Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)
- Preferred Common Name
- Mediterranean fruit fly
- Other Scientific Names
- Ceratitis citriperda MacLeay
- Ceratitis hispanica Breme
- Pardalaspis asparagi Bezzi
- Tephritis capitata Wiedemann
- International Common Names
- Englishfruit fly, Mediterraneanmedfly
- Spanishgusano de las frutasmosca de las frutasmosca del Mediterraneomosca Mediterraneamosca Mediterránea de la frutamoscamed
- Frenchmouche de l'orangermouche des fruitsmouche Méditerranéenne des fruits
- Portuguesemosca das frutasmosca do Mediterraneo
- Local Common Names
- Denmarkmiddelhavsfrugtflue
- Finlandhedelmäkärpänen
- GermanyFliege, Orangen-Fliege, Pfirsich-Fruchtfliege, Mittelmeer-MittelmeerfruchtfliegeOrangenfliegePfirsichfliege
- Israelzvuv haperot
- Italymosca delle aranciemosca delle pesche
- Netherlandsfruitvlieg, middellandse zee
- Norwayappelsinflue
- South Africavrugtevlieë
- Swedenmedelhavsfruktfluga
- Turkeyakdeniz meyve sinegimeyve sinekleri
- EPPO code
- CERTCA (Ceratitis capitata)
Pictures
Adult
Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly); adult. Museum set specimen.
©CABI
Fruitfly damage
Damage visible through the skin of grapes
Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org) : Agricultural Research Council of South Africa
Ceratitis
Fruitfly stings on guavas
"Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org) : Bedford, ECG and de Villiers, EA"
Female head
Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly); head, female, oc s = ocellar setae.
©CABI
Male head
Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly); head, male, showing spatulate orbital setae.
©CABI
Male seta
Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly); spatulate (capitate) orbital seta of male.
©CABI
Aculeus
Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly); aculeus, dorsal view (optical section) of apex.
©CABI
Distribution
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
| Host | Host status | References |
|---|---|---|
| Acca sellowiana | Other | Argov and Gazit (2008) Ovruski and Schliserman (2003) Segura et al. (2006) |
| Acokanthera oppositifolia | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) Hancock (1987) |
| Acokanthera ouabaio | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Actinidia chinensis (Chinese gooseberry) | Unknown | Segura et al. (2006) |
| Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit) | Other | Follett et al. (2019) |
| Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut) | Other | Araujo et al. (2005) Badii et al. (2015) Badii et al. (2016) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Woods et al. (2005) |
| Annona cherimola (cherimoya) | Main | Liquido et al. (1990) Ovruski et al. (2004) Argov and Gazit (2008) |
| Annona coriacea | Unknown | Raga et al. (2011) |
| Annona muricata (soursop) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) Mwatawala et al. (2009) Woods et al. (2005) Taira et al. (2013) |
| Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Annona senegalensis (wild custard apple) | Unknown | Maússe and Bandeira (2007) |
| Annona squamosa (sugar apple) | Other | |
| Antidesma dallachiana | Wild host | |
| Antidesma venosum | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Arbutus unedo (arbutus) | Unknown | Munro (1929) |
| Arenga pinnata (sugar palm) | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Argania spinosa (argan tree) | Wild host | El-Keroumi et al. (2010) Mazih and Debouzie (1996) El-Harym and Belqat (2017) |
| Artabotrys monteiroae | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Artabotrys monteiroae | Wild host | |
| Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Asparagus | Unknown | Munro (1925) |
| Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi) | Unknown | |
| Averrhoa carambola (carambola) | Unknown | Araujo et al. (2005) Back and Pemberton (1918) Araujo et al. (2016) Mason (1932) Raga et al. (2011) Uchôa-Fernandes et al. (2002) Taira et al. (2013) Adaime et al. (2017) Gonçalves et al. (2006) Barreto et al. (2022) |
| Azima tetracantha (beehanger) | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Banksia prionotes | Unknown | |
| Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum | Unknown | Hancock (1987) |
| Berchemia discolor | Unknown | Grové et al. (2017) |
| Blighia sapida (akee apple) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) Nakagawa et al. (1968) |
| Brucea antidysenterica | Wild host | |
| Butia eriospatha | Other | Savaris et al. (2013) |
