Abstract
Social behavior encompasses the interactions between individuals of the same species, fundamental to their survival and reproduction. The study of these kinds of behavioral patterns and the unraveling of its underpinnings is a fascinating research area. However, to fully understand social behavior it is essential to integrate the various components underlying social interactions. From a mechanistic point of view, we ought to grasp specifically how the brain controls behavior, through the concerted action of its neural circuits, cells, genes, and molecules, and also how the social environment feedbacks and impacts the brain. On the other hand, this pursuit of knowledge on the proximate factors, which determine social behavior, is pivotal to achieve valuable insights on its ultimate causes. Performing comparative studies across different species, taking into consideration developmental, ecological, or life history features, have been a growing concern. A considerable amount of literature has been published on these matters using cichlids as model systems. Cichlids can give an important contribution to the field due to their amazing diversity and complexity of behavioral patterns and mating strategies. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the neural basis of social behavior specifically focusing on studies carried out with cichlid fish.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abril-de-Abreu R, Cruz J, Oliveira RF (2015) Social eavesdropping in zebrafish: tuning of attention to social interactions. Sci Rep 5:12678. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12678
Aires RF, Oliveira GA, Oliveira TF et al (2015) Dear enemies elicit lower androgen responses to territorial challenges than unfamiliar intruders in a cichlid fish. PLoS One 10:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137705
Albert DJ, Jonik RH, Walsh ML (1993) Influence of combined estradiol and testosterone implants on the aggressiveness of nonaggressive female rats. Physiol Behav 53:709–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(93)90177-H
Alcazar RM, Hilliard AT, Becker L et al (2014) Brains over brawn: Experience overcomes a size disadvantage in fish social hierarchies. J Exp Biol 217:1462–1468. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.097527
Almeida O, Oliveira RF (2015) Social status and arginine vasotocin neuronal phenotypes in a cichlid fish. Brain Behav Evol 85:203–213. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381251
Almeida O, Gozdowska M, Kulczykowska E, Oliveira RF (2012) Brain levels of arginine-vasotocin and isotocin in dominant and subordinate males of a cichlid fish. Horm Behav 61:212–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.008
Almeida O, Canário AVM, Oliveira RF (2014a) Castration affects reproductive but not aggressive behavior in a cichlid fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 207:34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.018
Almeida O, Gonçalves-de-Freitas E, Lopes JS, Oliveira RF (2014b) Social instability promotes hormone-behavior associated patterns in a cichlid fish. Horm Behav 66:369–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.05.007
Alonso F, Honji RM, Moreira RG, Pandolfi M (2012) Dominance hierarchies and social status ascent opportunity: anticipatory behavioral and physiological adjustments in a Neotropical cichlid fish. Physiol Behav 106:612–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.003
Alvarado SG, Lenkov K, Williams B, Fernald RD (2015) Social crowding during development causes changes in GnRH1 DNA methylation. PLoS One 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142043
Aronson LR, Scharf A, Silverman H (1960) Reproductive behavior after gonadectomy in males of the cichlid fish, Aequidens latifrons. Anat Rec 137:335
Aubin-Horth N, Desjardins JK, Martei YM et al (2007) Masculinized dominant females in a cooperatively breeding species. Mol Ecol 16:1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03249.x
Balshine-Earn S (1997) The benefits of uniparental versus biparental mouth brooding in Galilee St. Peter’s fish. J Fish Biol 50:371–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01365.x
Balshine S, Abate ME (2021) Parental care in cichlid fishes. In: Abate ME, Noakes DLG (eds) The behavior, ecology and evolution of cichlid fishes. Springer Nature, Dordrecht, pp 541–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2080-7_15
Balshine-Earn S, Lotem A (1998) Individual recognition in a cooperatively breeding cichlid: evidence from video playback experiments. Behaviour 135:369–386. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853998793066221
Balshine-Earn S, Neat FC, Reid H, Taborsky M (1998) Paying to stay or paying to breed? Field evidence for direct benefits of helping behavior in a cooperatively breeding fish. Behav Ecol 9:432–438. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/9.5.432
