Research Article
Print
Research Article
Pulvinatusia (Brassicaceae), a new cushion genus from China and its systematic position
expand article infoHong-Liang Chen‡§, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz|, Li-Shen Qian§, Jian-Wen Zhang§, Bo Xu#, Ti-Cao Zhang¤, Ji-Pei Yue§, Hang Sun§
‡ Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
§ Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, United States of America
¶ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
# Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
¤ Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China

Corresponding author: Hang Sun ( hsun@mail.kib.ac.cn )

Academic editor: Karol Marhold
© 2022 Hong-Liang Chen, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Li-Shen Qian, Jian-Wen Zhang, Bo Xu, Ti-Cao Zhang, Ji-Pei Yue, Hang Sun.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Chen H-L, Al-Shehbaz IA, Qian L-S, Zhang J-W, Xu B, Zhang T-C, Yue J-P, Sun H (2022) Pulvinatusia (Brassicaceae), a new cushion genus from China and its systematic position. PhytoKeys 189: 9-28. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.189.77926
Open Access

Abstract

The new genus and species Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis (Brassicaceae) are described and illustrated. The species is a cushion plant collected from Xuegu La, Xizang, China. Its vegetative parts are most similar to those of Arenaria bryophylla (Caryophyllaceae) co-occurring in the same region, while its leaves and fruits closely resemble those of Xerodraba patagonica (Brassicaceae) from Patagonian Argentina and Chile. Family-level phylogenetic analyses based on both nuclear ITS and plastome revealed that it is a member of the tribe Crucihimalayeae, but the infra-/intergeneric relationships within the tribe are yet to be resolved.

Keywords

Crucihimalayeae, cushion plants, molecular phylogenetics, new species, Xizang

Introduction

Cushion plants represent a special life form which usually has character combinations such as short-node intervals, compact branches, solitary flowers or few-flowered racemes, and dome- or mat-shaped cushions. They are common among perennial herbs growing on high-altitude mountains and are thought to be associated with dry and cold environments, such as the high Andes and Patagonia, Himalayas, and New Zealand Alps (Aubert et al. 2014; Boucher et al. 2016). Hauri and Schröter (1914) compiled the first worldwide list of cushion plants which included 338 species of 34 families and 78 genera. A century later, Aubert et al. (2014) updated the cushion plants catalogue in which they recognized 1,309 species of 63 families and 273 genera. An online database was also created for easy access and timely update (http://www.cushionplants.eu/).

The mustard family (Brassicaceae) is distributed primarily in temperate areas, and many of its species grow on high mountains. Aubert et al. (2014) reported 100 species from 25 genera of cushion plants in Brassicaceae, within which six species within five genera occurred in China, i.e., Alyssum klimesii Al-Shehbaz (now Ladakiella klimesii (Al-Shehbaz) D.A. German & Al-Shehbaz), Ptilotrichum canescens (DC.) C.A. Mey (now Stevenia canescens (DC.) D.A. German), Solms- laubachia eurycarpa (Maxim.) Botsch., Baimashania pulvinata Al-Shehbaz, B. wangii Al-Shehbaz, and Shangrilaia nana Al-Shehbaz, J.P. Yue & H. Sun. Although many other Brassicaceae species were described as cushion plants and found to be occurring in China (Zhou et al. 2001; Al-Shehbaz 2015), they were not included in Aubert et al.’s catalogue (2014).

From 2000 to 2019, 58 new species of Brassicaceae from China were described (Du et al. 2020), the number of Chinese Brassicaceae species has grown to ca. 500 (Chen et al. 2019). During an expedition in August 2015 to Mt. Xuegu La, Damxung County, Xizang (Fig. 1), China, we collected a mustard plant with typical cushion characters and whitish pink flowers (Fig. 2G-H). We went back to the above-mentioned locality in August 2019 and collected fruiting material of this plant (Fig. 2A-F). Morphological studies family-wide revealed that it represents a new genus and species, hereafter recognized as Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis. We also carried out molecular studies to verify its systematic position within the family.

Figure 1. 

Habitat and geographic distribution of Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis A–C alpine meadow habitat, white arrow in A points to the location, white arrows in B and C point to P. xuegulaensis D geographic distribution of P. xuegulaensis, marked with green circle. – Photos: A by Jianwen Zhang B and C by Lishen Qian.

Figure 2. 

Images of Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis A and B fruiting plants C fruits D septum and replum E and F seeds G and H flowering plants I and J stems K leaves. Scales bars: 1 mm. – Photos: A–F & I–K by Lishen Qian G and H by Jianwen Zhang.

Material and methods

Taxon sampling and data collection

To assess the identity and systematic position of the new taxon, a family-level sampling strategy was adopted. Two datasets, the nuclear ITS and plastomes, were utilized to reconstruct the phylogeny of Brassicaceae. The ITS dataset included 125 species representing 98 genera, of which two accessions of the novelty were newly sequenced. The plastome dataset included 74 species representing 70 genera, of which 16 accessions representing 16 species were newly sequenced. The plastome of Bivonaea lutea (Biv.) DC. was extracted from raw sequencing data SRR8528386 deposited under NCBI BioProject PRJNA518905. Cleome lutea Hook. was chosen as outgroup for ITS and plastome datasets. Both ITS and plastome datasets comprised all 52 currently recognized tribes and nine genera which were not assigned to tribes within Brassicaceae. Data downloaded from GenBank and newly generated for this study are listed in Appendices 1 and 2, respectively.

DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing

Total genomic DNA was extracted from silica gel-dried fresh leaves using the Plant Genomic DNA Kit (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The ITS region of one sample of Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis (voucher specimens ZBFC-510) was amplified with the primers ITS-18F as modified by Mummenhoff et al. (1997) and ITS4 (White et al. 1990). A 25-ml polymerase chain reaction (PCR) included 1–2μL sample DNA (approx. 1–10 ng), 12.5μL Premix Taq TM (Takara Biomedical Technology, Beijing, China), 1μL of 10 μM stock of each primer, adjusted to 25 μL with ddH2O. The PCR program included a hot start with 4 min at 94 °C, and 30–32 cycles of amplification (1 min denaturing at 94 °C, 45–60 s annealing at 52–53 °C, 60–80 s extension at 72 °C), and a final elongation step for 10 min at 72 °C. The sequencing primers are the same as amplified primers. While the ITS region and plastome sequences of another sample of P. xuegulaensis (voucher specimens ZJW3454), together with the plastome data of 15 species listed in Appendix 2 were generated by genome skimming. Libraries for pair-end 150-bp sequencing was conducted using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform at Novogene Co. (Beijing, China).

Data assembly and annotation

For the genome skimming data, low-quality reads were filtered, and the clean data were assembled using the GetOrganelle pipeline (Jin et al. 2020). The nuclear ITS and plastomes were also annotated using Geneious 8.2.4 (Kearse et al. 2012) with the published ITS of C. himalaica (AY662283) and plastome of Rudolf-kamelinia korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Al-Shehbaz & D.A. German (KX886350) as the reference, respectively. Positions of start and stop codons of plastome sequences were checked manually.

Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses

Two datasets, i.e., ITS and 75 plastid protein-coding genes (CDS) extracted from the annotated plastome sequences, were aligned using MAFFT v.7.311 (Katoh and Standley 2013) and manually adjusted with MEGA 7.0.14 (Kumar et al. 2016), ambiguous alignment regions within ITS dataset were trimmed by trimAl 1.2 (Capella-Gutiérrez et al. 2009). The 75 CDS were aligned one by one and then concatenated together, and substitutional saturation was assessed using DAMBE v.7.0.68 (Xia 2018).

Maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses were performed for the ITS dataset, while for the 75 CDS dataset, Maximum Likelihood (ML) method was utilized. No substitutional saturation was detected in 75 CDS dataset, as the index of substitution saturation (Iss) values were both significantly smaller than the critical Iss (Iss.c) values as defined by Xia et al. (2003). MP analysis was performed with heuristic searches of 1000 replicates with random stepwise addition using tree bisection reconnection (TBR) branch swapping as implemented in PAUP* 4.0a168 (Swofford 2020). All characters were weighted equally, and gaps were treated as missing data. BI and ML analyses were carried out with MrBayes v.3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012) and RAxML 8.2.12 (Stamatakis 2014) implemented in the CIPRES Science Gateway v.3.3 (Miller et al. 2010), respectively. The best-fit model for nucleotide sequences was evaluated using jModeltest 2.1.6 (Darriba et al. 2012). Corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) method was used to select the best-fit models. The SYM+I+G model were selected for ITS dataset in the BI analyses. Two independent runs each with four Monte Carlo Markov chains (MCMCs) were run for five million generations, and one tree sampled every 1000 generations. The first 1250 trees (25% of total trees) were discarded as burn-in. The remaining trees were summarized in a 50% majority-rule consensus tree, and the posterior probabilities (PP) were calculated. The ML analyses were conducted using the GTR+G model for 75 CDS dataset, with the option of rapid bootstrap of 1000 replicates.

Results

Morphological evaluation

With a single pivotal root, very short internode and compact branches, Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis forms a hemispherical (dome) shape (Fig. 1B-C and Fig. 2A). Its leaves are linear-lanceolate and imbricate (Fig. 2I-K), and its fruits are ovoid silicles with stout fruit pedicles (Fig. 2C-F). These character combinations were not seen in any other Brassicaceae taxa occurring in China, suggesting it might represent a new species.

Nuclear ITS and plastome assemblies

The ITS sequences for two accessions of the novelty were 628 bp long. Most of the 16 newly sequenced plastomes were assembled into complete circular genome, except one or two gaps remained in the noncoding regions of three accessions. Gaps information, voucher records, and GenBank accession numbers are provided in Appendix 2.

Phylogenetic analysis

The aligned ITS matrix was 496 bp long with 261 (52.6%) parsimony-informative sites. The aligned plastome CDS matrix was 61,713 bp long with 7,730 (12.5%) parsimony-informative sites. The resolution of MP analyses was relatively weaker than the outcome of BI analyses, thus only the topologies of Bayesian phylogenetic analysis were shown for ITS dataset. As our aim was to assess the systematic position of Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis, only clades containing this taxon were concerned. In the ITS phylogeny, two accessions of P. xuegulaensis clustered together and embedded in a clade consisting of Crucihimalaya species. This P. xuegulaensis/Crucihimalaya clade is sister to Ladakiella klimesii (Fig. 3). In the plastome phylogeny (Fig. 4), only three Crucihimalaya species and one accession for each of P. xuegulaensis and L. klimesii were sampled. The sequence of P. xuegulaensis formed a clade with L. klimesii, and then sistered to a clade composed of three Crucihimalaya species. Therefore, both nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies indicated that P. xuegulaensis should be assigned to the tribe Crucihimalayeae.

Figure 3. 

Bayesian Inference topology of the Brassicaceae relationships based on the nuclear ITS dataset. Bayesian inference posterior probability (PP) and maximum parsimony bootstrap (BS) are noted.

Figure 4. 

Maximum Likelihood cladogram of the Brassicaceae based on the plastome dataset. Maximum likelihood bootstraps (BS) are noted above the branch. Three Lineages of Brassicaceae (Beilstein et al. 2006; Walden et al. 2020) were marked.

Taxonomic treatment

Pulvinatusia J.P. Yue, H.L. Chen, Al-Shehbaz & H. Sun, gen. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77249032-1
Fig. 2

Type

Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis J.P. Yue, H.L. Chen, Al-Shehbaz & H. Sun.

