Abstract
The ontogenesis of Spermatophyte plants is evaluated with evidence and observations from gymnosperm and angiosperm plants. Discussions are made to show that plant organs are all composed of regenerated, bipolarly extended multiple secondary axes. The upper end of the axis expands, becomes hollow, and then splits into an expanded light-receiving surface, the leaf cleft, for photosynthesis. The lower portion of the axis extends downward and merges with the other axes to become a stem. A root is the growth and extension of the meristem at the lower end of an axis as well. The prominence of the leaf clefts and the segmental nature of the stem obscure their axial origin.
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References
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Yen, C. (2022). The Ontogenesis of Higher Plants: Spermatophyte. In: Constitution of Organs of the Higher Plants. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1685-4_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1685-4_7
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Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-1684-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-1685-4
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