Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Wood Biodeterioration in Marine Environment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Science of Wood Degradation and its Protection

  • 781 Accesses

Abstract

The biological processes a wood undergoes on exposure to use or otherwise in marine environment are comprehensively briefed up. Biofilm development on material surfaces in seawater followed by the biocorrosion phenomenon in general is narrated. Biofouling menace common to all anthropogenic installations and particularly to wooden structures is outlined. Wood and borer hazard with reference to its material qualities, resources, utility, biodeterioration by fungi and higher organisms in marine environment are detailed. Employment of prime timbers for various end uses, their availability and alternative substitute species are discussed. Timber protection in seawater realm for movable assemblies and immovable fabrications, advantages of technology adoption for such purposes, hurdles in achieving the aims and goals are highlighted. Finally, the future of wood is emphasized in view of the many soothing qualities it confers on man kind for the sustainability of the globe.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Absolom, D. R., Lamberti, F. V., Policova, Z., Zingg, W., Vanoss, C. J., & Newmann, A. W. (1983). Surface thermodynamics of bacterial adhesion. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 46, 90–97.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Adanson, M. (1765). Sur une espece nouvelle de ver qui ronge les bois et les vaisseaux, observee au Senegal. Hist. de l’ Acad. royale des Science (Paris) for 1759 (Hist): 15-19. (Cross reference).