| Byrsonima crassifolia (wild cherry) | Unknown | Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) |
| Calophyllum (beauty-leaf) | Other | |
| Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel) | Wild host | Back and Pemberton (1918) Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Calophyllum tacamahaca | Wild host | |
| Campomanesia sessiliflora | Unknown | Uchôa-Fernandes et al. (2002) |
| Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) | Unknown | |
| Capparis mariana | Wild host | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Capparis sepiaria (indian caper) | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Capparis spinosa (Caper bush) | Unknown | Schembri et al. (1991) |
| Capparis tomentosa (woolly caper bush) | Unknown | Ndiaye et al. (2012) |
| Capsicum (peppers) | Unknown | Meyer (2000) |
| Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | Main | Back and Pemberton (1918) Mason (1932) Ndiaye et al. (2012) Achterberg et al. (2012) Vayssières et al. (2011) Liquido et al. (1990) Roditakis et al. (2023) |
| Capsicum chinense (habanero pepper) | Other | |
| Capsicum frutescens (chilli) | Other | Etienne (1972) |
| Carica papaya (pawpaw) | Other | Argov and Gazit (2008) Back and Pemberton (1918) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) McPheron and Steck (1996) Segura et al. (2006) Woods et al. (2005) |
| Carissa bispinosa | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) Mason (1932) Grové et al. (2017) |
| Carissa carandas (caranda (plum)) | Wild host | |
| Carissa edulis (egyptian carissa) | Other | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Carissa macrocarpa (Natal plum) | Wild host | Argov and Gazit (2008) |
| Carissa spinarum | Other | Grové et al. (2017) |
| Carissa tetramera | Other | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Carissa tetramera | Other | |
| Carya illinoinensis (pecan) | Other | Papadopoulos et al. (2001) |
| Casimiroa edulis (white sapote) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) Mason (1932) |
| Cassine schweinfurthiana | Unknown | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Cestrum (jessamine) | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Chrysobalanus icaco (coco plum) | Wild host | |
| Chrysophyllum cainito (caimito) | Other | Argov and Gazit (2008) Back and Pemberton (1918) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Mason (1932) Woods et al. (2005) Barreto et al. (2022) |
| Chrysophyllum carpussum | Wild host | |
| Chrysophyllum gonocarpum | Unknown | Nicácio and Uchôa (2011) Oroño et al. (2005) |
| Chrysophyllum oliviforme | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Chrysophyllum viridifolium | Wild host | Munro (1929) |
| Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) | Wild host | |
| Citharexylum myrianthum | Unknown | Raga et al. (2011) |
| Citrofortunella mitis | Unknown | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Citrus aurantium (sour orange) | Other | Gasperi et al. (1991) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Liquido et al. (1990) Back and Pemberton (1918) Etienne (1972) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) McPheron and Steck (1996) Ovruski et al. (2004) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) Segura et al. (2006) Mason (1932) |
| Citrus limetta (sweet lemon tree) | Other | Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) |
| Citrus limon (lemon) | Other | Carey (1984) Liquido et al. (1990) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) Radonjic (2006) |
| Citrus madurensis (calamondin) | Unknown | Argov and Gazit (2008) Malavasi et al. (1980) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) |
| Citrus myrtifolia | Unknown | Segura et al. (2006) |
| Citrus nobilis (tangor) | Other | |
| Citrus reshni (Cleopatra mandarin) | Unknown | Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) |
| Citrus reticulata (mandarin) | Other | Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Malavasi et al. (1980) McPheron and Steck (1996) Ali et al. (2016) Araujo et al. (2005) Argov and Gazit (2008) Back and Pemberton (1918) Carey (1984) Liquido et al. (1990) Martinez-Ferrer et al. (2012) Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) Ovruski et al. (2004) Raga et al. (2004) Segura et al. (2006) Hassani et al. (2016) |
| Citrus reticulata x paradisi (tangelo) | Other | |
| Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) | Other | Ali et al. (2016) Argov and Gazit (2008) Braham et al. (2007) D'Aquino et al. (2011) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) Mason (1932) McPheron and Steck (1996) Mwatawala et al. (2009) Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) Ovruski et al. (2004) Raga et al. (2004) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) Segura et al. (2006) Uchôa-Fernandes et al. (2002) Vargas et al. (1983) Hassani et al. (2016) Calvo et al. (2017) Radonjic (2006) |
| Citrus unshiu (satsuma) | Unknown | D'Aquino et al. (2011) McPheron and Steck (1996) Radonjić (2013) Radonjic (2006) |
| Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit) | Unknown | Ali et al. (2016) Radonjic (2006) |
| Clausena anisata (horsewood) | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Clausena lansium (wampi) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Coccinia grandis (scarlet-fruited ivy gourd) | Unknown | Jackson et al. (2003) |
| Coccinia microphylla | Other | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Coccoloba uvifera (sea grape) | Wild host | |
| Coffea arabica (arabica coffee) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Etienne (1972) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) Mason (1932) McPheron and Steck (1996) McQuate et al. (2005) Esayas (2005) |
| Coffea canephora (robusta coffee) | Unknown | |
| Coffea liberica (Liberian coffee tree) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Coffea racemosa | Unknown | Grové et al. (2017) |
| Cola natalensis | Wild host | |
| Corallocarpus ellipticus | Unknown | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Cordia sebestena (Geiger tree) | Unknown | Woods et al. (2005) |
| Crataegus pubescens | Unknown | Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) |
| Crateva tapia | Other | |
| Cucumis (melons, cucuimbers, gerkins) | Other | |
| Cucumis dipsaceus (hedgehog gourd) | Wild host | |
| Cucumis melo (melon) | Unknown | Sannino et al. (2004) |
| Cydonia (quince) | Unknown | Zekİ et al. (2008) |
| Cydonia oblonga (quince) | Main | Back and Pemberton (1918) Munro (1925) Papadopoulos et al. (2001) Segura et al. (2006) Ovruski et al. (2010) |
| Cyphomandra | Other | |
| Cyphomandra betacea (tree tomato) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) Nakagawa et al. (1968) |
| Dimocarpus longan (longan tree) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Diospyros (malabar ebony) | Other | |
| Diospyros abyssinica | Wild host | |
| Diospyros decandra | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Diospyros kaki (persimmon) | Other | Carey (1984) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Etienne (1972) Garcia and Norrbom (2011) Liquido et al. (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) McQuate et al. (2005) Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) Navarro-Llopis et al. (2010) Ovruski et al. (2004) Papadopoulos et al. (2001) Raga et al. (2011) Segura et al. (2006) Radonjic (2006) |
| Diospyros mespiliformis (ebony diospiros) | Wild host | Hancock (1987) Munro (1925) |
| Diospyros pallens | Wild host | Munro (1925) |
| Diospyros virginiana (persimmon (common)) | Other | |
| Dovyalis caffra (kei apple) | Other | Copeland et al. (2002) Grové et al. (2017) Munro (1925) |
| Dovyalis hebecarpa (ketembilla) | Wild host | |
| Drypetes natalensis | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Durio zibethinus (durian) | Other | |
| Ekebergia capensis | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) Grové et al. (2017) Munro (1925) |
| Englerophytum magalismontanum | Wild host | Grové et al. (2017) |
| Eriobotrya | Unknown | Munro (1925) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) Vargas et al. (1983) |
| Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Garcia and Norrbom (2011) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) Mason (1932) McPheron and Steck (1996) Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) Ovruski et al. (2004) Raga et al. (2011) Ali et al. (2016) |
| Euclea divinorum | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Eugenia brasiliensis (brazil cherry) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Eugenia involucrata | Unknown | Garcia and Norrbom (2011) |
| Eugenia paniculata | Wild host | |
| Eugenia pyriformis | Unknown | Garcia and Norrbom (2011) Malavasi et al. (1980) Barreto et al. (2022) |
| Eugenia stipitata | Unknown | Araujo et al. (2016) |
| Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) Argov and Gazit (2008) Etienne (1972) Leal et al. (2009) Liquido et al. (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) Mason (1932) Ovruski and Schliserman (2003) Ovruski et al. (2004) |
| Feijoa sellowiana (Horn of plenty) | Other | |