Barks PM, Godin JGJ (2013) Can convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia) socially learn the degree of predation risk associated with novel visual cues in their environment? PLoS One 8:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075858
Barreto RE, Volpato GL (2006) Stress responses of the fish Nile tilapia subjected to electroshock and social stressors. Brazilian J Med Biol Res 39:1605–1612. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2006001200012
Barton RA, Harvey PH (2000) Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals. Nature 405:1055–1058
Baulieu EE (1998) Neurosteroids: a novel function of the brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23(8):963–987
Bender N, Heg-Bachar Z, Oliveira RF et al (2008) Hormonal control of brood care and social status in a cichlid fish with brood care helpers. Physiol Behav 94:349–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.02.002
Boguski MS, Jones AR (2004) Neurogenomics: at the intersection of neurobiology and genome sciences. Nat Neurosci 7:429–433. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1232
Borges RA, Oliveira RF, Almada VC, Canário AVM (1998) Short-term social modulation of 11-ketotestosterone levels in males of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus during male-female interactions. Acta Ethol 1:43–48
Brawand D, Wagner CE, Li YI et al (2014) The genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fish. Nature 513:375–381. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13726
Bromberg-Martin ES, Matsumoto M, Hikosaka O (2010) Dopamine in motivational: rewarding, aversive, and alerting. Neuron 68:815–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.022
Brown C, Laland KN (2003) Social learning in fishes: a review. Fish 4:280–288. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00122.x
Brown C, Laland K, Krause J (eds) (2011) Fish cognition and behavior, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford
Bshary R (2006) Machiavellian intelligence in fishes. In: Brown C, Laland K, Krause J (eds) Fish cognition and behavior, 1st edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 223–242
Bshary R (2011) Machiavellian intelligence in fishes. In: Brown C, Laland K, Krause J (eds) Fish cognition and behavior, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 277–297
Bshary R, Brown C (2014) Fish cognition. Curr Biol 24:R947–R950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.043
Bshary R, Oliveira RF (2015) Cooperation in animals: toward a game theory within the framework of social competence. Curr Opin Behav Sci 3:31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.008
Bshary R, Wickler W, Fricke H (2002) Fish cognition: a primate’s eye view. Anim Cogn 5:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-001-0116-5
Bshary R, Gingins S, Vail AL (2014) Social cognition in fishes. Trends Cogn Sci 18:465–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.005
Byrne RW (1997) Machiavellian intelligence. Evol Anthropol 5:172–180
Byrne RW, Whiten A (1988) Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Clarendon, Oxford
Byrne RW, Whiten A (1997) Machiavellian intelligence II: extensions and evaluations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Cardoso SD, Teles MC, Oliveira RF (2015) Neurogenomic mechanisms of social plasticity. J Exp Biol 218:140–149. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.106997
Chee SSA, Espinoza WAS, Iwaniuk AN et al (2013) Social status, breeding state, and GnRH soma size in convict cichlids (Cryptoheros nigrofasciatus). Behav Brain Res 237:318–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.023
Chen CC, Fernald RD (2011) Visual information alone changes behavior and physiology during social interactions in a cichlid fish (Astatotilapia burtoni). PLoS One 6:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020313
Clement TS, Parikh V, Schrumpf M, Fernald RD (2005) Behavioral coping strategies in a cichlid fish: The role of social status and acute stress response in direct and displaced aggression. Horm Behav 47:336–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.11.014
Cornil CA, Ball GF, Balthazart J (2012) Rapid control of male typical behaviors by brain-derived estrogens. Front Neuroendocrinol 33:425–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.08.003
Corrêa SA, Fernandes MO, Iseki KK, Negrão JA (2003) Effect of the establishment of dominance relationships on cortisol and other metabolic parameters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Brazilian J Med Biol Res 36:1725–1731. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2003001200015
Degroot A, Kashluba S, Treit D (2001) Septal GABAergic and hippocampal cholinergic systems modulate anxiety in the plus-maze and shock-probe tests. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 69:391–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00541-X