    Google Scholar 

  • Aggarwal, R. (2003). Strategies for promoting enhanced usage of treated wood in India. In K. S. Rao, S. C. Gairola, & P. K. Aggarwal (Eds.), Wood preservation in India, challenges, opportunities and strategies (pp. 1–4). Institute of Wood Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anil, A. C., Venkat, K., Sawant, S. S., Dileepkumar, M., Dhargalkar, V. K., Ramaiah, N., Harkantra, S. N., & Ansari, Z. A. (2002). Marine bioinvasion: Concern for ecology and shipping. Current Science, 83, 214–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (1970). Kokko (Siris), Indian timber information series no. 6 (p. 3). Forest Research Institute and Colleges.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (1950). The wealth of India: Raw materials (pp. 1–427). Publication and Information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (2020). Handbook on fisheries statistics 2020 (pp. 1–176). Department of Fisheries/Government of India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baier, R. E. (1984). Initial events in microbial film formation. In J. D. Costlow & R. C. Tipper (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration: An interdisciplinary study (pp. 57–62). E. & F. N. Spon Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Balaji, M. (1988). Investigations on biofouling at two ports in Andhra Pradesh, India and some aspects of toxicity of copper to the fouling bivalve, Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz). Ph.D. thesis, Andhra University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balaji, M. (2013). Project completion report of characterization of marine lignicolous fungi in traditional wooden craft (pp. 1–53). Institute of Wood Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balaji, M., & Rao, M. V. (2013). Project completion report of test on the efficacy of TBTM-MMA wood preservative at Visakhapatnam and Kochi harbours (pp. 1–81). Institute of Wood Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balan, R. (1980). Investment reduction and increase in service life of kattumaram logs (pp. 1–21). Working paper no. BOBP/WP/1 (FAO/SIDA), Development of small-scale fisheries. Bay of Bengal Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramanyan, R. (1970a). On the characteristics of some of the Indian timbers for boat building, part-I. Indian Sea-foods, 7, 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramanyan, R. (1970b). On the characteristics of some of the Indian timbers for boat building, part-II. Indian Sea-foods, 8, 12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramanyan, R., & Menon, T. R. (1963). Destruction of boat-building timbers by marine organisms in the port of Cochin, part-I, raft tests. Marine Biological Association of India, 5, 294–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, H., & Powell, H. T. (1950). Some observations on the settlement of certain sedentary marine organisms. Marine Biological Association of U. K., 29, 299–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benetton, X. D. (2007). Biocomplexity and bioelectrochemical influence of biofilms in carbon steel deterioration. Thesis, Mexican Petroleum Institute: A transmission lines approach for electrochemical impedance analysis. D. Sc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borges, L. M. S., Cragg, S. M., Bergot, J., Williams, J. R., Shayler, B., & Sawyer, G. S. (2008). Laboratory screening of tropical hardwoods for natural resistance to the marine borer Limnoria quadripunctata: The role of leachable and non-leachable factors. Holzforschung, 62, 99–111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosshard, H. H. (1969). The structure of wood and its protection. B.W.P.A. Annual Convention, 31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bultman, J. D., Haderlie, E. C., & DePalma, J. R. (1980). Comparative natural resistance of four central American hardwoods to marine borers. In T. A. Oxley, D. Allsopp, & G. Becker (Eds.), Biodeterioration, proceedings of the fourth international symposium, Berlin (pp. 199–203). Pitman and The Biodeterioration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R. D. (1986). Pheromones and the gregarious settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. Bulletin of Marine Sciences, 39, 323–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butman, C. A. (1986). Larval settlement of soft-sediment invertebrates: The spatial scales of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging role of hydrodynamical processes. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 25, 113–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chabot, R., & Bourget, E. (1986). Influence of substratum heterogeneity and settled barnacle density on the settlement of cyprius larvae. Marine Biology, 97, 45–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandramohan, K., Manoharan, B. H., & Krishna Bhat, C. H. (1979). Timber vulnerability to teredinid (Mollusca: Bivalvia) infestation at Mangalore. Marine Biological Association of India, 21, 125–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Characklis, W. G. (1981). Fouling biofilm development: A process analysis. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 23, 1923–1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Characklis, W. G., & Cooksey, K. E. (1983). Biofilms and microbial fouling. Advances in Microbial Fouling, 29, 93–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherian, C. J., Mrithunjayan, P. S., Varma, K. K., & Raman, N. N. (1992). On the durability of some cheap timbers in the construction of underwater structures related to fisheries. Fisheries Technology, 29, 78–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheriyan, P. V., Rao, M. V., Krishnan, R. V., Krishna Rao, P. V., Kuppusamy, V., & Cherian, C. J. (1991). Protection of timber structures (18m fender piles) in Cochin harbour waters by CCA and CFO. Fisheries Technology, 22, 37–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chet, I., & Mitchell, R. (1976). Ecological aspects of microbial chemotactic behaviour. Annual Reviews in Microbiology, 30, 221–239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clapp, W. F., & Kenk, R. (1956). Marine borers, A preliminary bibliography (p. 346). Tech. Information Division, The Library of Congress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clapp, W. F., & Kenk, R. (1957). Marine borers, A preliminary bibliography, part II (p. 350). Tech. Information Division, The Library of Congress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooksey, B., Cooksey, K. E., Millar, C. A., Paul, J. H., Rubin, R., & Webster, D. (1984). The attachment of microfouling diatoms. In J. D. Costlow & R. C. Tipper (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration: An interdisciplinary study (pp. 167–172). E. & F. N. Spon Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Corlet, J. (1948). Rates of settlement and growth of pile fauna of the Mersey inly. Proceedings and Transactions of Liverpool Biological Society, 56, 3–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corpe, W. A. (1972). Microfouling. In R. F. Acker, B. F. Brown, J. R. DePalma, & W. P. Iverson (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Marine Corrosion and Fouling (pp. 598–609). Northwestern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W., Geesey, G. G., & Cheng, K. J. (1978). How bacteria stick. Scientific American, 238, 86–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, D. J. (1984). Overview of research on marine invertebrate larvae. In J. D. Costlow & R. C. Tipper (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration: An interdisciplinary study (pp. 103–126). E. & F. N. Spon Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, D. J., & Ryland, J. S. (1960). Influence of filming and surface texture on the settlement of marine organisms. Nature, London, 185, 119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, B. (1908). A treatise on the principles and practice of harbour engineering (p. 283).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlem, C., Moran, P., & Grant, T. (1984). Larval settlement of marine sessile invertebrates on surfaces of different colour and position. Ocean Science and Engineering, 9, 225–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dev, I., & Bhojvaid, P. P. (2003). Status of R & D in wood preservation in India. In K. S. Rao, S. C. Gairola, & P. K. Aggarwal (Eds.), Wood preservation in India, challenges, opportunities and strategies (pp. 1–12). Institute of Wood Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dev Roy, M. K. (2006). Marine wood-borers of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with key to species. Journal of Environmental and Socio Biology, 3, 131–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, S. C. (1976). Influence of substrata wettability on the formation of bacterial slime films on solid surfaces immersed in natural seawater. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling (pp. 137–144). Boulogne, .

    Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, S. C. (1993). Role of microfouling organisms in marine corrosion. Biofouling, 7, 97–127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dharmaraj, K., & Nair, N. B. (1983). Wood-boring organisms in relation to aquaculture along the coasts of India. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, 2, 684–699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Distel, D. L., Amin, M., Burgoyne, A., Linton, E., Mamangkey, G., Morrill, W., Nove, J., Wood, N., & Yang, J. (2011). Molecular phylogeny of Pholadoidea Lamarck, 1809 supports a single origin for xylotrophy (wood feeding) and xylotrophic bacterial endosymbiosis in Bivalvia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 245–254.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elfird, K. D. (1975). The interrelationship of corrosion and fouling for metals in seawater. Material Performance, 15, 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erlanson, E. W. (1936). A preliminary survey of marine boring organisms in Cochin harbour. Currrent Science (Bangalore), 4, 726–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fattom, A., & Shilo, M. (1984). Hydrophobicity as an adhesion mechanism of benthic cyanobacteria. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 47, 135–143.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, S., & Seeliger, U. (1985). The colonization process of algal epiphytes on Ruppia maritima L. Botanica Marina, 28, 245–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, B. (1982). Structural analysis of fouling community development in the Damarscotta River estuary, Maine. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 57, 25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, M., & McEldowney, S. (1984). Microbial attachment to nonbiological surfaces. In M. J. Klug & C. A. Reddy (Eds.), Current perspectives in microbial ecology (pp. 124–129). Michigan State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gmelin, J. F. (1791). Caroli a Linne Systema naturae (Carl von Linne’s system of nature), 13th edition. Volume 1, Para 6 (vermes), 3021-3910. Lipsiae. (cross reference).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, N., Woods, D. C., Blunn, G., Fletcher, R. C., & Jones, E. B. G. (1987). Microbial problems in offshore oil industry (pp. 175–200). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haga, T., & Kase, T. (2013). Progenetic dwarf males in the deep-sea wood-boring genus Xylophaga (Bivalvia: Pholadoidea). Molluscan Studies, 79, 90–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, A. L. (1920). A manual of timber of the world: Their characteristics and uses (p. 437).

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, A. L. (1922). The timbers of India and Burma. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts (London), 70(3613), 238–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • https. (2021a). Retrieved June 21, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_corrosion

  • https. (2021b). Retrieved June 21, 2021, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/india-loses-up-to-100-billion-annually-to-corrosion-hind-zinc-ceo-sunil-duggal/articleshow/54878379.cms?from=mdr.

  • https. (2021c). Retrieved on January 4, 2022, from http://molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14625.

  • International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (2018). Opinion 2429 (Case 3717)– Xylophagidae Purchon, 1941 (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Emended to Xylophagaidae to remove homonymy with Xylophagidae Fallén, 1810 (Insecta, Diptera). Zoological Nomenclature, 75, 297–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. B. C. (1984). Ecology of cryptic coral reef communities. III. Abundance and aggregation of encrusting organisms with particular reference to Cheilostome bryozoa. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 75, 37–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. M., Rule, M. H., & Jones, E. B. G. (1986). Conservation of timbers of the Tudor ship "Mary rose". In S. Barry, D. R. Houghton, G. C. Llewellyn, & C. O'Rea (Eds.), Biodeterioration 6 (pp. 354–362). C.A.B. and Biodeterioration Soc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. B. G., Turner, R. D., Furtado, S. E. J., & Kuehne, H. (2001). Marine biodeteriogenic organisms, I. Lignicolous fungi and bacteria and the wood boring mollusca and crustacea. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 48, 112–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalyanasundaram, N., & Ganti, S. S. (1974). Resistance of some timbers of Andhra Pradesh against marine borer attack in four ports of India. Defence Science, 24, 99–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalyanasundaram, N., & Ganti, S. S. (1975a). The intensity and distribution of marine woodborers at various ports in India. Bulletin Department Marine Sciences, University of Cochin, 7, 637–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalyanasundaram, N., & Ganti, S. S. (1975b). Resistance of some timbers of Andaman Islands against marine borer attack at five ports of India. Defence Science, 25, 41–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalyanasundaram, N., & Ganti, S. S. (1975c). Investigations on the natural durability of some indigenous timbers for use in marine constructions. Timber Development Association of India, 21(2), 15–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karande, A. A. (1967). Field and laboratory investigations on some marine fouling and boring organisms in Bombay harbour. Bulletin National Institute of Science, India, 38, 612–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karande, A. A. (1968). Studies on marine fouling and boring organisms in Bombay harbour. In: Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Marine corrosion and fouling (pp. 563–569), 20–24 September 1968, Athens, Greece.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karande, A. A. (1978). Marine fouling and timber deterioration in sub-oceanic islands of Andamans. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 7, 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, B. J. (1965). New chemical formulation will control microorganisms in hydrocarbon contaminated cooling water systems. Materials Protection, 4, 62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchman, D., Graham, D. S., Reisch, D., & Mitchell, R. (1982a). Lectins may mediate in the settlement and metamorphosis of Janua (Dexiospira) brasiliensis (Grube). Marine Biology Letters, 3, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchman, D., Graham, D. S., Reisch, D., & Mitchell, R. (1982b). Bacteria induce settlement and metamorphosis of Janua (Dexiospira) brasiliensis (Grube) (Polychaeta; Spirorbidae). Experimental Biology and Ecology, 56, 153–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchman, D., & Mitchell, R. (1981). A biochemical mechanism for marine fouling. Ocean, 7, 537–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchman, D., & Mitchell, R. (1983). Biochemical interactions between microorganisms and marine fouling invertebrates. In T. R. Oxley & S. Barry (Eds.), Biodeterioration 5 (pp. 281–290). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, P., Raghu Prakash, R., Remesan, M. P., & Pravin, P. (2000). Menace in the making: Marine wood borers in Gujarat. Fishing Chimes, 20, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latham, J., & Davis, H. (1791).The Indian faunula. In T. Pennant (Ed.), Indian zoology 2nd ed. (pp. 57-161), Henry Hughs, for Robert Faulder, 1790, .