| Ficus | Unknown | Munro (1925) |
| Ficus carica (common fig) | Main | Ali et al. (2016) Argov and Gazit (2008) Back and Pemberton (1918) Carey (1984) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Gasperi et al. (1991) Liquido et al. (1990) Mason (1932) McPheron and Steck (1996) Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) Ovruski et al. (2004) Papadopoulos et al. (2001) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) Segura et al. (2006) El-Harym and Belqat (2017) Radonjic (2006) |
| Filicium decipiens | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Flacourtia indica (governor's plum) | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) Mwatawala et al. (2009) |
| Flagellaria guineensis | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Flueggea virosa | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Fortunella (kumquats) | Other | Araujo et al. (2005) Raga et al. (2004) |
| Fortunella japonica (round kumquat) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) Mason (1932) Liquido et al. (1990) Ndiaye et al. (2012) Woods et al. (2005) Argov and Gazit (2008) Mwatawala et al. (2009) |
| Garcinia brasiliensis | Other | Malavasi et al. (1980) Araujo et al. (2016) Raga et al. (2011) |
| Garcinia elliptica | Other | Araujo et al. (2016) |
| Garcinia livingstonei (african mangosteen) | Wild host | Grové et al. (2017) Hancock (1987) Maússe and Bandeira (2007) |
| Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Garcinia xanthochymus | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Unknown | Woods et al. (2005) |
| Gossypium (cotton) | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Grewia trichocarpa | Other | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Guettarda speciosa | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Hancornia speciosa | Unknown | Nicácio and Uchôa (2011) |
| Harpephyllum caffrum | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) Grové et al. (2017) Munro (1925) |
| Harrisonia abyssinica | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Hexachlamys edulis | Unknown | McPheron and Steck (1996) Segura et al. (2006) |
| Inga | Unknown | Raga et al. (2011) |
| Inga laurina (Spanish oak) | Unknown | Nicácio and Uchôa (2011) Uchôa-Fernandes et al. (2002) |
| Inga ruiziana | Unknown | Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) |
| Inga sellowiana | Unknown | Garcia and Norrbom (2011) |
| Juglans australis | Unknown | Ovruski et al. (2004) |
| Juglans nigra (black walnut) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Juglans regia (walnut) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Latania loddigesii | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Licania tomentosa | Unknown | Nicácio and Uchôa (2011) |
| Litchi chinensis (lichi) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Ludia mauritiana | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Lycium (boxthorn) | Wild host | |
| Lycium barbarum (Matrimonyvine) | Other | |
| Lycium europaeum (european boxthorn) | Wild host | |
| Lycium ferocissimum (African boxthorn) | Wild host | Munro (1929) |
| Malpighia | Unknown | Malavasi et al. (1980) |
| Malpighia emarginata | Unknown | Araujo et al. (2005) Raga et al. (2011) Barreto et al. (2022) |
| Malpighia glabra (acerola) | Other | Araujo et al. (2016) Woods et al. (2005) Argov and Gazit (2008) Liquido et al. (1990) Nakagawa et al. (1968) |
| Malus (ornamental species apple) | Unknown | Munro (1925) Zekİ et al. (2008) |
| Malus domestica (apple) | Main | Malavasi et al. (1980) Ali et al. (2016) Raga et al. (2011) Segura et al. (2006) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) Escudero-Colomar et al. (2008) Ovruski et al. (2010) Monteiro et al. (2019) |
| Malus floribunda | Other | Papadopoulos et al. (2001) |
| Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) McPheron and Steck (1996) Papadopoulos et al. (2001) |
| Mangifera | Unknown | Hancock (1987) Munro (1925) |
| Mangifera indica (mango) | Other | Araujo et al. (2005) Back and Pemberton (1918) Badii et al. (2015) Badii et al. (2016) Carey (1984) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Etienne (1972) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) Mason (1932) McPheron and Steck (1996) Nicácio and Uchôa (2011) Ovruski et al. (2004) Uchôa-Fernandes et al. (2002) Vayssières et al. (2011) Woods et al. (2005) Hassani et al. (2016) |
