Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree)
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
- Preferred Common Name
- Brazilian pepper tree
- Other Scientific Names
- Sarcotheca bahiensis Turcz.
- Schinus mellisii Engl.
- Schinus mucronulatus Mart.
- Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi
- Schinus terebinthifolius var. damaziana Beauverd
- Schinus terebinthifolius var. raddiana Engl.
- Schinus weinmanniifolius Mart.
- International Common Names
- Englishbroadleaf pepper tree
- Spanishcopalpimienta de Brasil
- Frenchbaie roseencentfaux poivrierpoivre marronpoivre rosepoivrier d'Amériquepoivrier du Bresil
- Local Common Names
- Argentinachichita
- BahamasChristmas-berry tree
- Brazilabacaíbaaguaraíbaaraguaraíbaaroeiraaroeiraaroeira da praiaaroeira do sertaoaroeira mansaaroeira negraaroeira pimenteiraaroeira pretaaroeira vermelhaaroeira-brabaaroeira-brancaaroeira-comumaroeira-corneíbaaroeira-da-praiaaroeira-de-minasaroeira-de-remédioaroeira-de-sabiáaroeira-do-brejoaroeira-do-campoaroeira-do-paranáaroeira-do-sertaoaroeira-friaaroeira-legítimaaroeira-mansaaroeira-negraaroeira-pimenteiraaroeira-precocearoeira-pretaaroeira-rasteiraaroeira-vermelhaaroeirinhaaroeirinhaaroeirinha-do-campoaroeirinha-pretaarundeúvaarvore-da-pimentabálsamobugrecabuícambuícoraçao-de-bugrecorneíbafalsa-aroeirafruta-de-cutiafruta-de-raposafruta-de-sabiájejuíralentiscopau-de-bugrepimenteira-do-peru
- Cubacopalfalso copalracimos de rubí
- Fijiwarui
- GermanyBrasilianischer Pfefferbaum
- Paraguaymolle-i
- South AfricaBrasiliaanse peperboom
- USABahamian hollyChristmasberry treeFlorida holly
- USA/Hawaiinaniohilowilelaiki
- EPPO code
- SCITE (Schinus terebinthifolius)
- Trade name
- Brazilian pepper tree
Pictures
Fruits
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree); mature fruits and foliage.
©Sheldon Navie
Habit
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree); habit.
©Sheldon Navie
Leaves
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree); typical foliage.
©Sheldon Navie
Bark
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree); typical bark.
©Sheldon Navie
Flowers
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree); flower spike.
©Sheldon Navie
Male flowers
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree); typical male flowers.
©Sheldon Navie
Female flowers
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree); female flowers and immature green fruits.
©Sheldon Navie
Fruit
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree); immature green fruits.
©Sheldon Navie
Leaf
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree); leaf, typical of a young plant.
©Sheldon Navie
Distribution
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
| Host | Host status | References |
|---|---|---|
| Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) | Unknown | Helal et al. (2000) |
Prevention and Control
Cultural Control
Weber (2003) lists fire as a potential control technique where S. terebinthifolia has invaded fire-adapted assemblages, and although seedlings are effectively killed (PIER, 2007), burned stumps can resprout (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Weber (2003) also recommends the targeted removal of female trees as a way of preventing future production and dispersal of seeds into invaded habitats.
Randall (2003) cites work on the use of extended flooding periods to control S. terebinthifolia. Flooding is not effective as seedlings and trees will survive at least a two-month period of waterlogging (Mielke et al., 2005). On a specific invaded site in the Florida Everglades consisting of abandoned farmland, complete soil removal was found to prevent recolonisation of S. terebinthifolia and natural regeneration of native halophytes as compared to only partial soil removal (Dalrymple et al., 2003), though this is unlikely to be a practical or economic solution in most areas.
Mechanical Control
Removal of young S. terebinthifolia by hand pulling may be useful in the early stages of invasion; however, it is important to remove all portions of the root to prevent resprouting (Ferriter and Clark, 1997). Bulldozers are sometimes necessary but the disturbance of soil brings a risk that further invasion by exotic species may be promoted (Ferriter and Clark, 1997).
Randall (2003) cites work on the use of extended flooding periods to control S. terebinthifolia. Flooding is not effective as seedlings and trees will survive at least a two-month period of waterlogging (Mielke et al., 2005). On a specific invaded site in the Florida Everglades consisting of abandoned farmland, complete soil removal was found to prevent recolonisation of S. terebinthifolia and natural regeneration of native halophytes as compared to only partial soil removal (Dalrymple et al., 2003), though this is unlikely to be a practical or economic solution in most areas.
Mechanical Control
Removal of young S. terebinthifolia by hand pulling may be useful in the early stages of invasion; however, it is important to remove all portions of the root to prevent resprouting (Ferriter and Clark, 1997). Bulldozers are sometimes necessary but the disturbance of soil brings a risk that further invasion by exotic species may be promoted (Ferriter and Clark, 1997).
Chemical Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de-)registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. For further information, we recommend you visit the following resources:
•
EU pesticides database (http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/)
•
PAN pesticide database (www.pesticideinfo.org)
•
Your national pesticide guide
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © CABI. CABI is a registered EU trademark. This article is published under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
History
Published online: 4 October 2022
Language
English
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