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitz, T., & Wagner, T. (1993). The marine bacterium Alteromonas epejiana induces metamorphosis of the hydroid Hydractinia echinata. Marine Biology, 115, 173–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, B. J. (1984). Succession in microfouling. In J. D. Costlow & R. C. Tipper (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration: An interdisciplinary study (pp. 63–67). E. & F. N. Spon Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, B. J. (1985). Factors influencing the adsorption of dissolved organic material from natural waters. Colloid and Interface Science, 108, 331–340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little, B. J., & Lavoie, D. M. (1980). Gulf of Mexico Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) biofouling experiment. In J. F. Garey, R. M. Jorden, A. H. Atiken, D. T. Burton, & R. H. Gray (Eds.), Proceedings of Condenser Biofouling Control Symposium (pp. 121–140). Ann Arbor Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintosh, H. (2012). Lyrodus turnerae, a new teredinid from eastern Australia and the Coral Sea (Bivalvia: Teredinidae). Molluscan Research, 32, 36–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maki, J. S., Yule, A. B., Rittschoff, D., & Mitchell, R. (1994). The effect of bacterial films on the temporary adhesion, and permanent fixation of Cypris larvae, Balanus amphitrite Darwin. Biofouling, 8, 121–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marimuthu, P., Balasubramaniam, J., & Jayaraj, K. A. (2015). A new record of marine wood borer, Spathoteredo obtusa (Sivickis) (Bivalvia: Teredinidae), from the mangroves of Andaman archipelago, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 44, 1554–1558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, K. C. (1972). Mechanisms of adhesion of marine bacteria to surfaces. In: Proceedings of the third international congress on marine corrosion and fouling (pp. 625–632). National Bureau of Standards, .