Diagnosis

As indicated above, the monospecific Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis and Ladakiella klimesii are the only members of the tribe Crucihimalayeae with pulvinate and scapose habit and pink to whitish pink petals. The former differs by having simple and fewer forked trichomes, thin papery leaves, solitary flowers, caducous sepals, and glabrous, somewhat flattened fruits. By contrast, L. klimesii has subdendritic trichomes with finely branched rays, thick and fleshy leaves, 2–4-flowered racemes, persistent sepals, and pubescent and terete fruits.

Description

Herbs perennial, cespitose, scapose, pulvinate, with well-developed caudex covered with petioles of previous years. Trichomes simple, mixed with fewer forked stalked ones. Leaves densely imbricate, sessile, thin, papery, densely long ciliate, midvein obscure, adaxially concave to nearly flat, base attenuate, apex subacute. Flowers solitary on short pedicels originating from axils of basal leaves. Fruiting pedicels stout, erect or ascending, often hidden among basal leaves. Sepals oblong, abaxially with trichomes similar to those on leaves. Petals whitish pink to pink; blade obovate to suborbicular, apex obtuse, rounded or rarely acute, claw subequaling or slightly shorter than sepals. Stamens 6, slightly tetradynamous; filaments unappendaged, free; anthers ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex. Ovules 2 or 3 per ovary, placentation parietal. Fruits dehiscent, latiseptate, ovoid to ellipsoid, inflated; valves thick leathery, carinate; replum rounded, visible; septum complete; style obsolete or short and to 0.4 mm long, stout; stigma capitate, entire, unappendaged. Seeds aseriate, wingless, oblong, seed coat smooth, not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent.

Name derivation

The generic name is derived from the pulvinate habit of the plant, and the species epithet from the Xuegu La (Xizang, China), where the type collection was made.

Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis J. P. Yue, H. L. Chen, Al-Shehbaz & H. Sun, sp. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77249034-1
Fig. 2

Description

Herbs 0.9–1.6 cm tall; caudex many branched, to 4 mm in diam. Trichomes simple, to 0.6 mm long, mixed with fewer forked stalked ones. Leaves densely imbricate, (3.5–) 4.0–4.2 (–4.7) × 0.7–1 mm, thin, papery, long ciliate on both sides and margin. Flowers solitary on short pedicels originating from axils of basal leaves. Fruiting pedicels stout, 4.5–6 mm long, often hidden among basal leaves. Sepals oblong, 1–2 × ca. 1 mm. Petals whitish pink or pink; obovate to suborbicular, 3–3.5 × 2.5–3 mm, claw 2.5–3.4 mm long. Filaments 1.5–2 mm long; anthers 0.3–0.5 mm long. Ovules 2 or 3 per ovary. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 1.6–1.9 × 0.8–1 mm; valves thick leathery, inflated, style 0.2–0.4 mm long. Seeds 1–1.5 × 0.7–0.9 mm, seed coat smooth, not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent.

Type

China. Xizang: Xuegu La, alpine meadow, sandy area, 29°55' N, 90°7' E, 5300 m, 4 Aug. 2019, ZBFC-510 (holotype, KUN!; isotype, KUN!). Paratype. China. Xizang: Xuegu La, alpine gravel slopes, sandy area, 29°54' N, 90°7' E, 5407 m, 28 Aug. 2015, ZJW3454 (KUN).

Discussion

Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis displays typical cushion-plants morphology, which belongs to the dome type of Aubert et al.’s category (2014). Many ball-shaped individuals grow together along alpine slopes and form a community with spectacular landscape (Fig. 1B-C). Without flowers and fruits, one can easily misidentify P. xuegulaensis as Arenaria bryophylla Fernald, a member of Caryophyllaceae family and one of the most typical cushion plants in the Sino-Himalayas. This might partially explain why this new taxon remained unrecognized until now; even the type locality is nearby a county road (Fig. 1A). Only with its conspicuous cruciform pink flowers and ovoid silicles, one can easily recognize it as Brassicaceae. To date, only one population of P. xuegulaensis has been found, within the family and the six cushion taxa (as mentioned in the Introduction) listed by Aubert et al. (2014) occurring in China, P. xuegulaensis is most similar to Ladakiella klimesii in gross morphology. Whereas it differs from the latter by more (vs. less) compact branches; imbricate (vs. rosulate) leaves; solitary flowers (vs. 2–4-flowered raceme) and stout (vs. slender) fruiting pedicel. By contrast, these distinct characters of P. xuegulaensis are also shown in Xerodraba patagonica (Speg.) Skottsb. (Eudemeae, Brassicaceae) (Table 1), a South American species endemic to southern Argentina and Chile at an altitude of 20 – 1050 m (Salariato et al. 2015a), demonstrating morphological homoplasy between unrelated taxa of different continents.

Table 1.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Tribal assignments and comparisons of morphological characters of Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis, Ladakiella klimesii and Xerodraba patagonica.

Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis Ladakiella klimesii Xerodraba patagonica
Tribal assignments Crucihimalayeae Crucihimalayeae Eudemeae
Habit perennial, pulvinate perennial, pulvinate perennial, pulvinate
Type of cushions hemispherical (dome shaped) cushion hemispherical (dome shaped) cushion low cushion
Compactness compact, hard intermediate compact, hard
Leaf arrangement imbricate rosulate imbricate
Leaf shape linear-lanceolate obovate to spatulate oblong-ovate
Leaf texture thin, papery thickened, fleshy thickened, fleshy
Flower solitary raceme 2–4-flowered solitary
Petal color whitish pink, pink pink throughout or white with pink claws white to pale yellow
Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid silicle ovoid silicle ellipsoid silicle
Fruiting pedicels stout slender slender
Fruit valves thick leathery, carinate, glabrous papery, not veined, densely tomentose outside leathery, carinate, glabrous

In both nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies, Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis fell in a clade consisting of Ladakiella and Crucihimalaya species, indicating that the new taxon is phylogenetically close to these two genera, which had been assigned to the tribe Crucihimalayeae by German and Al-Shehbaz (2010). This study therefore supported Pulvinatusia to be the third genus within Crucihimalayeae. However, the intergeneric relationship within this tribe was not resolved. In the nuclear rDNA (ITS) phylogeny, two accessions of P. xuegulaensis were embedded in a clade consisting of nine Crucihimalaya species and then sister to L. klimesii (Fig. 3). This indicates that the genus Crucihimalaya as currently delimited (German 2005; Al-Shehbaz et al. 2011) is not monophyletic. In fact, generic delimitation and systematic position of Crucihimalaya have been in dispute for a long time. This genus was first established by Al-Shehbaz et al. (1999) to accommodate nine species excluded from Arabidopsis based on morphological and molecular evidences (Price et al. 1994; O’Kane et al. 1995). This delimitation was followed by Zhou et al. (2001) and Appel and Al-Shehbaz (2003), and the genus had been assigned to the tribe Camelineae by Al-Shehbaz et al. (2006) in their first scheme of tribal classification. However, subsequent molecular studies revealed that Crucihimalaya is phylogenetically distant to taxa from Camelineae but formed a clade with species Arabis tibetica Hook.f. & Thomson, A. tenuisiliqua Rech.f. & Köie, A. rupicola Krylov, Transberingia bursifolia (DC.) Al-Shehbaz & O’Kane and Alyssum klimesii (O’kane and Al-Shehbaz 2003; Koch et al. 2007; Warwick et al. 2008; German et al. 2009). These species then had been transferred to Crucihimalaya and resulted in a heterogeneous genus including 13 species (German and Ebel 2005; German 2005; Al-Shehbaz et al. 2011), whereas a new genus Ladakiella was created to accommodate L. klimesii excluded from Alyssum (German and Al-Shehbaz 2010). Both Ladakiella and Crucihimalaya s.l. were assigned to the newly proposed tribe Crucihimalayeae (German and Al-Shehbaz 2010). The ITS phylogeny constructed in this study suggested either to combine P. xuegulaensis with Crucihimalaya s.l. or split the latter genus into several segregates. Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis is very similar to L. klimesii in gross morphology as they both share pulvinate habit and inflated ovoid silicles. These morphological similarities corresponded to their phylogenetic relationships revealed in the plastome phylogeny, within which these two species formed a clade sister to three Crucihimalaya species (Fig. 4). The discrepancy between nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies revealed in this study might be attributed to two main reasons: 1) sampling difference, i.e., there are nine species from Crucihimalaya s.l. sampled in the ITS phylogeny, but only three species sampled in the plastome phylogeny, especially lack of C. bursifolia and C. rupicola. 2) reticulate evolution caused by hybridization and/or introgression, of which evolutionary processes have been proposed for numerous taxa in the mustard family (Mummenhoff et al. 2004; Lihová et al. 2006; Dierschke et al. 2009; German and Friesen 2014; Mandáková et al. 2017; Hohmann and Koch 2017; Chen et al. 2020). To clarify inter- and infrageneric relationships within Crucihimalayeae, studies with comprehensive sampling and more molecular markers are needed.

The discovery of Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis added one new genus and species to the cushion plant list compiled by Aubert et al. (2014). The cushion habit had long been considered a good example of evolutionary convergence among various plants in alpine and arctic regions (Aubert et al. 2014). It had been suggested to evolve independently four times in South American Brassicaceae (Salariato et al. 2015b) and happened at least 115 times in whole angiosperms (Boucher et al. 2016). Characterized by dense branches and compact structure, cushion plants usually form hemispheric or mat shapes, which enables them to adapt to cold and/or dry harsh environments and also facilitate other alpine plant species by nurse trait effects (Körner 2003; Yang et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2017). However, nothing is known about the underlying genetic basis of adaptation to alpine environments of cushion plants. All the three genera of Crucihimalayeae coexist in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and all species of Crucihimalaya are not pulvinate, while both L. klimesii and P. xuegulaensis are cushion species, thus provide an excellent system to decode the genetic basis of the formation of cushion structure and study the adaptive evolution of cushion plants, and the available genome of C. himalaica (Zhang et al. 2019) can facilitate this process.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (2019QZKK0502), the Key Projects of the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1802232), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20050203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32000160, 32060237) and the Yunnan Ten-thousand Talents Plan Young & Elite Talent Project (YNWR-QNBJ-2019-154).

