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Malvaceae
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Bombacaceae were long recognised as a family of flowering plants or Angiospermae. The family name was based on the type genus Bombax. As is true for many botanical names, circumscription and status of the taxon has varied with taxonomic point of view, and currently the preference is to transfer most of the erstwhile family Bombacaceae to the subfamily Bombacoideae within the family Malvaceae in the order Malvales. The rest of the family were transferred to other taxa, notably the new family Durionaceae. Irrespective of current taxonomic status, many of the species originally included in the Bombacaceae are of considerable ecological, historical, horticultural, and economic importance, such as balsa, kapok, baobab and durian.
Current taxonomy[edit]
Recent phylogenetic research has shown that Bombacaceae as traditionally circumscribed (including tribe Durioneae) is not a monophyletic group. Furthermore, Bombacaceae is no longer recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group I 1998, II 2003 and Kubitzki system 2003 at the rank of family, the bulk of the taxa in question being treated as subfamily Bombacoideae within family Malvaceae sensu lato. A close relationship between Bombacaceae and Malvaceae has long been recognized but until recently the families have been kept separate in most classification systems, and continue to be separated in many references, including the reference work in classification of flowering plants: Heywood et al. 2007 [1] and Takhtajan 2009,[2] but have been lumped together in Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.[3]
Heywood et al. [1] say "although closely related to Malvaceae, molecular data supports their separation. Only pollen and habit seem to provide a morphological basis for the separation." On the other hand they say: "One approach is to lump them [the families in the core Malvales, including Bombacaceae] all into a 'super' Malvaceae, recognizing them as subfamilies. The other, taken here, is to recognize each of these ten groups as families."
As circumscribed in its traditional sense, the family Bombacaceae includes around 30 genera (25 genera after Heywood et al. [1]) with about 250 species of tropical trees, some of considerable girth, so called "bottle trees". Many species grow to become large trees, with Ceiba pentandra the tallest, reaching a height to 70 m. Several of the genera are commercially important, producing timber, edible fruit or useful fibres. The family is noted for some of the softest hardwoods commercially traded, especially balsa, Ochroma lagopus. The fruit of the durian, Durio zibethinus is famous, tasting better than it smells. At one time the fibre from the kapok tree, Ceiba pentandra was used in making lifebuoys. The baobabs or "bottle trees" (Adansonia spp.) are important icons in certain parts of Africa, Australia and Madagascar, noted for their immensely stout trunk development, a mechanism for enhancing water storage.
Genera[edit]
- Adansonia L.
- Aguiaria Ducke
- Bernoullia Oliv.
- Bombax L.
- Catostemma Benth.
- Cavanillesia Ruiz & Pav.
- Ceiba Mill.
- Chiranthodendron Larreat. (according to Kubitzki in subf. Bombacoideae [4] and considered more closely related to Fremontodendron by Baum et al. 2004 [5])
- Eriotheca Schott & Endl.
- Fremontodendron Coville (according to Heywood et al. [1])
- Gyranthera Pittier
- Huberodendron Ducke
- Matisia Bonpl.
- Neobuchia Urb.
- Ochroma Sw.
- Pachira Aubl.
- Patinoa Cuatrec.
- Pentaplaris L.O.Williams & Standl. (according to Kubitzki in subf. Bombacoideae, but incertae sedis [4])
- Phragmotheca Cuatrec.
- Pseudobombax Dugand
- Quararibea Aubl.
- Scleronema Benth.
- Septotheca Ulbr.
- Spirotheca Ulbr. (according to Heywood et al. [1])
- Genera of tribe Durioneae excluded from Bombacaceae after Heywood et al. 2007 and that should be included in Durionaceae [1]
- Boschia Korth.
- Coelostegia Benth.
- Cullenia Wight
- Durio Adans.
- Kostermansia Soegeng
- Neesia Blume
- Genus that should be excluded from Bombacaceae after Heywood et al. 2007 and that be included in Malvaceae s. s.[1]
- Camptostemon Mast.
- Genera considered synonym after Kubitzki 2003 [4]
- Bombacopsis Pittier = Pachira Aubl.
- Chorisia Kunth = Ceiba Mill.