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, K. C., Stout, R., & Mitchell, R. (1971). Mechanism of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to surfaces. General Microbiology, 68, 337–348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merzalek, D. S., Gerchekov, S. M., & Udey, L. R. (1979). Influence of substance composition on marine fouling. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 38, 987–995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messent, P. G. (1920). Bombay report of the committee (deterioration of structures). Inst. Civil Engin. (London), 1, 214–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R., & Kirchman, D. (1984). The microbial ecology of marine surfaces. In J. D. Costlow & R. C. Tipper (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration: An interdisciplinary study (pp. 49–58). Naval Institute Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monari, S. (2009). Phylogeny and biogeography of pholadid bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) with considerations on the phylogeny of Pholadoidea. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 54, 315–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, A. N. C. (1992). Role of algae in the recruitment of marine invertebrate larvae. In J. M. John, S. K. Hawkins, & J. H. Price (Eds.), Plant–animal interactions in the marine benthos (pp. 385–403). Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, D. E. (1984). Biochemical control of larval recruitment and marine fouling. In J. D. Costlow & R. C. Tipper (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration: An interdisciplinary study (pp. 137–140). E. & F. N. Spon Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouzouras, E. B., Jones, G., Venkatasamy, R., & Holt, D. M. (1988). In M. F. Thompson, R. Sarojini, & R. Nagabhushanam (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration: Advanced techniques applicable to the Indian Ocean (pp. 345–356). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagabhushanam, R., & Alam, S. M. (1988a). An overview of research on marine biodeterioration in Indian waters. In M. F. Thompson, R. Sarojini, & R. Nagabhushanam (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration: Advanced techniques applicable to the Indian Ocean (pp. 13–32). Oxford and IBH Publishing Pvt. Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagabhushanam, R., & Alam, S. M. (1988b). An overview of research on marine biodeterioration in Indian waters. In M. F. Thompson, R. Sarojini, & R. Nagabhushanam (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration: Advanced techniques applicable to the Indian Ocean (pp. 13–32). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagaveni, H. C., Rao, M. V., & Vijayalakshmi, M. (2007). Project completion report of role of fungi in biodeterioration of timber under marine conditions (pp. 1–16). Institute of Wood Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair, N. B. (1956). Resistance of certain untreated Indian timbers to marine borer attack. Scientific and Industrial Research, C15, 282–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair, N. B., & Saraswathy, M. (1971). The biodeterioration of wood boring teredinid molluscs. Advances in Marine Biology, 9, 335–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayak, L., Behera, D. P., & Das, S. (2012). Molluscan Wood-borers of Chilika lagoon, East Coast of India and their control measures. Current Research Journal Biological Science, 4, 186–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, R. (1979). Bacterial induction of settlement and metamorphosis in the planula larvae of Cassiopea andromeda (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1, 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, T. B., & Wilcox, G. L. (1971). The formation of a primary film on material submerged in the sea at Port Hueneme, California. Pacific Science, 25, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. R. (1980). Sun-shade adaptations of a colonial ascidian with a prokaryotic symbiont. American Zoologist, 20, 778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pachu, A. V., Rao, M. V., & Balaji, M. (2009). Marine wood borer fauna in mangroves of the Krishna estuary, East Coast, India. In A. J. Solomon Raju (Ed.), Bioresources conservation and management (pp. 41–51). Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palanti, S., Feci, E., & Anichini, M. (2015). Comparison between four tropical wood species for their resistance to marine borers (Teredo spp and Limnoria spp) in the strait of Messina. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 104, 472–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palma, P., & Santhakumaran, L. N. (2014). Shipwrecks and global ‘worming (pp. 1–62). Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pati, S. K. (2011). Biodiversity and ecology of macrodeteriogens of wood at Visakhapatnam harbour, East Coast of India. Ph. D. Thesis. Forest Research Institute University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pati, S. K., Rao, M. V., & Balaji, M. (2013). Marine wood borer communities of Visakhapatnam harbor, India: Spatiotemporal patterns and environmental drivers. International Journal of Research in Marine Sciences, 2, 13–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, R., & Brown, H. P. (1932). Commercial timbers of India. In Their Distribution, Supplies, Anatomical structure, Physical and Mechanical properties and Uses (pp. 549–1150). Government of India, Central Publications Branch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerat, C. M., & Weiss, C. M. (1946). The influence of texture and composition of surface on the attachment of sedentary marine organisms. Biology Bulletin, 91, 57–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pournou, A. (2020). Biodeterioration of wooden cultural heritage organisms and decay mechanisms in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (pp. 1–538). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46504-9. (eBook).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pringle, J. H., & Fletcher, M. (1983). Influence of substratum wettability on attachment of freshwater bacteria to solid surface. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 45, 811–817.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Purushotham, A. (1988). Chapter 12: Marine Organisms. In Handbook on Indian wood and wood panels, Solid wood (pp. 191–204). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purushotham, A., & Satyanarayana Rao, K. (1971). The first progress report of the committee for the protection of timber against marine organisms attack in the Indian coastal waters for the period 1953-70. Timber Development Association of India, 17, 1–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, K. S. (2001). Project completion report of utilization of alternative timbers for catamarans (pp. 1–66). Institute of Wood Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, M. V. (2008). Project completion report of utilization of alternative timber species for catamarans to conserve traditional tree species of eastern Ghats (pp. 1–57). Institute of Wood Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, M. V. (2013). Project completion report of explore the efficacy of extractives of five plant species for developing eco-friendly marine wood preservatives (pp. 1–74). Institute of Wood Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, M. V., & Balaji, M. (2010). Performance of plank-built catamaran timber Anogeissusacuminata in untreated and preservative treated conditions in marine environment. Timber Development Association of India, 56, 30–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, M. V., Balaji, M., Kuppusamy, V., Satyanarayana Rao, K., & Santhakumaran, L. N. (2007). Biodeterioration of timber and its prevention in Indian coastal waters, third progress report: 1982–2005 (pp. 1–198). Institute of Wood Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, M. V., Balaji, M., & Pachu, A. V. (2013). Marine wood borers at Kothakoduru and Bangarammapalem mangroves, east coast of India. In J. R. Bhatt, M. Ramakrishna, O. K. Sanjappa, B. P. Remadevi, K. Nilaratna, & K. Venkataraman (Eds.), Mangroves of India: Their biology and uses (pp. 325–332). Zoological Survey of India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, M. V., Cherian, C. J., & Cheriyan, P. V. (1991). Performance of 18 m fender piles protected by scupper nailing in Cochin harbour waters. Timber Development Association. (India), 37, 33–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, M. V., Cherian, C. J., & Cheriyan, P. V. (1993). Further observations on the comparative efficacy of some indigenous methods for the protection of underwater timber structures. Fisheries Technology (India), 30, 21–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, M. V., Pati, S. K., Swain, D., & Sharma, R. M. (2011). Marine wood borers. In: Indian FaunaZoological survey of India website, Kolkota. Retrieved from http://zsi.gov.in.checklist/Marine%20Wood%20borer.Pdf.

