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Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: Mechanisms and Alleviation of Cold Stress in Plants

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Plant Stress Biology

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Abstract

Microorganisms have a variety of evolutionary adaptations and physiological acclimation mechanisms that allow them to survive and remain active to face environmental stress. Among the mechanisms identified in microbes, tolerance to low temperatures is of paramount significance, considering the area of the earth’s surface that is exposed to varying degrees of low temperatures. Based on low temperature preference, microbes have been classified as psychrophiles or cold loving, and psychrotrophs or cold tolerant. Psychrophiles are exposed to extremes of cold for major part of the year, while psychrotrophs are exposed to transient cold conditions in nature. The ability of psychrotolerant bacteria to survive and proliferate at low temperatures implies that they have devised a number of mechanisms that help them to tide over the transient cold. These adaptations include lipid modification to maintain membrane fluidity, induction of specific proteins (Csp and Cap), synthesis and utilization of cryoprotectants, cold adapted enzymes, synthesis of ROS detoxifying enzymes, ice binding proteins, and RNA degradosomes. This review highlights the current knowledge on cold tolerance/adaptation mechanisms operating in psychrotolerant bacteria and their utility in alleviation of cold stress and modern biotechnology.

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Abbreviations

AAT:

Aspartate aminotransferase

AFPs:

Antifreeze proteins

Caps:

Cold acclimation proteins

CRP:

Cold resistance protein

CSD:

Cold shock domain

Csps:

Cold shock proteins

CSR:

Cold shock response

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EPS:

Extracellular polysaccharides

GST:

Glutathione S-transferase

hik:

Histidine kinase

INAP:

Ice nucleation active protein

RIR:

Ice recrystallization

kDa:

Kilo Dalton

LP:

Lipoglycoprotein

MDa:

Mega Dalton

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PHB:

Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate

RI:

Recrystallization inhibition

RNA:

Ribose nucleic acid

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TF:

Trigger factor

TH:

Thermal hysteresis

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the generous supprot of Indian Council of Agriculrural Research through the project “Application of Microorganisms in Agriculture and Allied Sectors (AMAAS)”.

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  1. ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India

    Pankaj Kumar Mishra, Shekhar Chand Bisht, B. M. Pandey, V. S. Meena, M. Parihar, D. Mahanta, J. K. Bisht & A. Pattanayak

  2. PlantbiotiX, Bio Agri Division of Zytex Biotech Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India

    Shekhar Chand Bisht

  3. ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

    A. Pattanayak

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Mishra, P.K. et al. (2020). Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: Mechanisms and Alleviation of Cold Stress in Plants. In: Giri, B., Sharma, M.P. (eds) Plant Stress Biology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9380-2_6

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