Abstract
Diversity of wild and cultivated macrofungi as edible and medicinal mushrooms has long been known by humans as a source of valuable food and medicines used by tradipraticians. In the fungal kingdom, macrofungi taxonomically belong to two phyla, the Basidiomycota (class Agaricomycetes) and Ascomycota (class Pezizomycetes). Macrofungi have been used in traditional Asian and European Medicines, and based on 90,000 known worldwide distributed mushroom species, are considered an important resource for modern clinical and pharmacological research. They are regarded as a source of high- and low-molecular-weight bioactive compounds (alkaloids, lipids, phenolics, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids, terpenoids, etc.) with more than 130 therapeutic effects (anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, immunomodulatory, etc.). There is also scientific evidence of using macrofungi as neuroprotectants, that is, Agaricus blazei (= Agaricus subrufescens), Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, Hericium erinaceus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Trametes versicolor. However, their neuroprotective effects have not been fully explored. This review discusses recent advances in research on the neuroprotective potential of macrofungi and perspectives for their application as neuroprotectants in biomedicine to prevent, support, or cure neurodegenerative disorders.
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Abbreviations
- ACh :
-
Acetylcholine
- AChE :
-
Acetylcholinesterase
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- AE:
-
Aqueous extract
- AIF :
-
Apoptosis-inducing factor
- AInA :
-
Anti-inflammatory activity
- ANDA:
-
Anti-neurodegenerative activity
- AOA:
-
Antioxidant activity
- APP:
-
Amyloid precursor protein
- ASD :
-
Autism spectrum disorder
- Aβ:
-
Amyloid-β
- BACE1:
-
β-Site APP-cleaving enzyme 1
- BDNF :
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- ChAT :
-
Choline acetyltransferase
- COX-2:
-
Cyclooxygenase-2
- CREB:
-
C-AMP response element-binding protein
- DA :
-
Dopamine
- DPPH :
-
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- DRG :
-
Dorsal root ganglia
- EE:
-
Ethanolic extract
- ERK1/2:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½
- FRAP :
-
Ferric reducing power
- GABA :
-
γ-Aminobutyric acid
- GFAP :
-
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GMI:
-
Ganoderma microsporum immunomodulatory
- hMAOB :
-
Human monoamine oxidase B
- Hsp :
-
Heat shock proteins
- HWE :
-
Hot water extract
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- LB :
-
Lewy bodies
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- LXA4:
-
Lipoxin A4
- MD :
-
Meniere’s disease
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- ME :
-
Methanolic extract
- MM:
-
Medicinal macrofungi
- MMP :
-
Mitochondrial membrane potential
- MPTP :
-
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- N2a :
-
Neuroblastoma-2a
- NAC :
-
Non-amyloid-β component
- NDD :
-
Neurodegenerative disease
- NF-κB :
-
Nuclear factor kappa B
- NGF:
-
Nerve growth factor
- NMDA:
-
N-methyl-d-aspartate
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NPE:
-
Neuroprotective effect
- NRA:
-
Neuroregenerative activity
- NRF2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2
- NTA:
-
Neurotrophic activity
- NTF:
-
Neurotrophic factor
- PARP1:
-
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
- PBS:
-
Phosphate-buffered saline
- PC12 :
-
Pheochromocytoma 12
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- PE:
-
Pyrocatechol equivalent
- PGE2:
-
Prostaglandin E2
- PhAC:
-
Pharmacologically active compounds
- PI3K-AKT :
-
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-AKT
- PNI :
-
Peripheral nerve injury
- PNR :
-
Peripheral nerve regeneration
- PSAM :
-
Protoilludane sesquiterpenoid aromatic
- PSPC:
-
Protein-bound polysaccharide complex
- PUFA:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SE :
-
Status epilepticus
- SOD :
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TCM:
-
Traditional Chinese medicine
- TEAC:
-
Trolox equivalent antioxidant
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- VDM :
-
Vitamin D2-enriched mushrooms
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Acknowledgments
This review arises from a long-standing collaboration between two authors (S.M.B. and S.R.) on research directed to the identification of bioactive compounds from mushrooms and develops their medicinal properties. The realization of research work was performed in collaboration between the Institute of Pharmacy, Yerevan State University, Armenia; and Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Montpellier/UMR 5175 CNRS, France. The research project on medicinal mushrooms was supported by the MESCS Republic of Armenia (grant number #18 T-1F115). The authors are thankful to Dr. A. Barkhudaryan for a critical review of the manuscript.
We would like to thank our colleagues Claudio Angelini (Pordenone, Italy), Philippe Callac (Villenave d’Ornon, France), Jacques Guinberteau (France) and Jean-Marc Moingeon (Goux-les-Usiers, France) for kindly providing photos of medicinal mushrooms (Figs. 1 and 2).
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Badalyan, S.M., Rapior, S. (2021). The Neurotrophic and Neuroprotective Potential of Macrofungi. In: Agrawal, D.C., Dhanasekaran, M. (eds) Medicinal Herbs and Fungi. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4141-8_2
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