References

  • Al-Shehbaz IA (2015) Brassicaceae. In: Hong DY (Ed.) Flora of Pan-Himalaya (Vol. 30). Science Press, Beijing & Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 593 pp.
  • Al-Shehbaz IA, O’Kane SL, Price RA (1999) Generic placement of species excluded from Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae). Novon 9(3): 296–307. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391724
  • Al-Shehbaz IA, Beilstein MA, Kellogg EA (2006) Systematics and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): An overview. Plant Systematics and Evolution 259(2–4): 89–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0415-z
  • Aubert S, Boucher F, Lavergne S, Renaud J, Choler P (2014) 1914–2014: A revised worldwide catalogue of cushion plants 100 years after Hauri and Schröter. Alpine Botany 124(1): 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-014-0127-x
  • Boucher FC, Lavergne S, Basile M, Choler P, Aubert S (2016) Evolution and biogeography of the cushion life form in angiosperms. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 20: 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2016.03.002
  • Capella-Gutiérrez S, Silla-Martínez JM, Gabaldón T (2009) trimAl: A tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 25(15): 1972–1973. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348
  • Chen JG, Schöb C, Zhou Z, Gong QB, Li XH, Yang Y, Li ZM, Sun H (2015) Cushion plants can have a positive effect on diversity at high elevations in the Himalayan Hengduan Mountains. Journal of Vegetation Science 26(4): 768–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12275
  • Chen JG, Li YB, Yang Y, Sun H (2017) How cushion communities are maintained in alpine ecosystems: A review and case study on alpine cushion plant reproduction. Plant Diversity 39(4): 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2017.07.002
  • Chen HL, Al-Shehbaz IA, Yue JP, Sun H (2019) Sisymbrium linifolium and Sisymbriopsis schugnana (Brassicaceae), two new records from Xinjiang, China. PhytoKeys 119: 39–52. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.119.32985
  • Chen HL, German DA, Al-Shehbaz IA, Yue JP, Sun H (2020) Phylogeny of Euclidieae (Brassicaceae) based on plastome and nuclear ribosomal DNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 153: e106940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106940
  • Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: More models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9(8): e772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
  • Dierschke T, Mandáková T, Lysak MA, Mummenhoff K (2009) A bicontinental origin of polyploid Australian/New Zealand Lepidium species (Brassicaceae)? Evidence from genomic in situ hybridization. Annals of Botany 104(4): 681–688. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp161
  • German DA (2005) Contribution to the taxonomy of Arabidopsis s.l. (Cruciferae): The status of Transberingia and two new combinations in Crucihimalaya. Turczaninowia 8(4): 5–15.
  • German DA, Ebel AL (2005) Generic placement of Arabidopsis rupicola (Cruciferae). Turczaninowia 8(3): 5–12.
  • German DA, Friesen N, Neuffer B, Al-Shehbaz IA, Hurka H (2009) Contribution to ITS phylogeny of the Brassicaceae, with special reference to some Asian taxa. Plant Systematics and Evolution 283(1–2): 33–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-009-0213-5
  • Hauri H, Schröter C (1914) Versuch einer Übersicht der siphonogamen Polsterpflanzen. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie herausgegeben 50(Suppl): 618–656.
  • Hohmann N, Koch MA (2017) An Arabidopsis introgression zone studied at high spatio-temporal resolution: Interglacial and multiple genetic contact exemplified using whole nuclear and plastid genomes. BMC Genomics 18(1): 810. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4220-6
  • Jin JJ, Yu WB, Yang JB, Song Y, dePamphilis CW, Yi TS, Li DZ (2020) GetOrganelle: A fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. Genome Biology 21(1): e241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02154-5
  • Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30(4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
  • Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, Stones-Havas S, Cheung M, Sturrock S, Buxton S, Cooper A, Markowitz S, Duran C, Thierer T, Ashton B, Meintjes P, Drummond A (2012) Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 28(12): 1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199
  • Koch MA, Dobeš C, Kiefer C, Schmickl R, Klimeš L, Lysak MA (2007) Supernetwork identifies multiple events of plastid trnF (GAA) pseudogene evolution in the Brassicaceae. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24(1): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msl130
  • Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33(7): 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
  • Lihová J, Shimizu KK, Marhold K (2006) Allopolyploid origin of Cardamine asarifolia (Brassicaceae): Incongruence between plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences solved by a single-copy nuclear gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(3): 759–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.027
  • Mandáková T, Pouch M, Harmanová K, Zhan SH, Mayrose I, Lysak MA (2017) Multi‐speed genome diploidization and diversification after an ancient allopolyploidization. Molecular Ecology 26(22): 6445–6462. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14379
  • Miller M, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), IEEE, 1–8. New Orleans, LA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
  • Mummenhoff K, Franzke A, Koch M (1997) Molecular phylogenetics of Thlaspi s.l. (Brassicaceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. and sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Canadian Journal of Botany 75(3): 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1139/b97-051
  • Mummenhoff K, Linder P, Friesen N, Bowman JL, Lee JY, Franzke A (2004) Molecular evidence for bicontinental hybridogenous genomic constitution in Lepidium sensu stricto (Brassicaceae) species from Australia and New Zealand. American Journal of Botany 91(2): 254–261. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.2.254
  • O’Kane SJ, Al-Shehbaz IA (2003) Phylogenetic position and generic limits of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae) based on sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90(4): 603–612. https://doi.org/10.2307/3298545
  • O’Kane SJ, Al-Shehbaz IA, Schaal BA (1995) Phylogenetics of Arabidopsis: Scope and content based on DNA sequences of nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacers. American Journal of Botany 82(Suppl): 154 pp.
  • Price RA, Palmer JD, Al-Shehbaz IA (1994) Systematic relationships of Arabidopsis: A molecular and morphological perspective. In: Meyerowitz EM, Somerville CR (Eds) Arabidopsis. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 7–19.
  • Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61(3): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
  • Salariato DL, Zuloaga FO, Cano A, Al-Shehbaz IA (2015b) Molecular phylogenetics of tribe Eudemeae (Brassicaceae) and implications for its morphology and distribution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 82(Part A): 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.030
  • Walden N, German DA, Wolf EM, Kiefer M, Rigault P, Huang XC, Kiefer C, Schmickl R, Franzke A, Neuffer B, Mummenhoff K, Koch MA (2020) Nested whole-genome duplications coincide with diversification and high morphological disparity in Brassicaceae. Nature Communications 11(1): e3795. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17605-7
  • Warwick SI, Sauder CA, Al-Shehbaz IA (2008) Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Alysseae (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. Botany 86(4): 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1139/B08-013
  • White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (Eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
  • Xia XH (2018) DAMBE7: New and improved tools for Data Analysis in Molecular Biology and Evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35(6): 1550–1552. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy073
  • Yang Y, Niu Y, Cavieres LA, Sun H (2010) Positive associations between the cushion plant Arenaria polytrichoides (Caryophyllaceae) and other alpine plant species increase with altitude in the Sino-Himalayas. Journal of Vegetation Science 21(6): 1048–1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01215.x
  • Yang Y, Chen JG, Schöb C, Sun H (2017) Size-mediated interaction between a cushion species and other non-cushion species at high elevations of the Hengduan Mountains, SW China. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: e465. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00465
  • Zhang TC, Qiao Q, Novikova PY, Wang Q, Yue JP, Guan YL, Ming SP, Liu TM, De J, Liu YX, Al-Shehbaz IA, Sun H, Van Montagu M, Huang JL, Van de Peer Y, Qiong L (2019) Genome of Crucihimalaya himalaica, a close relative of Arabidopsis, shows ecological adaptation to high altitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116(14): 7137–7146. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817580116
  • Zhou TY, Lu LL, Yang G, Al-Shehbaz IA (2001) Brassicaceae. In: Wu CY, Raven PH (Eds) Flora of China (Vol. 8). Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 193 pp.