- Rhodognaphalon (Ulbr.) Roberty = Pachira Aubl.
- Genus not treated in Kubitzki [4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books. ISBN 1-55407-206-9.
- ^ Takhtajan, Armen (2009). Flowering Plants (Second edition ed.). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.
- ^ "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Malvales". Missouri Botanical Garden.
- ^ a b c d Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C., (2003).The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Vol. 5: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales
- ^ Baum, D. A., DeWitt Smith, S., Yen, A., Alverson, W. S., Nyffeler, R., Whitlock, B. A. & Oldham, R. A. (2004). American Journal of Botany 91(11):1863-1871.
- ^ Mabberley, D.J. (1997). The plant-book (2nd edition ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41421-0.
- Bombacaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards) The families of flowering plants: descriptions.
- World checklist of malvaceae: 12. Bombacoideae
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombacaceae&oldid=558627460 |
Sparrmanniaceae is a segregate plant family, containing plants which have more commonly been classified in Malvaceae or Tiliaceae. In the most recent proposed circumscription, that of Cheek ex Heywood et al.,[1] it corresponds to subfamily Grewioideae of the APG family Malvaceae.[2]
References
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Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sparrmanniaceae&oldid=526562615 |
Small trees, lianes, shrubs or herbs, often stellately hairy. Stipules small, deciduous. Leaves alternate, often asymmetric and 3-veined from the base. Flowers usually bisexual, actinomorphic. Sepals 5, or sometimes 2-4, free or occasionally connate. Petals free, equalling number of sepals, rarely 0. Stamens usually numerous. Ovary superior, 2-10-locular. Fruit a dry or ± fleshy drupe or schizocarp.
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Stipules usually present. Leaves usually alternate, simple or digitately compound. Flowers bisexual, unisexual or polygamous, actinomorphic. Calyx ± divided into (usually 5) lobes. Epicalyx bracts usually present. Petals usually 5, hypogynous or 0. Stamens 5-many, staminodes sometimes present. Anthers 2-thecous. Ovary superior, 2-5-locular or with 2-5 ± coherent carpels which separate in fruit.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually with stellate hairs. Stipules present. Leaves alternate, often palmately divided. Flowers bisexual (rarely unisexual [in ours?]), actinomorphic. Epicalyx usually present, sometimes 0. Calyx (3-)5-lobed, truncate or occasionally 5- to 10-toothed. Petals 5, free. Stamens numerous, united in a tube surrounding the style. Anthers 1-thecous. Ovary superior, (1-)2-many-locular. Style often branched at apex. Fruit (in ours) either a dehiscent capsule or a schizocarp (composed of a number of mericarps arranged around a central axis).
The following description refers to Adansonia only. Tree, with an extraordinary swollen trunk. Stipules present, deciduous. Leaves alternate, simple (in young trees) or digitate (in older trees). Flowers large and showy, pendulous, solitary in leaf axils, bisexual, actinomorphic. Pedicels with 2 bracteoles. Calyx deeply 5-lobed (in ours), often with an epicalyx. Petals 5, free. Stamens numerous, united into a tube below (in ours); anthers 1-thecous. Ovary superior, 5-10-locular (in ours). Fruit woody, indehiscent (in ours).
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Rights holder/Author | Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten, Petra Ballings, Flora of Zimbabwe |
Source | http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/family.php?family_id=35 |
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Apion aeneum feeds within stem of Malvaceae
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Apion malvae feeds within fruit of Malvaceae
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Apion radiolus feeds within stem of Malvaceae
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Apion rufirostre feeds within fruit of Malvaceae
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / miner
larva of Liriomyza strigata mines leaf of Malvaceae
Foodplant / feeds on
gregarious, covered by blackened epidermis, finally erumpent by a slit pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Phomopsis malvacearum feeds on stem of Malvaceae
Foodplant / open feeder
imago of Podagrica fuscicornis grazes on leaf of Malvaceae
Foodplant / open feeder
imago of Podagrica fuscipes grazes on leaf of Malvaceae
Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Pyrrhocoris apterus sucks sap of Malvaceae
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Malvaceae.htm |
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