| Manilkara butugi | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Manilkara sansibarensis | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Manilkara sulcata | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | Other | Mason (1932) Malavasi et al. (1980) Raga et al. (2011) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) |
| Mespilus germanica (medlar) | Other | |
| Miliusa brahei | Unknown | Woods et al. (2005) |
| Mimusops | Wild host | Munro (1925) |
| Mimusops bagshawei | Wild host | Badii et al. (2015) Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Mimusops caffra | Wild host | Meyer (2000) |
| Mimusops elengi (spanish cherry) | Wild host | Back and Pemberton (1918) Gasperi et al. (1991) |
| Mimusops fruticosa | Wild host | Hancock (1987) |
| Mimusops kummel | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Mimusops obtusifolia | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Mimusops zeyheri | Wild host | Dube et al. (2016) Grové et al. (2017) |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Monodora grandidieri | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Morus nigra (black mulberry) | Other | |
| Mosiera longipes | Unknown | Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Liquido et al. (1990) Mwatawala et al. (2009) |
| Mouriri elliptica | Unknown | Nicácio and Uchôa (2011) |
| Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Other | Argov and Gazit (2008) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) |
| Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) Etienne (1972) Liquido et al. (1990) Woods et al. (2005) |
| Musa x paradisiaca (plantain) | Unknown | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Myrcianthes pungens | Unknown | Ovruski et al. (2004) |
| Myrciaria cauliflora (jaboticaba) | Unknown | Malavasi et al. (1980) |
| Myrianthus arboreus | Wild host | |
| Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan) | Other | |
| Noronhia emarginata (Madagascar olive) | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Ochrosia elliptica | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive) | Unknown | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) | Other | |
| Olea woodiana | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Opilia amentacea | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Opuntia (Pricklypear) | Other | Munro (1925) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Oxyanthus zanguebaricus | Other | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Parinari curatellifolia | Unknown | Grové et al. (2017) |
| Parinari macrophylla | Unknown | Woods et al. (2005) |
| Parmentiera edulis | Unknown | Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) |
| Passiflora alata | Unknown | Raga et al. (2011) |
| Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower) | Other | McPheron and Steck (1996) Munro (1925) Back and Pemberton (1918) Meyer (2000) |
| Passiflora edulis (passionfruit) | Other | Garcia and Norrbom (2011) |
| Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Passiflora suberosa (corkystem passionflower) | Unknown | |
| Pentarhopalopilia umbellulata | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Pereskia aculeata (Barbados gooseberry) | Unknown | Marsaro et al. (2011) |
| Persea americana (avocado) | Other | Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) McPheron and Steck (1996) Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Phoenix dactylifera (date-palm) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) Alemu and Taye (2020) |
| Phyllanthus acidus (star gooseberry) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) Nakagawa et al. (1968) |
| Pithecollobium dulce | Wild host | |
| Podocarpus elongatus (african yellow wood) | Wild host | Munro (1925) |
| Polysphaeria parvifolia | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Pouteria caimito | Other | Araujo et al. (2016) Raga et al. (2011) Barreto et al. (2022) |
| Pouteria campechiana (canistel) | Wild host | Argov and Gazit (2008) |
| Pouteria ramiflora | Unknown | Nicácio and Uchôa (2011) |
| Pouteria sapota (mammey sapote) | Other | Nakagawa et al. (1968) Argov and Gazit (2008) |
| Pouteria viridis (green sapote) | Other | Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Prunus (stone fruit) | Main | Back and Pemberton (1918) Hancock (1987) Malavasi et al. (1980) McPheron and Steck (1996) McQuate et al. (2005) Munro (1925) Papadopoulos et al. (2001) Vargas et al. (1983) Zekİ et al. (2008) |
| Prunus africana (red stinkwood) | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Prunus americana (American plum) | Unknown | Ovruski et al. (2004) |