Demski LS, Knigge KM (1971) The telencephalon and hypothalamus of the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): evoked feeding, aggressive and reproductive behavior with representative frontal sections. J Comp Neurol 143:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901430102
Desjardins JK, Fernald RD (2010) What do fish make of mirror images? Biol Lett 6:744–747. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0247
Desjardins JK, Stiver KA, Fitzpatrick JL et al (2008) Sex and status in a cooperative breeding fish: behavior and androgens. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 62:785–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-007-0504-1
Desjardins JK, Klausner JQ, Fernald RD (2010) Female genomic response to mate information. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:21176–21180. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010442107
Desjardins JK, Hofmann HA, Fernald RD (2012) Social context influences aggressive and courtship behavior in a cichlid fish. PLoS One 7:e32781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032781
Desjardins JK, Becker L, Fernald RD (2015) The effect of observers on behavior and the brain during aggressive encounters. Behav Brain Res 292:174–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.019
Dijkstra PD, Schaafsma SM, Hofmann HA, Groothuis TGG (2012) “Winner effect” without winning: unresolved social conflicts increase the probability of winning a subsequent contest in a cichlid fish. Physiol Behav 105:489–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.029
Doutrelant C, McGregor PK (2000) Eavesdropping and mate choice in female fighting fish. Behavior 137:1655–1669. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853900502763
Doutrelant C, Mcgregor PK, Oliveira RF (2001) The effect of an audience on intrasexual communication in male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. Behav Ecol 12:283–286. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/12.3.283
Dukas R (2004) Evolutionary biology of animal cognition. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:347–374. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130152
Dunbar RIM (1992) Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. J Hum Evol 20:469–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(92)90081-J
Dunbar RIM (1995) Neocortex size and group size in primates: a test of the hypothesis. J Hum Evol 28:287–296
Dunbar RIM (1998) The Social Brain Hypothesis. Evol Anthropol 6:178–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<178::AID-EVAN5>3.3.CO;2-P
Dunbar RIM, Shultz S (2007) Evolution in the social brain. Science (80-) 317:1344–1347. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1145463
Dzieweczynski TL, Earley RL, Green TM, Rowland WJ (2005) Audience effect is context dependent in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. Behav Ecol 16:1025–1030. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ari088
Dzieweczynski TL, Greaney NE, Mannion KL (2014) Who’s watching me: female siamese fighting fish alter their interactions in response to an audience. Ethology 120:855–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12255
Earley RL, Dugatkin LA (2002) Eavesdropping on visual cues in green swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) fights: a case for networking. Proc Biol Sci 269:943–952. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.1973
Earley RL, Edwards JT, Aseem O et al (2006) Social interactions tune aggression and stress responsiveness in a territorial cichlid fish (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus). Physiol Behav 88:353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.002
Egger B, Obermüller B, Sturmbauer C et al (2006) Monogamy in the maternally mouthbrooding Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish Tropheus moorii. Proc R Soc London B Biol Sci 273:1797–1803
Fernald RD (1976) The effect of testosterone on the behavior and coloration of adult male cichlid fish (Haplochromis burtoni, Gunther). Horm Res 7:172–178
Finlay BL, Darlington RB, Nicastro N (2001) Developmental structure in brain evolution. Behav Brain Sci 24:263–278. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003958
Fisher J (1954) Evolution and bird sociality. In: Huxley J, Hardy AC, Ford EB (eds) Evolution as a process. Allen and Unwin, London, pp 71–83
Fox HE, White SA, Kao MH, Fernald RD (1997) Stress and dominance in a social fish. J Neurosci 17:6463–6469
Francis RC, Jacobson B, Wingfield JC, Fernald RD (1992) Castration lowers aggression but not social dominance in Male Haplochromis burtoni (Cichlidae). Ethology 90:247–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00836.x
Frostman P, Sherman PT (2004) Behavioral response to familiar and unfamiliar neighbors in a territorial cichlid, Neolamprologus pulcher. Ichthyol Res 51:283–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-004-0223-9
