hookerina
- 29. • Family : Araceae • Chromosome number :- 2n=60 • Common Name : Ceriman, Split Leaf Philodendron • It is foliage climber having stem and aerial roots. • It is trained on greenhouse, fences, arches, compounding walls, pillars, and roof to form attractive feature and to produce good display within one or two year.
- 30. • Monstera deliciosa • Monstera deliciosa Albo variegata • Monstera deliciosa Marmorata • Monstera obliqua • Monstera obliqua Compacta
- 31. Monstera deliciosa Monstera obliqua Compacta Monstera deliciosa Albo variegata
- 32. • Family : Araceae • Chromosome number :- 2n = 26 to 40 • Common Name : Philodendron • The Philodendron name comes from the Greek words Filos (friend) and Adelfos (brothers),refering to ‘tree lovers’. The philodenron are aroids and mostly climbers.
- 33. • The first is the vining type with heart-shape leaves, best represented by P. scandens. • The second is the self-heading type, which include P. auriculatum, P. deflexum, P.bipinnatifidum and P. selloum.
- 34. Philodendron bipinnatifidum Philodendron ‘ Black cardinal’ Philodendron ‘Black cardinal sport’ Philodendron ‘ Blue Mist’ Philodendron ‘ Burgundy’ Philodendron ‘Ceylon Gold’ Philodendron ‘Charm’ Philodendron deflexum Philodendron ‘ Emerald King’ Philodendron ‘Florida’ Philodendron ‘Goldaina’ Philodendron imbe ‘Variegata’ Philodendron lacerum Philodendron ‘Painted Lady’ Philodendron ‘Pink Princess’ Philodendron ‘ Royal Princess’ Philodendron sellowianum Philodendron ‘Venus Pluto’ Philodendron williamsii
- 35. • Family: Araceae • Chromosome number :- 2n=14 to 140 • Common Name: Varigated Money plant • The Name is derived from ‘skindapos’ the ancient Greek name for an ivy-like plant. It is a perrenially popular houseplant.
- 36. • Scindapus aureus • Scindapus aureus ‘Gold’ • Scindapus aureus ‘Marble Queen’ • Scindapus aureus ‘Wilcoxii’ • Scindapus ‘Exotica’ •Scindapus Pictus
- 37. Scindapus aureus Scindapus aureus ‘Gold’ Scindapus Pictus
- 38. • Commonly known as arrowhead vine or nephthytis. • Chromosome number :- 2n =24 • Flowers are unisexual, and inflorescences are protogynous, becoming receptive 1–2 days before the staminate flowers shed pollen.
- 39. • Syngonium angustatum • Syngonium auritum • Syngonium dodsonianum • Syngonium harlingianum • Syngonium podophyllum • Syngonium sparreorum
- 40. • Berry Allusion • Bold Allusion • Julia Allusion • Mary Allusion • Bob Allusion • Pink Allusion • Key Lime • Regina Red • Cream • Holly M and Neon
- 41. Syngonium angustatum Syngonium auritum Syngonium podophyllum Syngonium sparreorum
- 42. • Family : Piperaceae • Chromosome number :- 2n =26 • Common Name : Peperomia • The generic name is derived from the greek word means 'pepper-like' • Peperomia has fleshy stems and leaves.
- 43. • Peperomia arifolia • Peperomia bicolor • Peperomia caperata • Peperomia Caperata 'Red Ripple‘ • Peperomia caperata 'Variegate‘ • Peperomia clusifolia • Peperomia clusifolia ʻvariegateʼ
- 44. Peperomia Caperata 'Red Ripple Peperomia bicolor Peperomia caperata Peperomia clusifolia
- 45. Botanical name :- Plectranthus scutellarioides Family :- Lamiaceae Common name :- Painted nettle Chromosome Number 2n = 14 to 2n = 84 (Morton 1962, De Wet 1958, Lukhoba et al. 2006, Alasbahi and Melzig 2010).
- 46. • Plectranthus aromaticus Roxb. • Plectranthus blumei (Benth.) Launert • Plectranthus ingratus Blume • Plectranthus laciniatus Blume • Plectranthus nudiflorus (Poir.) Willd. • Plectranthus scutellarioides Blume nom. illeg.
- 47. Plectranthus scutellarioides Blume nom. illeg Plectranthus laciniatus Blume
- 48. • Black Prince • China Rose • Combat • Crimson Ruffles • Gay’s Delight’ • Henna = ‘Balcenna • Juliet Quartermain • Lord Falmouth • Picturatus • Pineapple Beauty • Pineapplette • Pink Chaos • Redhead • Roy Pedley • Royal Scot • Trusty Rusty • Walter Turner • Winsome • Wisley Tapestry
- 49. Advance in ornamental Horticulture Vol.2.