| Prunus armeniaca (apricot) | Other | Argov and Gazit (2008) Back and Pemberton (1918) Gasperi et al. (1991) Liquido et al. (1990) McPheron and Steck (1996) Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) Papadopoulos et al. (2001) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) El-Harym and Belqat (2017) Ovruski et al. (2010) |
| Prunus avium (sweet cherry) | Other | |
| Prunus domestica (plum) | Other | Ali et al. (2016) Carey (1984) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) Ovruski et al. (2004) Papadopoulos et al. (2001) McPheron and Steck (1996) Segura et al. (2006) Ovruski et al. (2010) |
| Prunus dulcis (almond) | Unknown | Papadopoulos et al. (2001) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) |
| Prunus ilicifolia (holly-leaved cherry) | Unknown | Beardsley and Uchida (1992) |
| Prunus mume (Japanese apricot tree) | Unknown | Raga et al. (2011) |
| Prunus persica (peach) | Other | McPheron and Steck (1996) McQuate et al. (2005) Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) Ovruski et al. (2004) Papadopoulos et al. (2001) Raga et al. (2011) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) Segura et al. (2006) Ali et al. (2016) Back and Pemberton (1918) Carey (1984) Garcia and Norrbom (2011) Gasperi et al. (1991) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) El-Harym and Belqat (2017) Escudero-Colomar et al. (2008) Ovruski et al. (2010) Monteiro et al. (2019) |
| Prunus persica var. nucipersica (nectarine) | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) Carey (1984) |
| Prunus salicina (Japanese plum) | Main | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Prunus serotina (black cherry) | Unknown | Copeland et al. (2002) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) |
| Psidium (guava) | Unknown | Hancock (1987) Munro (1925) Vargas et al. (1983) |
| Psidium acutangulum | Unknown | Araujo et al. (2016) |
| Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) | Other | Argov and Gazit (2008) Garcia and Norrbom (2011) Leal et al. (2009) Mason (1932) Vargas et al. (1983) Back and Pemberton (1918) Hassani et al. (2016) |
| Psidium friedrichsthalianum (wild guava) | Unknown | |
| Psidium guajava (guava) | Main | Segura et al. (2006) Back and Pemberton (1918) Ali et al. (2016) Araujo et al. (2005) Argov and Gazit (2008) Araujo et al. (2016) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Etienne (1972) Garcia and Norrbom (2011) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) Mason (1932) McPheron and Steck (1996) Mwatawala et al. (2009) Nicácio and Uchôa (2011) Ovruski and Schliserman (2003) Ovruski et al. (2004) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) Uchôa-Fernandes et al. (2002) Woods et al. (2005) Taira et al. (2013) Hussain et al. (2015) Hassani et al. (2016) Adaime et al. (2017) Alves et al. (2019) Katiyar et al. (2000) Galli et al. (2019) Fernandes et al. (2021) Barreto et al. (2022) |
| Psidium guineense (Guinea guava) | Unknown | Uramoto et al. (2008) |
| Punica granatum (pomegranate) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) Carey (1984) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) |
| Pyrus (pears) | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) Zekİ et al. (2008) |
| Pyrus communis (European pear) | Other | Carey (1984) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Liquido et al. (1990) Malavasi et al. (1980) McPheron and Steck (1996) Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) Papadopoulos et al. (2001) Raga et al. (2011) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) Segura et al. (2006) El-Harym and Belqat (2017) Ovruski et al. (2010) Monteiro et al. (2019) |
| Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree) | Other | Segura et al. (2006) |
| Pyrus syriaca | Other | |
| Rubus fruticosus (blackberry) | Unknown | Funes et al. (2017) |
| Rubus idaeus (raspberry) | Other | McPheron and Steck (1996) |
| Rubus loganobaccus (loganberry) | Other | |
| Rubus lucidus | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Salacia elegans | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Salpichroa origanifolia | Unknown | McPheron and Steck (1996) |
| Sandoricum koetjape (santol) | Unknown | |
| Santalum | Unknown | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Santalum album (Indian sandalwood) | Other | Munro (1925) Vargas et al. (1983) |
| Santalum freycinetianum | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Scaevola plumieri | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Scaevola taccada (beach naupaka) | Wild host | |
| Sideroxylon inerme | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) Munro (1925) |