Appendix 1

Taxon and GenBank accession numbers for the ITS and plastid genome sequences downloaded from GenBank and used in this study.

ITS:Outgroup: Cleome lutea Hook. (AF137588); Ingroups: Aethionemeae: Aethionema saxatile (L.) W.T. Aiton (GQ284853), Alysseae: Clypeola lappacea Boiss. (EF514645), Odontarrhena chalcidica (Janka) Španiel & al. (GQ284877), Alyssopsideae: Alyssopsis mollis (Jacq.) O. E. Schulz (GQ424523), Olimarabidopsis pumila (Stephan) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R. A. Price (AY662277), Anastaticeae: Anastatica hierochuntica L. (GQ424524), Cithareloma lehmannii Bunge (DQ357528), Anchonieae: Sterigmostemum billardieri (DC.) D.A. German (DQ357512), Sterigmostemum sulphureum (Banks & Sol.) Bornm. (KJ663764), Aphragmeae: Aphragmus nepalensis (H. Hara) Al-Shehbaz (DQ165335), Aphragmus oxycarpus (Hook. f. & Thomson) Jafri (DQ165337), Arabideae: Arabis alpina L. (DQ060111), Baimashania pulvinata Al-Shehbaz (FJ187969), Baimashania wangii Al-Shehbaz (JQ919842), Asteae: Asta schaffneri subsp. pringlei (O.E. Schulz) Al-Shehbaz (HQ541169), Asta schaffneri subsp. stricta (Rollins) Al-Shehbaz (HQ541171), Biscutelleae: Biscutella laevigata L. (KF022694), Megadenia pygmaea Maxim. (KX943555), Bivonaeeae: Bivonaea lutea (Biv.) DC. (HQ327490), Boechereae: Boechera fendleri (S. Watson) W. A. Weber (JX146958), Borodinia macrophylla (Turcz.) O. E. Schulz (EU274865), Brassiceae: Brassica balearica Pers. (AF263402), Raphanus sativus L. (FJ980407), Buniadeae: Bunias erucago L. (GQ497885), Calepineae: Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thell. (DQ249822), Goldbachia laevigata (M. Bieb.) DC. (DQ357546), Camelineae: Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (KJ623504), Capsella thracica Velen. (HE575243), Cardamineae: Cardamine occulta Hornem. (KX244391), Nasturtium officinale W. T. Aiton (AY254531), Chorisporeae: Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. (DQ249866), Diptychocarpus strictus (Fisch. ex M. Bieb.) Trautv. (DQ357534), Cochlearieae: Cochlearia officinalis L. (HQ268642), Ionopsidium abulense (Pau) Rothm. (HQ268661), Coluteocarpeae: Noccaea thlaspidioides (Pall.) F. K. Mey. (DQ249838), Noccaea vesicaria (L.) Al-Shehbaz (GQ497857), Conringieae: Conringia clavata Boiss. (AY722505), Zuvanda exacoides (DC.) Askerova (DQ357607), Cremolobeae: Cremolobus chilensis (Lag. ex DC.) DC. (GQ424530), Cremolobus rhomboideus Hook. (KF662762), Crucihimalayeae: Crucihimalaya bursifolia (DC.) D. A. German & A. L. Ebel (AF137557), Crucihimalaya himalaica (Edgew.) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R. A. Price (AY662283), Crucihimalaya kneuckeri (Bornm.) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R. A. Price (AF137550), Crucihimalaya mollissima (C.A. Mey.) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R. A. Price (DQ249845), Crucihimalaya lasiocarpa (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R. A. Price (AF137556), Crucihimalaya rupicola (Krylov) A. L. Ebel & D. A. German (FJ187923), Crucihimalaya stricta (Cambess.) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R. A. Price (AF137554), Crucihimalaya tenuisiliqua (Rech.f. & Köie) Al-Shehbaz, D. A. German & M. A. Koch (KF547304), Crucihimalaya wallichii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R. A. Price (AY662282), Ladakiella klimesii (Al-Shehbaz) D. A. German & Al-Shehbaz (EF514608), Descurainieae: Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl (AF205587), Ianhedgea minutiflora (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz & O’Kane (HQ896625), Dontostemoneae: Clausia trichosepala (Turcz.) F. Dvořák (LK021263), Dontostemon senilis Maxim. (LK021244), Erysimeae: Erysimum majellense Polatschek (KJ418042); Erysimum serpentinicum Polatschek (KJ418068), Euclidieae: Braya scharnhorstii Regel & Schmalh. (MH23787), Leiospora pamirica (Botsch. & Vved.) Botsch. & Pachom. (MH237698), Pycnoplinthus