Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 5 (Tutin et al., 1980) as Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl., Bot. Not.1953: 355 (1953). The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Valdés et al., 2009+) is Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vysš. Rast. 7: 47. 1971.
Distribution: Native to Macaronesia, from the Mediterranean to Sahara, Caucasus to Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, West Himalaya and Indian Peninsula according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Dry grasslands, hill pastures, rocky terrains.
Lifeform: Annual; therophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.
Rostraria cristata – habit in habitat. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – flowering stems. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – inflorescence with spikelets. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – inflorescence with spikelets. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – inflorescence with spikelets. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – stem and leaf. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – stem and leaf. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – stem and leaf. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – stem and leaf. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – stem and leaf. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – adaxial side of leaf lamina. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – abaxial side of leaf lamina. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – stem node. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Rostraria cristata – basal leaves. Osogovo, mountain ridge between the gorges of “Kochanska” River and “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Rostraria cristata. Valdés, B. & Scholz, H.; with contributions from Raab-Straube, E. von & Parolly, G. (2009+): Poaceae (pro parte majore). Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published on the Internet https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/2cfb7062-a9de-49ca-ac70-cc68bd927757 [Accessed 06.06.2022].
Taxonomy: Fam. Poaceae// Genus: Hordeum// Species: Hordeum bulbosum L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Humphries in Tutin et al. (1980).
Distribution: Native from the Mediterranean to West and Central Asia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Grasslands, clearings of oak forests and ruderal areas.
Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.
Hordeum bulbosum – habit. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – flowering stems with inflorescences. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – inflorescence. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – spikelets. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – spikelets. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – spikelets. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – spikelets. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – spikelets. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – stems with leaves. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – stems with leaves. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – stems with leaves. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – stem, leaf sheath with ligul and proximal part of leaf lamina. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – stem, leaf sheath with ligul and proximal part of leaf lamina. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – adaxial side of leaf lamina. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – abaxial side of leaf lamina. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – plant base. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – stem with swollen base. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – swollen base of stem. Village of Shtalkovica, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – habit. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – habit. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – habit. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – habit. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – inflorescence. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – spikelets. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – spikelets. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 28.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – spikelets. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 28.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – spikelets. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 28.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – stems with leaves. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – stems with leaves. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – leaf. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – leaf sheath and ligule. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – swollen base of stem. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 28.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – swollen base of stem. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – swollen base of stem. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Hordeum bulbosum – swollen base of stem. Osogovo – between village of Rajchani and the Svilanovo region, 20.05.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Taxonomy: Fam. Iridaceae// Genus: Gladiolus// Species: Gladiolus illyricus W. D. J. Koch.
Determined according to the botanical keys provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 5 (Tutin et al., 1980).
Lifeform: Perrenial; Geophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from South Europe to Turkey according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). Also native to Great Britain and Northwest Africa according to The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2010).
Habitat: Sparse woods and shrubland in the zone of mixed oak forests.
Flowering period: Early summer: JUN.
Gladiolus illyricus – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – habit. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – inflorescence. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – flowers. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – flowers. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – flowers. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – flower. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – flower. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – flower. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – flower. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – leaves. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – lflower stalk and leaves. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Gladiolus illyricus – leaf. Osogovo, mountain ridge between lake “Gradche” and the gorge of “Orizarska” River, 04.06.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Taxonomy: Apiaceae// Genus: Sanicula// Species: Sanicula europaea L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Tutin (Umbelliferae – key to genera and Sanicula L.) in Tutin at al. (1968) and Matevski (Umbelliferae – key to genera) and Micevski (Sanicula L.) in Micevski (2005).
Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to West Siberia and Iran; Northwest Africa according to the distribution information provided by Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: European beech forests, on somewhat shaded positions.
Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.
Sanicula europaea – habit. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – flowering stems. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – capitula with flowers. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – capitula with flowers. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – capitula with flowers. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – capitula with flowers. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – capitula with flowers. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – capitula with flowers. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – spent capitulum. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – spent capitulum. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – cauline leaves. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – cauline leaves. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – cauline leaf. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – cauline leaf. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – basal leaves. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – basal leaves. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – adaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – near village of Ratkovica (Ratkova skala region), 08.06.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – stem with cauline leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – cauline leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – basal leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – basal leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – basal leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – basal leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Sanicula europaea – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Sanicula L. Micevski, K. in Micevski, K. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1534 – 1535.
Sanicula L. Tutin, T.G. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 320.
Umbelliferae (key to genera). Matevski, V. in Micevski, K. (2005). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 6. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 1529 – 1534.
Umbelliferae (key to genera). Tutin, T.G. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 315 – 319.
Taxonomy: Fam. Poaceae// Genus: Phleum// Species: Phleum alpinum L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided in Flora Europaea Vol. 5 (Tutin et al., 1980).
Distribution: Native from Subarctic and Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Guatemala; South America – Chile and Argentina; South Georgia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Grasslands, pastures, edges of forests in the subalpine belt.
Lifeform: Perrenial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Flowering period: Late spring – early summer: MAY, JUN.
Phleum alpinum – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – flowering stems. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – stem with leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – leaf and ligule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – leaf and ligule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – leaf and ligule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – leaf lamina. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – abaxial side of leaf. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – stem node. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – stem node. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Phleum alpinum – lower part of plant. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1995) as Violacanina subsp. montana (L.) Hartman, Bot. Not. 1841: 82 (1841). The accepted name in The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Raab-Straube & Henning, 2018+) is Violacanina subsp. ruppii (All.) Schübl. & G. Martens, Fl. Würtemberg: 159. 1834.