| Sideroxylon polynesicum | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Solanum (nightshade) | Unknown | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Solanum aethiopicum (african scarlet eggplant) | Other | Raga et al. (2011) |
| Solanum americanum | Unknown | Etienne (1972) |
| Solanum glaucophyllum | Unknown | McPheron and Steck (1996) |
| Solanum incanum (grey bitter-apple) | Other | |
| Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) | Other | McPheron and Steck (1996) Papadopoulos et al. (2001) Liquido et al. (1990) Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Solanum macrocarpon (local garden egg) | Wild host | |
| Solanum mauritianum (tobacco tree) | Wild host | |
| Solanum melongena (aubergine) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Solanum muricatum (melon pear) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) | Other | |
| Solanum pseudocapsicum (Jerusalem-cherry) | Wild host | McPheron and Steck (1996) Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Unknown | McPheron and Steck (1996) |
| Sorocea bonplandii | Other | Neutzling et al. (2016) |
| Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple) | Other | Araujo et al. (2005) Liquido et al. (1990) Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Spondias mombin (hog plum) | Unknown | Badii et al. (2015) |
| Spondias purpurea (red mombin) | Other | Araujo et al. (2005) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Kolbe and Eskafi (1990) Raga et al. (2011) Uchôa-Fernandes et al. (2002) |
| Spondias tuberosa | Other | Araujo et al. (2005) |
| Spondias venulosa | Unknown | Malavasi et al. (1980) |
| Strychnos decussata | Wild host | Munro (1925) |
| Strychnos henningsii | Wild host | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Strychnos potatorum | Wild host | Munro (1953) |
| Strychnos pungens | Wild host | Munro (1925) |
| Synsepalum dulcificum | Wild host | |
| Syzygium cordatum | Unknown | Grové et al. (2017) |
| Syzygium cumini (black plum) | Other | Badii et al. (2015) Liquido et al. (1990) Mwatawala et al. (2009) |
| Syzygium jambos (rose apple) | Other | Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Liquido et al. (1990) Back and Pemberton (1918) Malavasi et al. (1980) Mason (1932) |
| Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) | Other | Liquido et al. (1990) Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Syzygium samarangense (water apple) | Other | |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Wild host | Araujo et al. (2005) Back and Pemberton (1918) Badii et al. (2015) Badii et al. (2016) Eskafi and Cunningham (1987) Etienne (1972) Liquido et al. (1990) Nicácio and Uchôa (2011) Raga et al. (2011) Uchôa-Fernandes et al. (2002) Woods et al. (2005) |
| Terminalia chebula (gall nut) | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Theobroma cacao (cocoa) | Main | |
| Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) | Other | Back and Pemberton (1918) Mwatawala et al. (2009) Woods et al. (2005) |
| Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) | Unknown | Woods et al. (2005) |
| Vaccinium corymbosum (blueberry) | Other | Follett et al. (2011) |
| Vangueria infausta (African medlar) | Wild host | Munro (1925) |
| Vasconcellea quercifolia | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Vepris lanceolata | Wild host | |
| Vepris nobilis | Unknown | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Vepris simplicifolia | Unknown | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Vepris trichocarpa | Unknown | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) | Unknown | Badii et al. (2015) |
| Vitis (grape) | Unknown | Munro (1925) |
| Vitis labrusca (fox grape) | Unknown | Back and Pemberton (1918) |
| Vitis vinifera (grapevine) | Other | Etienne (1972) Saleh and El-Hamalawii (2004) |
| Wikstroemia phillyreifolia | Unknown | Liquido et al. (1990) |
| Ximenia americana (hog plum) | Unknown | Segura et al. (2006) |
| Ximenia caffra | Other | |
| Ximenia caffra | Unknown | Copeland et al. (2002) |
| Ziziphus | Unknown | Radonjic (2006) |
| Ziziphus joazeiro | Other | Araujo et al. (2005) |
| Ziziphus jujuba (common jujube) | Other | Navarro-Campos et al. (2011) |
| Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube) | Other | |
| Ziziphus mucronata | Unknown | Badii et al. (2015) |
Symptoms
Attacked fruit usually shows signs of oviposition punctures and there is laboratory evidence of fungal transmission (Cayol et al., 1994). Very sweet fruits may produce a sugary exudate.