uniflora (Hook. f. & Thomson) O. E. Schulz (MH237701), Solms-laubachia pulcherrima Muschl. (MH237723), Strigosella africana (L.) Botsch. (MH237728), Eudemeae: Dactylocardamum imbricatifolium Al-Shehbaz (KM376257), Eudema nubigena Humb. & Bonpl. (KC174370), Onuris hatcheriana (Gilg ex Macloskie) Gilg & Muschl. (KM376239), Xerodraba lycopodioides (Speg.) Skottsb. (KM376221), Eutremeae: Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz. (JN387782), Eutrema scapiflorum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz, G. Q. Hao & J. Q. Liu (DQ518398), Halimolobeae: Halimolobos jaegeri (Munz) Rollins (AF137567), Pennellia longifolia (Benth.) Rollins (AF307627), Heliophileae: Heliophila coronopifolia L. (DQ249846), Heliophila pusilla L. f. (LN589686), Hesperideae: Hesperis sibirica L. (DQ357549), Hesperis isatidea (Boiss.) D.A. German & Al-Shehbaz (GQ497882), Hillielleae: Hilliella rivulorum (Dunn) Y. H. Zhang & H. W. Li (KX244376), Hilliella sinuata (K.C. Kuan) Y. H. Zhang & H. W. Li (KX244377), Iberideae: Iberis saxatilis L. (LN589689), Iberis umbellata L. (AY237921), Isatideae: Isatis tinctoria L. (GQ131323), Myagrum perfoliatum L. (GQ424547), Kernereae: Kernera saxatilis subsp. boissieri (Reut.) Nyman (AJ440314), Rhizobotrya alpina Tausch (AJ440315), Lepidieae: Delpinophytum patagonicum (Speg.) Speg. (KM376225), Lepidium aretioides (Hedge) Al-Shehbaz (GQ497859), Lepidium papilliferum (L.F. Hend.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr. (JF541495), Lepidium mendocinensis (Hauman) Al-Shehbaz (GQ497890), Malcolmieae: Malcolmia maritima (L.) W. T. Aiton (AM905723), Malcolmia orsiniana (Ten.) Ten. (DQ357560), Megacarpaeeae: Megacarpaea delavayi Franch. (KX244385), Pugionium dolabratum Maxim. (JF978171), Microlepidieae: Blennodia pterosperma (J.M. Black) J. M. Black (DQ357519), Pachycladon radicata (Hook. f.) Heenan & A. D. Mitch. (EF015693), Scambopus curvipes (F. Muell.) O. E. Schulz (JX630167), Notothlaspideae: Notothlaspi australe Hook. f. (AF100689), Notothlaspi rosulatum Hook. f. (AF100690), Oreophytoneae: Murbeckiella huetii (Boiss.) Rothm. (GQ424546), Oreophyton falcatum (E. Fourn.) O. E. Schulz (GQ424549), Physarieae: Nerisyrenia linearifolia (S. Watson) Greene (AF055200), Physaria occidentalis (S. Watson) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz (KU975797), Schizopetaleae: Mathewsia foliosa Hook. & Arn. (KC174387), Schizopetalon brachycarpum Al-Shehbaz (KC174407), Scoliaxoneae: Scoliaxon mexicanus (S. Watson) Payson (HQ541175), Shehbazieae: Shehbazia tibetica (Maxim.) D. A. German (LN713855), Sisymbrieae: Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. (AF531565), Sisymbrium orientale L. (AF531592), Smelowskieae: Smelowskia borealis (Greene) W. H. Drury & Rollins (AY230571), Smelowskia calycina (Stephan ex Willd.) C. A. Mey. (AY230604), Stevenieae: Macropodium pterospermum F. Schmidt (GU182055), Stevenia cheiranthoides DC. (GU182059), Thelypodieae: Chaunanthus acuminatus (Rollins) R. A. Price & Al-Shehbaz (GQ497855), Thelypodium laciniatum (Hook.) Endl. (KJ953749), Thlaspideae: Didymophysa fedtschenkoana Regel (EF514647), Thlaspi arvense L. (KT220620), Turritideae: Turritis glabra L. (DQ518389), Turritis laxa (Sm.) Hayek (KF547126), Yinshanieae: Yinshania henryi (Oliv.) Y. H. Zhang (KX244390), Yinshania zayuensis Y. H. Zhang (KX244395), Unassigned genera:Asperuginoides axillaris (Boiss. & Hohen.) Rauschert (EF514626), Atacama nivea (Phil.) Toro, Mort & Al-Shehbaz (KC174381), Chamira circaeoides (L.f.) Zahlbr. (AJ862719, AJ862720), Dipoma iberideum Franch. (GQ497861), Fourraea alpina (L.) Greuter & Burdet (DQ518395), Hemilophia sessilifolia Al-Shehbaz, Arai & H. Ohba (KT762595), Idahoa scapigera (Hook.) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr. (MF964066), Schrenkiella parvula (Schrenk) D. A. German & Al-Shehbaz (AF137579), Subularia aquatica L. (MF963829).

