Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed)
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Chondrilla juncea L.
- Preferred Common Name
- rush skeletonweed
- Other Scientific Names
- Chondrilla acanthophylla Borkh.
- Chondrilla angustissima Hegetschw
- Chondrilla gaudini Hegetschw.
- Chondrilla glomerata K.Koch
- Chondrilla graminea var. graminea
- Chondrilla graminea var. kashmirica Hook.f.
- Chondrilla hispida Desf.
- Chondrilla juncea subsp. acanthophylla (Borkh.) Arcang.
- Chondrilla juncea subsp. glabrescens Iljin
- Chondrilla juncea subsp. juncea
- Chondrilla juncea subsp. macrocarpa Chrtek
- Chondrilla juncea var. acantholepis (Boiss.) Boiss.
- Chondrilla juncea var. graminea (M.Bieb.) Schmalh.
- Chondrilla juncea var. juncea
- Chondrilla juncea var. latifolia (M.Bieb.) K.Koch ex Iljin
- Chondrilla laciniata Steven
- Chondrilla latifolia M.Bieb.
- Chondrilla rigens Rchb.
- Chondrilla vallisoletana Pau
- Chondrilla viminea Bubani
- International Common Names
- Englishdevil’s grassgum succoryhogbitenaked weedskeleton weedsuccory
- Local Common Names
- Argentinayuyo esqueleto
- Francechondrille à tige de joncchondrille effilée
- GermanyBinsenknorpellattichgroßer Knorpellattichgroßer Krümling
- Italycondrillalattaiolalattugaccio
- Netherlandsknikbloem
- Portugalleituga-branca
- Spainachicoria juncalalotxamastec
Pictures
Habit
Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed); habit. USA.
©Eric Coombs/Oregon Department of Agriculture/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Habit
Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed); infestation. USA.
©Eric Coombs/Oregon Department of Agriculture/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Habit
Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed); habit, showing stem base with spines. USA. July 2004.
©Eric Coombs/Oregon Department of Agriculture/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Flowers
Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed); close-up of flowers and stem. USA.
©Eric Coombs/Oregon Department of Agriculture/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Seeds
Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed); close-up of seeds (with 'beak' removed). USA.
©D. Walters & C. Southwick/Table Grape Weed Disseminule ID, USDA APHIS ITP/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US
Chondrilla juncea
Gary L. Piper, Washington State University, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Chondrilla juncea
Gary L. Piper, Washington State University, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Chondrilla juncea
Steve Dewey, Utah State University, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Chondrilla juncea
Utah State University, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Chondrilla juncea
Utah State University, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Distribution
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
| Host | Host status | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hordeum vulgare (barley) | Unknown | Pala (2020) |
| Medicago sativa (lucerne) | Unknown | Hassannejad and Ghafarbi (2014) |
| Triticum (wheat) | Main | |
| Triticum aestivum (wheat) | Unknown | Hassannejad and Ghafarbi (2013) Hassannejad et al. (2014) |
Prevention and Control
Prevention
C. juncea is listed as noxious, prohibited, or banned in nine western states in the USA and is targeted for control or eradication (USDA-NRCS, 2015). Once a new infestation of C. juncea has been identified effort should be made to eradicate the weed before seed production (Van Vleet and Coombs, 2012).
Control
Cultural Control and Sanitary Measures
Certified seed, soil, gravel, hay and manure etc. that is weed-free should be used where possible. All machinery and equipment used in an infested area should also be cleaned down before taken into a new area to prevent spread. In Australia it has been suggested that leguminous forages can provide competition which reduces the problem over a period of years (Parsons and Cuthberston, 1992).
Physical/Mechanical Control
Small infestations of C. juncea can be controlled by hand pulling when the soil is wet. This must be done several times per year for several years. Regular mowing is partially effective for control of C. juncea as it can reduce aerial and root biomass and reduce seed production. However, mowing is not effective at eliminating rosettes as these are close to the ground (USDA-FS, 2015). Cultivation may be counter-productive as regrowth can occur from quite small root fragments.
Biological Control
A number of biological control agents have been studied for control of C. juncea in Australia and USA. Studies were initiated by CSIRO in the 1960s and to date, a total of four biocontrol agents have been trialled with variable success.
A blister-forming gall midge, Cystiphora schmidti, can feed on the rosettes, stem leaves and stems, causing damage and reduction in seed production. It was first released in California in 1975 and is available for collection in California, Idaho and Oregon (USDA-NRCS, 2015).
The gall-forming mite, Aceria chondrillae, can infest vegetative and floral buds creating galls which if severe, can stunt the growth of the plant and reduce seed production. It is the most effective agent in the Pacific Northwest (Van Vleet and Coombs, 2012).
A root moth, Bradyrrhoa gilveolella, was released in Argentina and Australia but was not successful. This agent was most recently introduced in Idaho, USA in 2002 but establishment has not been confirmed (Horner, 2002).
A rust fungus, Puccina chondrillina, was researched as a potential biological control agent for C. juncea by Hasan and Wapshere (1973) and was first released in North America in 1978. As a result of extreme host-specificity of this rust fungus, one of the three genotypes in the USA and two in Australia are not controlled and very little control has been recorded in Argentina (Gaskin et al., 2013). Although it was the most successful agent released in Australia, the two rust-resistant genotype of C. juncea have since expanded their range to replace the rust-susceptible genotype (Gaskin et al., 2013).
The effectiveness of a biocontrol agent is dependent on factors such as climate, the genotype of C. juncea and interactions with native parasites and predators.
Chemical Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de-)registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. For further information, we recommend you visit the following resources:
•
EU pesticides database (http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/)
•
PAN pesticide database (www.pesticideinfo.org)
•
Your national pesticide guide
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © CABI. CABI is a registered EU trademark. This article is published under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
History
Published online: 4 October 2022
Language
English
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