List of Symptoms/Signs
| Symptom or sign | Life stages | Sign or diagnosis |
|---|---|---|
| Plants/Fruit/internal feeding |
Prevention and Control
Regulatory Control
Systems approach and post-harvest treatments are currently being used in import protocols of fruit commodities regarded as susceptible to C. capitata from countries where the pest is present. In systems approach, at least two independent risk mitigation measures which can include pre and/or post-harvest measures should be used. Pre-harvest control measures which would mitigate the risk of C. capitata are provided below. A combination of pre-harvest measures is recommended for effective control of C. capitata. Post-harvest treatments may involve fumigation, heat treatment (hot vapour or hot water) (USDA, 2016), cold treatments (USDA, 2016) or irradiation (Armstrong and Couey, 1989).
Systems approach and post-harvest treatments are currently being used in import protocols of fruit commodities regarded as susceptible to C. capitata from countries where the pest is present. In systems approach, at least two independent risk mitigation measures which can include pre and/or post-harvest measures should be used. Pre-harvest control measures which would mitigate the risk of C. capitata are provided below. A combination of pre-harvest measures is recommended for effective control of C. capitata. Post-harvest treatments may involve fumigation, heat treatment (hot vapour or hot water) (USDA, 2016), cold treatments (USDA, 2016) or irradiation (Armstrong and Couey, 1989).
Cultural Control and Sanitary Methods
One of the most effective control techniques against fruit flies in general is to wrap fruit, either in newspaper, a paper bag, or in the case of long/thin fruits, a polythene sleeve. This is a simple physical barrier to oviposition but it has to be applied before the stage at which the fruit is attacked.
One of the most effective control techniques against fruit flies in general is to wrap fruit, either in newspaper, a paper bag, or in the case of long/thin fruits, a polythene sleeve. This is a simple physical barrier to oviposition but it has to be applied before the stage at which the fruit is attacked.
The removal and disposal of fallen fruits or fruit left over after harvest is recommended in fruit growing areas in order to remove potential breeding sites of the pest species. Fruit removed should be finely ground and scattered in the sun in an area away from fruit growing areas or burrowed deep in the soil (at least 0.5 m below the surface) in order to effectively kill immature stages.
Chemical Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de-)registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. For further information, we recommend you visit the following resources:
•
EU pesticides database (http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/)
•
PAN pesticide database (www.pesticideinfo.org)
•
Your national pesticide guide
Impact
Ceratitis capitata is an important pest in Africa and has spread to almost every other continent to become the single most important pest species in its family. It is highly polyphagous and causes damage to a very wide range of unrelated fruit crops. In Mediterranean countries, it is particularly damaging to citrus and peach (Prunus persica). It may also transmit fruit-rotting fungi (Cayol et al., 1994).
Damage to fruit crops is frequently high and may reach 100% (Fimiani, 1989; Fischer-Colbrie and Busch-Petersen, 1989). In Central America, losses to coffee (Coffea) crops were estimated at 5-15% and the berries matured earlier and fell to the ground with reduced quality (Enkerlin et al., 1989). As in areas where the fly is endemic, in outbreak conditions the economic impacts include reduced production, increased control costs and lost markets.
Damage to fruit crops is frequently high and may reach 100% (Fimiani, 1989; Fischer-Colbrie and Busch-Petersen, 1989). In Central America, losses to coffee (Coffea) crops were estimated at 5-15% and the berries matured earlier and fell to the ground with reduced quality (Enkerlin et al., 1989). As in areas where the fly is endemic, in outbreak conditions the economic impacts include reduced production, increased control costs and lost markets.
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Published online: 9 October 2023
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