  • Raveendran, T. V., & Wagh, A. B. (1988). Studies on wood-boring organisms in coastal and offshore waters of the Western Indian coast: A comparative account. In M. F. Thompson, R. Sarojini, & R. Nagabhushanam (Eds.), Marine Boideterioration: Advanced techniques applicable to the Indian Ocean (pp. 575–586). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Raveendran, T. V., & Wagh, A. B. (1990). Some observations on Lyrodus singaporeana (Mollusca: Teredinidae) from offshore waters of India. Indian Academy of Wood Science, 21, 53–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raveendran, T. V., & Wagh, A. B. (1993). Variations in biofouling on different timber species of Indian timbers. Mahasagar, 26, 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rittschof, D., Branscomb, E. S., & Costlow, J. D. (1984). Settlement and behaviour to flow and surface in larval barnacles, Balanus amphitrite Darwin. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 82, 131–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D., Rittschof, D., Holm, E., & Schmidt, A. R. (1991). Factors influencing initial larval settlement: Temporal, spatial and surface molecular components. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 150, 203–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, S. R., Riquelme, C., Campus, E. O., Chavez, P., Brandan, E., & Interosa, N. C. (1995). Behavioral response of Conchlepas (Bruquiere, 1979) larvae to natural and artificial settlement cues and microbial films. Biological Bulletin, 189, 272–279.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbusch, K., Borges, L. M. S., Cragg, S. M., Rapp, A. O., & Pitman, A. J. (2006). A laboratory assessment of the natural durability of the lesser-utilised species Corynanthe pachyceras Welw. And Glyphaea brevis (Sprengel) Monachino against the marine wood borer Limnoria quadripunctata Holthius. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 57, 71–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saleem, K. C. (2003). Rubber wood canoe for marine fishing. Kerala Calling, 2003, 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N. (1989). Taxonomy, distribution and ecology of marine wood-borers of India. Presented at the workshop on “marine wood biodeterioration”, 19-20 Jun 1989, Waltair.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N. (1991). Natural resistance of twelve timber species to marine borers in Goa waters. National Academy of Sciences India, 61B, 49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N. (1994a). Natural durability of different timber species against marine borer attack in Indian waters. In M. F. Thompson, R. Nagabhushanam, R. Sarojini, & M. Fingerman (Eds.), Recent developments in biofouling control (pp. 345–360). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N. (1994b). Marine wood-borers of India - an annotated bibliography (pp. 1–234). Institute of Wood Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N. (1997). Comparative natural resistance of eighty-two timber species to damage by marine borers at Goa (India). Timber Development Association of India, 43, 8–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N. (2005). Marine wood borers of India-A field manual. In V. K. Dhargalkar & X. N. Verlecar (Eds.), Survey and inventorization of coastal biodiversity (west coast) (p. 55). National Institute of Oceanography.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N., Chinnaraj, S., & Sawant, S. G. (1994). Lignicolous fungi from panels of different timbers exposed along Goa coast (India). Timber Development Association of India, 40, 15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N., & Jain, J. C. (1983). Deterioration of fishing craft in India by marine wood borers. Indian Academy of Wood Science, 14, 35–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N., & Krishnan R. V. (1991). Resistance of six timber species, treated with CCA and CCB against marine borer attack in Goa waters (India). The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm. Document No. IRG/WP/4166, pp. 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N., & Singh, A. P. (1992). Destruction of two tropical timbers by marine borers and micro-organisms in Goa waters (India). The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Document No. IRG/WP/4176, 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N., & Sneli, J. A. (1978). Natural resistance of different species of timber to marine borer attack in the Trondheimsfjord (Western Norway) (pp. 1–20). The International Research Group on Wood Protection Scientific Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumaran, L. N., Udaya Bhaskar, S., Wagh, A. B., & Rao, T. S. S. (1982). On the efficacy of indigenous method employed along Goa coast for protecting fishing craft against biodeterioration. Mahasagar - Bull. Natn. Inst. Oceanogr, 15, 237–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satish Kumar S.. (1978). Preservative treatment of water structures in sweet and sea waters. Eighth World Forestry Congress, Jakarta, Document No. FID-II/22-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satish Kumar, S. (1991). Preservative treatment: An economical way to extend wood resource. Wood News, 8, 15–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satish Kumar, S. (1998). Legislation support for rational utilisation of wood. Timber Development Association of India, 44, 5–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana Rao, K. (2002). Current trends of wood use. Wood News, 12, 12–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana Rao, K., Jain, J. C., & Tewari, M. C. (1985). Catamarans, part-III, treated catamarans for the benefit of traditional fishermen. Indian Academy of Wood Science, 16, 78–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana Rao, K., Balaji M., & Srinivasan V. V. (1994a). Resistance of 25 species of timber to marine borer attack at Visakhapatnam, east coast of India. The international research group on Wood preservation, Stockholm, document no. IRG/WP/94-30036, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana Rao, K., Santhakumaran, L. N., & Srinivasan, V. V. (1994b). Some observations on performance of preservative treated timber in marine exposures trials in Indian harbours. In M. F. Thompson, R. Nagabhushanam, R. Sarojini, & M. Fingerman (Eds.), Recent developments in biofouling control (pp. 361–372). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, R. P. (1994). Microbial biofilms. In S. Kjelleberg & P. Steinberg (Eds.), Biofouling: Problem and solutions (pp. 58–64). University of New South Wales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, S., Sivrikaya, H., & Yalcin, M. (2009). Natural durability of heartwoods from European and tropical Africa trees exposed to marine conditions. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 4425–4432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, S., Sivrikaya, H., Yalcin, M., Bakir, A. K., & Ozturk, B. (2010). Fouling and boring organisms that deteriorate various European and tropical woods at Turkish seas. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 2566–2573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, S. N., Satish Kumar, S., Tewari, M. C., & Sekhar, A. C. (1974). Timber for boat and ship building. Timber Development Association of India, 20, 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shipway, J. R., Altamia, M. A., Rosenberg, G., Concepcion, G. P., Haygood, M. G., & Distel, D. L. (2019). Tamilokus mabinia, a new, anatomically divergent genus and species of wood-boring bivalve from the Philippines. Peer J, 7, e6256. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shrivastava, S., & Saxena, A. K. (2017). Wood is good: But, is India doing enough to meet its present and future needs? (pp. 1–45). Centre for Science and Environment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spengler, L. (1779). Nachricht von dem Einwohner der Herkuleskeule und dem Corper, in welchen sich diese Wurmrohre einnistelt. Naturforscher, 13, 53–77. (Cross reference).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sreekrishna, Y. (2002). Traditional fishing crafts and gears of India. In B. M. Kumara (Ed.), ICAR Winter School on Advances in Harvest Technology, 20 Nov −19 Dec 2002 (pp. 101–139). Central Institute of Fisheries Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasa Rao, B. (1977). Whither antifouling? Proceeding of the symposium on protection of materials in the sea (pp. 216–224). Naval Chemical and Metallurgical Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, B. P. (1985). Our forests (pp. 1–91). Director of Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, D. S. (1874). Notices on the ravages of the Limnoria terebrans on greenheart timber. Proceedings of the Royal Society of. Edenburg, 8, 182–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarakanadha, B. (2003). Some investigations on marine wood biodeterioration at Krishnapatnam harbour, Andhra Pradesh, South East Coast of India. Ph. D. Thesis. Forest Research Institute Deemed University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarakanadha, B., & Rao, K. S. (2007). Seasonal settlement of wood borers in Krishnapatnam harbor, Andhra Pradesh, east coast of India. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, 17, 277–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarakanadha, B., Rao, M. V., Balaji M., Aggarwal, P. K., & Satyanarayana Rao, K. (2005). Utility, deterioration and preservation of marine timber in India. The international research group on Wood protection, Stockholm, Document No. IRG/WP 05–40314: 14 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S. N. (2002). Marine biodeterioration. In B. Meena Kumari (Ed.), ICAR Winter School on advances in harvest technology, 20 Nov-19 Dec 2002 (pp. 250-257). Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin: 250-257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari, M. C., Jain, J. C., Srinivasan, V. V., Santhakumaran, L. N., Cheriyan, P. V., Satyanarayana Rao, K., Krishnan, R. V., Madhavan Pillai, S. R., Cherian, C. J., Leela Devi, D., & Kuppusamy, V. (1984). Biodeterioration of timber and its prevention in Indian coastal waters-second progress report (1971-81) of the Wood preservation Centres (marine), Forest research institute and colleges, Dehra Dun. Timber Development Association of India, 30, 1–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, C. D., & Doyle, R. W. (1981). Reproductive strategies of marine benthic invertebrates: A settlement timing hypothesis. Marine Ecology. Progress Series, 4, 75–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tosteson, T. R., Revuelta, R., Zaidi, B. R., Imam, S. H., & Bard, R. F. (1983). Aggregation-adhesion enhancing macromolecules and the specificity of marine microbial interactions. Colloidal Interface Science, 104, 60–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treu, A., Zimmer, K., Brischke C., Erik Larnoy, E., Gobakken, L. R., Aloui, F., Cragg, S. M., Flæte, P., Humar, M., Westin, M., Borges, L., & Williams, J. (2019). Durability and protection of timber structures in marine environments in Europe: An overview. doi: https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.Treu.