Plastid genome: Outgroup: Cleome lutea Hook. (MK637687), Ingroups: Aethionemeae: Aethionema saxatile (L.) W. T. Aiton (MK637661), Alysseae: Alyssum turkestanicum Regel & Schmalh. (KY498535), Alyssopsideae: Alyssopsis mollis (Jacq.) O. E. Schulz (MK637657), Anastaticeae: Anastatica hierochuntica L. (KY912021), Anchonieae: Sterigmostemum violaceum (Botsch.) H. L. Yang (MK637808), Asteae: Asta schaffneri (S. Watson) O. E. Schulz (MK637662), Biscutelleae: Biscutella lyrata L. (MH359179), Bivonaeeae: Bivonaea lutea (Biv.) DC. (SRR8528386), Boechereae: Boechera angustifolia (Nutt.) Dorn (MK637673), Brassiceae: Brassica napus L. (GQ861354), Buniadeae: Bunias erucago L. (LN877377), Calepineae: Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thell. (MK637682), Camelineae: Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (LN877386), Cardamineae: Cardamine resedifolia L. (KJ136822), Chorisporeae: Litwinowia tenuissima (Pall.) Woronow ex Pavlov (MK637744), Cochlearieae: Cochlearia borzaeana (Coman & Nyár.) Pobed. (LN866844), Conringieae: Conringia orientalis (L.) C. Presl (MK637689), Cremolobeae: Cremolobus peruvianus (Lam.) DC. (MK637692), Crucihimalayeae: Crucihimalaya lasiocarpa (Hook. f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R. A. Price (MK637686), Crucihimalaya wallichii (Hook. f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R. A. Price (AP009372), Ladakiella klimesii (Al-Shehbaz) D. A. German & Al-Shehbaz (MK637741), Dontostemoneae: Dontostemon micranthus C. A. Mey. (KY912023), Euclidieae: Braya scharnhorstii Regel & Schmalh. (MT845129), Leiospora pamirica (Botsch. & Vved.) Botsch. & Pachom. (MT845148), Pycnoplinthus uniflora (Hook. f. & Thomson) O. E. Schulz (MT845156), Strigosella africana (L.) Botsch. (MT845193), Eudemeae: Brayopsis alpaminae Gilg & Muschl. (MK637666), Solms-laubachia pulcherrima Muschl. (MT845182), Eutremeae: Eutrema heterophyllum (W. W. Sm.) H. Hara (KT270358), Halimolobeae: Halimolobos jaegeri (Munz) Rollins (MK637824), Heliophileae: Heliophila amplexicaulis L. f. (MK637720), Hesperideae: Hesperis sylvestris Crantz (KY912027), Iberideae: Iberis amara L. (MK637733), Isatideae: Isatis tinctoria L. (KT591187), Kernereae: Kernera saxatilis (L.) Sweet (MK637737), Lepidieae: Delpinophytum patagonicum (Speg.) Speg. (K637706), Lepidium virginicum L. (AP009374), Malcolmieae: Malcolmia maritima (L.) W. T. Aiton (MK637751), Megacarpaeeae: Megacarpaea delavayi Franch. (KX886349), Microlepidieae: Arabidella trisecta (F. Muell.) O. E. Schulz (MK637664), Pachycladon cheesmanii Heenan & A. D. Mitch. (JQ806762), Stenopetalum lineare R. Br. ex DC. (MK637800), Notothlaspideae: Notothlaspi australe Hook. f. (MK637761), Oreophytoneae: Oreophyton falcatum (E. Fourn.) O. E. Schulz (MK637767), Physarieae: Physaria pinetorum (Wooton & Standl.) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz (MK637778), Schizopetaleae: Schizopetalon walkeri Sims (MK637809), Scoliaxoneae: Scoliaxon mexicanus (S. Watson) Payson (MK637801), Shehbazieae: Shehbazia tibetica (Maxim.) D. A. German (MK637829), Thelypodieae: Thelypodium laciniatum (Hook.) Endl. (MK637813), Thlaspideae: Thlaspi arvense L. (KX886351), Unassigned genera:Atacama nivea (Phil.) Toro, Mort & Al-Shehbaz (MK637821), Chamira circaeoides (L. f.) Zahlbr. (MK637678), Dipoma iberideum Franch. (MK637702), Fourraea alpina (L.) Greuter & Burdet (MK637717), Hemilophia sessilifolia Al-Shehbaz, Arai & H. Ohba (MK637730), Idahoa scapigera (Hook.) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr. (MK637735), Schrenkiella parvula (Schrenk) D. A. German & Al-Shehbaz (KT222186), Subularia aquatica L. (MK637792).

Appendix 2

Download as
CSV
XLSX

Species and data description of ITS and plastomes used in this study.

Taxon Voucher Specimens Locations ITS GenBank numbers Plastome GenBank numbers Plastome length (bp) Number of plastome gap
Aphragmus sp. YZC250 (KUN) Daocheng, China OL800589 153022
Asperuginoides axillaris SunHang17434 (KUN) Uzbekistan OL800590 153193
Crucihimalaya himalaica No specimen Batang, China OL800599 155112
Dendroarabis fruticulosa YC-XZ019 (KUN) Altay, China OL800587 152755
Descurainia sophia YC-XZ070 (KUN) Fukang, China OL800591 153829
Erysimum wardii YZC202 (KUN) Lhasa, China OL800596 154466
Hilliella fumarioides ZJW4302 (KUN) Jinhua, China OL800598 154988
Hilliella yixianensis ZJW4330 (KUN) Yixian, China OL800594 154334 2 gaps
Noccaea yunnanensis YZC223 (KUN) Shangrila, China OL800588 152801
Pulvinatusia xuegulaensis ZBFC-510 (KUN) Damxung, China OL828562
P. xuegulaensis ZJW3454 (KUN) Damxung, China OL828563 OL800600 155134
Sisymbrium brassiciforme YC-XZ025 (KUN) Altay, China OL800593 154238
Smelowskia tibetica YC-XZ132 (KUN) Rutog, China OL800595 154433
Stevenia canescens YC-XZ140 (KUN) Gar, China OL800597 154667
Turritis glabra YC-XZ035 (KUN) Burqin, China OL800592 154196 1 gap
Yinshania henryi ZJW4523 (KUN) Nanchuan, China OL800602 155553 1 gap
Yinshania zayuensis ZJW4430 (KUN) Zhangjiajie, China OL800601 155401
login to comment