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Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Phytochemical Diversity: A Fountainhead of Potential Drugs Against Human Diseases

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Medicinal Plants: Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Conservation

Part of the book series: Sustainable Development and Biodiversity ((SDEB,volume 33))

Abstract

The diversity of bioactive phytochemicals in plants of medicinal importance is the most precious gift of nature. The floral and phytochemical diversity of earth has been exploited as a primary source of life-supporting plant-derived bioactive phytochemicals to fight against common ailments and disorders in traditional-, herbal-, and ethnomedicine since the beginning of human civilization. Despite certain challenges associated with plant-derived drugs, modern medicine also is keenly interested in exploring this phytochemical diversity for the discovery of new bioactive molecules or unique templates or scaffolds for the development of novel synthetic or semi-synthetic drugs due to the inability of alternative drug discovery strategies, the huge structural diversity of plant-based therapeutic phytochemicals, their superior quality, higher curative properties with fewer adverse side effects, safety, affordability and acceptance across multiple cultures, and ethnicities in contrast to synthetic chemical drugs. Nations with a wealth of biodiversity have been an eagle’s eye for the global pharmaceutical sector to identify new therapeutic agents or develop new drugs to manage specific chronic diseases throughout the last two centuries. The discovery of new phytochemicals from medicinal plants is a complicated, challenging, and/or time-consuming scientific task, usually involving the selection and collection of biota, extraction of phytochemicals, isolation, and purification of each or targeted compound, structure elucidation and identification of innovative phytochemicals, bioactivity tests (biochemical and pharmacological tests) using various techniques according to the structural variety, and stability. A comprehensive and in-depth systematic phytoanalysis and phytopharmacological investigation of the full spectrum of phytochemical diversity of medicinal plants should be performed to achieve the dreams of plant-derived drug discovery via exploration of recent advances in technologies, instruments, and integration of different disciplines, such as ethnobotany, phytochemistry, analytical chemistry, biotechnology, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and pharmacology. These will help to overcome challenges associated with phytochemical discovery, screening, isolation, separation, purification, detection, identification, and structural characterization in the realm of phytochemicals. Simplification in comprehensive and effective regulatory governing systems of biodiversity-rich countries for the accessibility of plant resources and techniques and conservation of threatened, endangered plants may motivate phytochemical-based drug research programs and many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

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Abbreviations

ADMET:

Absorption distribution metabolism excretion and toxicity

ASE:

Accelerated solvent extraction

CapNMR:

Capillary NMR

CCE:

Counter-current extraction

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

CETSA:

Cellular thermal shift assay

DARTS:

Drug affinity responsive target stability

DESI:

Desorption electrospray ionization

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EAE:

Enzyme-assisted extraction

FT-IR:

Fourier transform infrared

GC:

Gas chromatography

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HPLC-FTIR:

High-performance liquid chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

HPTLC:

High-performance thin-layer chromatography

HRMS:

High-resolution mass spectrometry

HSCCC:

High-speed-counter current chromatography

IR spectroscopy:

Infrared spectroscopy

ITS:

Internal transcribed spacer

LAESI:

Laser ablation electrospray ionization

LC:

Liquid chromatography

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization

MS:

Mass spectrometry

NIR:

Near-infrared

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NPOT:

Nematic protein organization technique

PEFE:

Pulsed electric field extraction

QTOF:

Quadrupole time-of-flight

SCAR:

Sequence characterized amplified region

SFC:

Supercritical fluid chromatography

SFE:

Supercritical fluid extraction

SILAC-PP:

Stable Isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture and pulse proteolysis

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

TLC:

Thin-layer chromatography

TPP:

Thermal proteome profiling

UHPLC:

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography

UPLC-PDA-HRMS/MS:

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry

UV:

Ultraviolet

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Acknowledgements

SJ is thankful to the National Academy of Sciences (NASI, Allahabad, India) for the NASI Senior Scientist Fellowship award. MH gratefully acknowledges the Principal of Barasat Government College, Kolkata, India, for the continuous support and encouragement in research activities.

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  1. Department of Botany, Barasat Government College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Mihir Halder

  2. Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Sumita Jha

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  1. Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Sumita Jha

  2. Department of Botany, Barasat Government College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Mihir Halder

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Halder, M., Jha, S. (2023). Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Phytochemical Diversity: A Fountainhead of Potential Drugs Against Human Diseases. In: Jha, S., Halder, M. (eds) Medicinal Plants: Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Conservation. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, vol 33. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9936-9_2

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