  • Tripathi, S., & Dev, I. (2003). Exploration of eco-friendly wood preservatives from industrial waste. ICFRE Quarterly Newsletter, 3, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. D. (1988). Biodeterioration-multi-disciplinary, collaborative research. In M. F. Thompson, R. Sarojini, & R. Nagabhushanam (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration, advanced techniques applicable to the Indian Ocean (pp. 3–11). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Unnikrishnan Nair, N., Ravindran, K. & Gopalakrishna Pillai, A. G. (1987). Innovative preservation technologies for traditional fishing craft. Presented at the seminar on “Fisheries Research and Development in Kerala”. Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, 28–29 April 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velásquez, M., & Shipway, J. R. (2018). A new genus and species of deep-sea wood-boring shipworm (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) Nivanteredo coronata n. sp. from the Southwest Pacific. Marine Biology Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2018.1544421

  • Vishwakiran, Y., Thakur, N. L., Raghukumar, S., Yennawar, P. L., & Anil, A. C. (2001). Spatial and temporal distribution of fungi and Wood-borers in the coastal tropical waters of Goa, India. Botanica Marina, 44, 47–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, M. (1989). Marine epibiosis: 1. Fouling and antifouling: Some basic aspects. Marine Ecology. Progress Series, 58, 175–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, M. (1997). Living attacked: Aufwuchs, fouling, Epibiosis. In R. Nagabhushanam & M. F. Thompson (Eds.), Fouling organisms of the Indian Ocean: Biology and control technology (pp. 31–84). Oxford and IBH Publishing Pvt. Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Walch, J. E. I. (1777). Abhabdlung von der Herkules-Keuleiner Schaligen Wurm-Rohre (memoir on the club of Hercules, a shell-like worm tube). Naturforscher (Halle), 10, 38-73. (cross reference).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardell, J. N., Brown, C. M., & Flannigan, B. (1983). Microbes and surfaces. In J. H. Slater, R. Whittenbury, & J. W. T. Wimpenny (Eds.), Microbes in their natural environment (pp. 350–378). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigelt, R., Lippert, H., Karsten, U., & Bastrop, R. (2017). Genetic population structure and demographic history of the widespread common shipworm Teredo navalis Linnaeus 1758 (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Teredinidae) in European waters inferred from mitochondrial COI sequence data. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wethey, D. S. (1986). Ranking of settlement cues by barnacle larvae: Influence of surface contour. Bulletin of Marine Sciences, 39, 393–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. R., Sawyer, G. S., Cragg, S. M., & Simm, J. (2005). A questionnaire survey to establish the perceptions of UK specifiers concerning the key material attributes of timber for use in marine and fresh water engineering. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, 17, 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood Explorer Data Base (2005). The Wood Explorer, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, T., & Yan, W. X. (2003). Fouling on offshore structures in China-a review. Biofouling, 19, 133–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahauranec, B. J. (1988). Welcome address, marine biodeterioration research: A layman’s perspective. In M. F. Thompson, R. Sarojini, & R. Nagabhushanam (Eds.), Marine biodeterioration: Advanced techniques applicable to the Indian Ocean (pp. xv–xx). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • ZoBell, C. E. (1938). The sequence of events in the fouling of submerged surfaces. Official Digest Federation Paint and Varnish Production Clubs, 178, 379–385.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    M. V. Rao & V. Kuppusamy

Authors
  1. M. V. Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. Kuppusamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Forest Protection Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    R. Sundararaj

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rao, M.V., Kuppusamy, V. (2022). Wood Biodeterioration in Marine Environment. In: Sundararaj, R. (eds) Science of Wood Degradation and its Protection. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8797-6_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation