SETPF
Growth form
grass
Biological cycle
annual
Habitat
terrestrial
synonym | Chaetochloa glauca var. purpurea Farw. |
synonym | Chaetochloa lutescens var. longispica Honda |
synonym | Oplismenus helvolus (L.f.) P.Beauv. |
synonym | Panicum flavescens Moench [Illegitimate] |
synonym | Panicum glaucum var. elongatum Pers. |
synonym | Panicum glaucum var. flavescens Elliott |
synonym | Panicum glaucum var. laevigatum Torr. |
synonym | Panicum glaucum var. pumilum (Poir.) Asch. & Graebn. |
synonym | Panicum helvolum L.f. |
synonym | Panicum holcoides J.Jacq. [Illegitimate] |
synonym | Panicum imberbe var. pumilum (Poir.) Nees |
synonym | Panicum lutescens f. pumilum Poir. |
synonym | Panicum luteum Gueldenst. [Invalid] |
synonym | Panicum pallidifuscum Schumach. |
synonym | Panicum pumilum Poir. |
synonym | Panicum rubiginosum Steud. |
synonym | Pennisetum helvolum (L.f.) R.Br. |
synonym | Setaria aurea var. rubiginosa (Steud.) Peter |
synonym | Setaria auricoma Link ex A.Braun |
synonym | Setaria boninensis Nakai [Invalid] |
synonym | Setaria breviglumis St.-Lag. |
synonym | Setaria dasyura Schlecht. |
synonym | Setaria erythraeae Mattei |
synonym | Setaria glauca f. abyssinica Pilg. |
synonym | Setaria glauca subsp. humifusa Dumort. |
synonym | Setaria glauca subsp. pallidefusca (Schumach.) B.K.Simon |
synonym | Setaria glauca subsp. subtesselata Buse |
synonym | Setaria glauca var. breviseta Buse |
synonym | Setaria glauca var. dura (I.C.Chung) I.C.Chung |
synonym | Setaria glauca var. elongata (Pers.) Raddi |
synonym | Setaria glauca var. ictura Buse |
synonym | Setaria glauca var. longispica (Honda) Makino & Nemoto |
synonym | Setaria glauca var. macrocarpa Hook.f. |
synonym | Setaria glauca var. minutissima F.M.Bailey |
synonym | Setaria glauca var. pumila (Poir.) Hegi |
synonym | Setaria helvola (L.f.) Roem. & Schult. |
synonym | Setaria laeta de Wit |
synonym | Setaria lutescens f. pumila (Poir.) Soó |
synonym | Setaria lutescens var. dura I.C.Chung |
synonym | Setaria lutescens var. longispica (Honda) Honda |
synonym | Setaria pallide-fusca (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb. |
synonym | Setaria pallidefusca f. penicillata (Stapf & C.E.Hubb.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. |
synonym | Setaria pallidefusca var. breviseta (Buse) Jansen |
synonym | Setaria pallidefusca var. ictura (Buse) Jansen |
synonym | Setaria pallidifusca (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. |
synonym | Setaria pumila subsp. pallidifusca (Schumach.) B.K.Simon |
synonym | Setaria pumila subsp. pumila |
synonym | Setaria rubiginosa (Steud.) Miq. |
synonym | Setaria rubiginosa f. penicillata Stapf & C.E.Hubb. [Invalid] |
synonym | Setaria sciuroidea C.Muell. |
synonym | Setaria ustilata de Wit |
Creoles and pidgins; French-based |
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Malagasy |
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Malgache |
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Global description
Setaria pumila is an herb forming small clumps. It develops slender and smooth stems, first prostrate, then quickly erect. The leaves are long and broad. They are hairy above. The margin of the lamina is rough to the touch from top to bottom, almost cutting. The central rib is well marked, especially on the underside. The nodes are dark and hairless. The inflorescence is a fake cylindrical spike made of spikelets of a single seed. The spikelets are inserted around the stem, clearly visible amid numerous yellowish reddish stiff and vertically erect bristle. When the spikelets have fallen, the spike has an appearance of a sprinkler. Note: S. pumila is distinguished from other setaria by its inflorescence in the form of short spike with tawny or reddish hairs.
First leaves
The first leaves have a rolled prefoliation. The sheath is highly compressed and perfectly glabrous. The ligule is membrano-ciliated. The lamina is obliquely erect. It is linear with acute apex. It is glabrous, with only a few hairs at the base, as from the fourth leaf. The leaves are bluish green in color.
General habit
Herbaceous plant in small clump, sometimes in solitary axis. It has a low tillering. The axis are slighty branched or unbranched. It is 5 to 130 cm high.
Underground system
Roots are fasciculate and fibrous.
Culm
Compressed and smooth culm. The nodes are glabrous and dark brown in colour.
Leaf
Simple, alternate. The sheath is glabrous and highly compressed, with acute pronounced keel. The ligule is membrano -ciliated, 1.5 mm high. The lamina is linear, acute apex, upright and flat, 3 to 30 cm long and 2 to 10 mm wide. Midrib forms a narrow grooves. The margin is smooth, becoming finely scabrous in the upper half. The upper face is finely scabrous and dotted in the lower half with long flexuous hairs, 3 to 5 mm. The bottom face is glabrous.
Inflorescence
False terminal spike, 1 to 12 cm long and 1 to 2 cm wide, cylindrical, pale green, tan or reddish. The ramifications are reduced to involucre of long bristles at the base of spikelets.
Spikelet
The spikelets are solitary, ovoid, and shortly pedicellate. From the pedicel emerge 6 to 8 long finely scabrous bristles of 3 to 12 mm, with a pale green, fawn or red colored endings. The spikelet has 2 flowers. The lower flower is male or sterile and upper flower is fertile. The oval glumes measure 1/3 to 2/3 of the spikelet. The lower lemma is membranous and bi-keeled. The upper lemma is hard and strongly striated transversely. Its edges slightly overlapping the palea is of the same texture but smoother.
Grain
Ovoid grain, 1 to 1.5 mm long. It remains included in the lemma and palea of upper flower.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Northern Cameroon: The germination of Setaria pumila takes place in June when rains are abundant and the soil is humid. The germination period is short (2-3 weeks), but few new emergences may appear after weeding and mounding. The vegetative growth period is short. Flowering occurs as from the month of July, after four weeks of vegetation, and extends up to the end of September. Individuals that emerge late have reduced flowering period. Fruiting and dissemination extend up to the drying of the plant at the beginning of the dry season (November), where soil moisture decreases. In the temporarily flooded areas, S. pumila development cycle is shifted and takes place during the period of the dewatered of the parcel until the drying of the soil.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Distinctive criteria of different Setaria spp.
Biological cycle | Leaf | Nodes | Ligule | Inflorescence | Pedicel bristle | Spikelet | Spikelet | Species |
annual | very broad blade and wrinkled | light and pilose | short ciliate | panicle of racemes | 1 pubescent | solitary | 2.5-3 mm | Setaria barbata |
annual | narrow and flat | glabrous | ciliate | panicle of racemes | 1-2 | solitary | 1.5-2 mm | Setaria intermedia |
annual | narrow and flat | dark and glabrous | membrano-ciliate | spikelike | 6-8 antrorsely scabrous | solitary | 2.5-3.5 mm | Setaria pumila |
vivacious | narrow rigid flat or involute | light and glabrous | membranose 1 mm | spikelike | 8-12 glabrous gold to purplish | solitary | 1.8-2.3 mm | Setaria parviflora |
annual | narrow and flat | dark and glabrous to pubescent | membrano-ciliate | spikelike | 1-3 retrorsely scabrous | solitary | 1.8-2.4 mm | Setaria verticillata |
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Grows in disturbed places, including gardens, cultivated areas, old lands and along the side of roads, especially where additional water collects in the rainy season. In East Africa they are common and widespread in arable and waste land at all altitude, often becoming very conspicuous in area newly cleared of bush. In West Africa it is a common weed of field crop, waste areas, paths and roadsides. Widespread in the savannah and forest zones. Grows in a wide range of soil types, including disturbed soils, gardens, cultivated areas and old lands.
Northern Cameroon: S. pumila is a species that grows mainly in the Sahelo-Sudanese and Sudano-Sahelian regions where the annual rainfall is between 600 and 1200 mm. It is a ruderal species common along the roads, in the water discharge canals. It grows on the silty clay humid soil such as planosols, the fersialitiques soils and lowland areas on ferruginous soils. In drier Sudano-Sahelian region, it is a species characteristic of vertisols, with high water retention and temporarily flooded areas.
Comoros: common ruderal species, particularly at medium altitude.
Madagascar: ruderal and weed species of dry widespread crops in all climate regions of Madagascar. With Eleusine indica and Digitaria spp., it infests fields near the villages (smoke cultures) and on alluvial plains or in fairly humid lowlands. At altitude, it infests cultivated fields on relatively fertile soils (where volcanic soils of the region of Antsirabe and Itasy).
Mauritius: weed common in cultivated fields of very wet regions, but it can be found elsewhere as well.
Mayotte: Setaria pumila is a cryptogenic species mainly present in the north of the island in secondarized environments of hygrophilic and mesophilic regions.