Lifeform: Perrenial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Caucasus according to the Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Raab-Straube & Henning, 2018+) and the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Grasslands and clearings of European Beech forests in the subalpine belt.
Flowering period: Late spring- early summer: MAY, JUN.
Viola canina subsp. ruppii – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski. Viola canina subsp. ruppii – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski. Viola canina subsp. ruppii – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski. Viola canina subsp. ruppii – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski. Viola canina subsp. ruppii – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flower with calyx and spur. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flower with calyx and spur. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flower with calyx and spur. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flower with calyx and spur. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – flowering stem. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – stems with leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – stem with leaves and stipules. Stipules of middle cauline leaves are up to 1/2 as long as the leaf petiole. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – stem with leaves and stipules. Stipules of middle cauline leaves are up to 1/2 as long as the leaf petiole. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – stipules of lower cauline leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – lower part of stems. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola canina subsp. ruppii – lower part of stems. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Micevski, K. (1995). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. I, Book 3. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Valentine, Merxmüller and Schmidt in Tutin et al. (1968), Diklić in Josifović (1972) and Micevski (1995).
Lifeform: Perrenial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Central Europe to the Balkan Peninsula and Crimean Peninsula according to the distribution information provided by The Euro+Med PlantBase (source: Raab-Straube & Henning, 2018+).
Habitat: Subalpine grasslands and pastures.
Flowering period: Late spring- summer: MAY, JUN, JUL.
Viola dacica – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola orphanidis – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Violadacica – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower with calyx and spur. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower with calyx and spur. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower with calyx and spur. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower with calyx and spur. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower with calyx and spur. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – flower with calyx and spur. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – stems with leaves and stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – stems with leaves and stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – upper leaf and stipule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – upper leaf and stipule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – stems with middle leaves and stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – stem with middle cauline leaf and stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – stem with middle cauline leaves and stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – middle cauline leaf and stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – stem with lower cauline leaf and stipule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – stem with lower cauline leaves and stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – stem with lower cauline leaf and stipule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola orphanidis – abaxial side of leaf and stipules. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Viola dacica – abaxial side of leaf and stipule. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Taxonomy: Fam. Scrophulariaceae// Genus: Scrophularia// Species: Scrophularia nodosa L.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Richardson in Tutin et al. (1972).
Lifeform: Perennial; hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Siberia and Mongolia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Edges of forests, near rivers, from the lower parts up to c. 1600 m altitude.
Flowering period: Late spring – summer: MAY, JUN, JUL.
Scrophularia nodosa – habit. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – habit. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – habit. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – inflorescence. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – inflorescence. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – axis of inflorescence with glands. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – stems with leaves. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – stems with leaves. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – leaves. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – leaves. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – leaves. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – abaxial side of leaf. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – habit. “Shtalkovichka” River, 09.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – abaxial side of leaf. “Shtalkovichka” River, 09.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – fruiting inflorescence. “Shtalkovichka” River, 09.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – fruiting inflorescence. “Shtalkovichka” River, 09.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – capsules. “Shtalkovichka” River, 09.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – capsule. “Shtalkovichka” River, 09.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – capsules. “Shtalkovichka” River, 09.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – stem with leaves. “Shtalkovichka” River, 09.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – adaxial side of leaf. “Shtalkovichka” River, 09.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Scrophularia nodosa – abaxial side of leaf. “Shtalkovichka” River, 09.07.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Richardson, I.B.K. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 216 – 220.
Taxonomy: Fam. Plantaginaceae// Genus: Veronica// Species: Veronica chamaedrys L.// Subspecies: Veronica chamaedrys L. subsp. chamaedrys. The classification is given according to The Euro+Med Planbase (Marhold, 2011+).
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Walters and Webb in Tutin et al. (1972).
Lifeform: Perrenial; Hemicryptophyte according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native from Europe to Siberia and Central Asia according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Clearings and edges of forests.
Flowering period: Late spring- early summer: MAY, JUN.
Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – habit. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – inflorescence. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – flower. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – flower buds. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – spent flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – spent flowers. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – stems with leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – stem with leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – stems with leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – adaxial side of leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – adaxial side of leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – abaxial side of leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – abaxial side of leaves. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – stem. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – stem. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – stem. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – stem. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys – stem. Osogovo – Ponikva, 28.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
Veronica L. (inch Pseudolysimachium (Koch) Opiz). Walters S.M. and Webb D.A.; spp. 36-40 based on data provided by N. G. Marchant in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1972). Flora Europaea. Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 242 – 251.
Determined according to the botanical key provided by Micevski (1993) and Halliday in Tutin et al. (1964).
Habitat: Near rivers and streams, in forests in damp places, from c. 500 to 1600 m altitude.
Distribution: Native from Europe to West Siberia, China, Japan and Iran; Northwest Africa according to the distribution information provided by the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Lifeform: Annual, therophyte according to the Raunkiaer system.
Flowering period: Spring- summer: APR, MAY, JUN, JUL.
Moehringia trinervia – habit. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – habit. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – calyx with developing capsule. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – flower. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – leaves. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – abaxial side of leaves. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – abaxial side of leaves. “Shtalkovichka” River, 21.05.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – habit. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – habit. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – habit. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – stems with flowers and leaves. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – stems with flowers and leaves. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – stem with flowers and leaves. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – stem with flowers and leaves. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – flower. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – leaves. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – stem with leaves. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – abaxial side of leaves. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Moehringia trinervia – abaxial side of leaf. “Golema” River near the artificial waterfall near lake “Gradche”, 21.04.2023. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Moehringia L. Halliday, G. in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 123 – 125.
Moehringia L. Micevski, K. (1993). The Flora of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 2. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, pp. 224 – 228.