Reunion: The species prefers the direct sunlight. It loves the warm climate regions with fairly high rainfall and constant humidity. It grows on many soils, sufficiently deep and well fertilized. Related to irrigated crops, it shows a preference for clayey soils. It is very common throughout the humid coastal region of northeast, east and south of the island. In the Western and the Southwest drier region, it operates at an average altitude of around 500-600 m.
Seychelles: Absent.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | dummy |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
References |
Local harmfulness
Burkina Faso: Setaria pumila is rare and scarce in paddy fields.
Northern Cameroon: Setaria pumila is a minor weed although it is present in over 25% of the plots cultivated in Sudano-Sahelian region. Its low tillering and reduced development generally allow easy control during weeding and hilling.
Comoros: A weed common but rarely abundant.
Madagascar: Fairly common in the highlands on the fertile land with low to medium abundance, it can be harmful for upland rice crops, beans and other vegetable crops and forage crops.
Mauritius: A weed of low harmfulness, it is not present in large numbers in the cultures.
Mayotte: Setaria pumila is a rare weed, present only in 1% of cultivated plots, especially in vegetable crops.
Reunion: S. pumila is present in 20% of cultivated land. It colonizes mainly vegetable crops but also the sugar cane fields. The moment it becomes abundant, it is harmful for crops, but not stuffy.
Senegal: Rare but abundant when present in paddy fields.
Seychelles: Absent.
Chad: Frequent and scarce in paddy fields.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Livestock feed: Setaria pumila is used as fodder.
Agronomy: In some regions, this grass plays an important role in stabilising bare soil to protect it from erosion.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Mechanical control presents no special problem and chemicals are available which enable the annual Setaria species to be controlled effectively in a variable crop. The following list indicates the range of possibilities: trifluralin can be used as pre-sowing treatment in beans and cotton, alachor or metolachor pre-emergence in maize, pendimethalin pre-or metoxuron early post-emergence in wheat, metribuzin pre-or post-emergence in tomato, asulam post-emergence in sugar cane.
Management recommandations for annual grasses in rice fields: http://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/32
Global management
Mechanical control: Setaria pumila presents no special problem in the context of mechanical control
Chemical control: Setaria pumila is effectively controlled by various chemicals, such as: pre-plant trifluralin in beans and cotton, alachore or métolachore in post-sowing / pre-emergence in corn, pendimethalin post-sowing / pre-emergence or early post-metoxuron seeding in wheat, metribuzin pre- or post-emergence in tomato, postemergence asulam in sugarcane
For annual grass weed control tips irrigated rice and lowland in Africa, visit: http://portal.wikwio.org/document/show/31
Local management
Madagascar: The control of Setaria is difficult by tillage of soil or weeding. Chemically, they are controlled by alachlor, pendimethalin, oxadiazon or diuron preemergence and fenoxaprop-ethyl or fluazifop-butyl postemergence on young plants. Only glyphosate is effective on older plants.
Being annual plants, they are controlled by a permanent cover.
Reunion
Active compounds | Commercial products | dose of commercial product | efficiency |
pre-emergence | |||
mésotrione + S-métolachlore + S-métolachlore |
Camix + Mercantor Gold | 3,75 l/ha + 0,5 l/ha | |
mésotrione + S-métolachlore + isoxaflutole |
Camix + Merlin | 3,75 l/ha + 0,1 kg/ha | |
mésotrione + S-métolachlore + pendiméthaline |
Camix + Prowl 400 | 3,75 l/ha + 3,0 l/ha | |
isoxaflutole + pendiméthaline + métribuzine |
Merlin + Prowl 400 + Sencoral | 0,067 kg/ha + 1,5 l/ha + 0,625 kg/ha | |
isoxaflutole + pendiméthaline + mésotrione + S-métolachlore |
Merlin + Prowl 400 + Camix | 0,067 kg/ha + 1,5 l/ha + 2,5 l/ha | |
Post emergence | |||
2,4-D . |
2,4-D | 2,0 l/ha | |
2,4-D + mésotrione |
2,4-D + Callisto | 2,0 l/ha + 1,0 l/ha |
(the dose are expressed in commercial products) - 2014
Good efficiency | |
Medium efficiency | |
Inefficient |
Data acquired in Reunion on the effectiveness of herbicides in the sugarcane herbicide by eRcane Network with funding from the ODEADOM and ONEMA.
Action led by the French Ministry of Agriculture food and forest, with financial support from the National Agency for Water and Aquatic Environments, appropriations from the fee awarded to diffuse pollution Ecophyto finance the plan.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Setaria%2520pumila
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Liliopsida |
Order | Poales |
Family | Poaceae |
Genus | Setaria |
Species | Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. |