Fuxjager MJ, Forbes-Lorman RM, Coss DJ et al (2010) Winning territorial disputes selectively enhances androgen sensitivity in neural pathways related to motivation and social aggression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:12393–12398. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1001394107
Galhardo L, Oliveira RF (2009) Psychological stress and welfare in fish. Annu Rev Biomed Sci 11:1–20. https://doi.org/10.5016/1806-8774.2009v11p1
Galhardo L, Oliveira RF (2014) The effects of social isolation on steroid hormone levels are modulated by previous social status and context in a cichlid fish. Horm Behav 65:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.10.010
Godwin J, Thompson RR (2012) Nonapeptides and social behavior in fishes. Horm Behav 61:230–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.016
Golan M, Levavi-Sivan B (2013) Social dominance in tilapia is associated with gonadotroph hyperplasia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 192:126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.032
Gómez-Laplaza LM, Gerlai R (2011) Can angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) count? Discrimination between different shoal sizes follows Weber’s law. Anim Cogn 14:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-010-0337-6
Gonzalez-Voyer A, Kolm N (2010) Sex, ecology and the brain: evolutionary correlates of brain structure volumes in tanganyikan cichlids. PLoS One 5:e-14355. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014355
Gonzalez-Voyer A, Winberg S, Kolm N (2009a) Brain structure evolution in a basal vertebrate clade: evidence from phylogenetic comparative analysis of cichlid fishes. BMC Evol Biol 9:238. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-238
Gonzalez-Voyer A, Winberg S, Kolm N (2009b) Social fishes and single mothers: brain evolution in African cichlids. Proc Biol Sci 276:161–167. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0979
Goodson JL (2005) The vertebrate social behavior network: Evolutionary themes and variations. Horm Behav 48:11–22
Goodson JL, Bass AH (2000) Forebrain peptides modulate sexually polymorphic vocal circuitry. Nature 403:769–772. https://doi.org/10.1038/35001581
Goodson JL, Kingsbury MA (2013) What’s in a name? Considerations of homologies and nomenclature for vertebrate social behavior networks. Horm Behav 64:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.05.006
Goymann W, Wingfield JC (2004) Allostatic load, social status and stress hormones: The costs of social status matter. Anim Behav 67:591–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.08.007
Greenwood AK, Wark AR, Fernald RD, Hofmann HA (2008) Expression of arginine vasotocin in distinct preoptic regions is associated with dominant and subordinate behaviour in an African cichlid fish. Proc R Soc B 275:2393–2402. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0622
Grosenick L, Clement TS, Fernald RD (2007) Fish can infer social rank by observation alone. Nature 445:429–432. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05511
Harbott LK, Burmeister SS, White RB et al (2007) Androgen receptors in a cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni: structure, localization, and expression levels. J Comp Neurol 504:57–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21435
Harris RM, Hofmann HA (2014) Neurogenomics of behavioral plasticity. In: Landry RC, Aubin-Horth N (eds) Advances in experimental medicine and biology, vol 781. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 149–168
Heinrich W (1967) Untersuchungen zum Sexualverhalten in der Gattung Tilapia (Cichlidae, Teleostei) und bei Artbastarden. Z Tierpsychol 24:684–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1967.tb00812.x
Hellmann JK, Hamilton IM (2014) The presence of neighbors influences defense against predators in a cooperatively breeding cichlid. Behav Ecol 25:386–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru001
Hellmann JK, Reddon AR, Ligocki IY et al (2015) Group response to social perturbation: impacts of isotocin and the social landscape. Anim Behav 105:55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.03.029
Henning F, Meyer A (2014) The evolutionary genomics of cichlid fishes: explosive speciation and adaptation in the postgenomic era. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 15:417–441. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genom-090413-025412
Hert E (1985) Individual recognition of helpers by the breeders in the cichlid fish. Z Tierpsychol 68:313–325
Hirschenhauser K, Oliveira RF (2006) Social modulation of androgens in male vertebrates: meta-analyses of the challenge hypothesis. Anim Behav 71:265–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.04.014
Hirschenhauser K, Taborsky M, Oliveira T et al (2004) A test of the ‘challenge hypothesis’ in cichlid fish: simulated partner and territory intruder experiments. Anim Behav 68:741–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.12.015
Hirschenhauser K, Ros A, Taborsky M et al (2008) Social context may affect urinary excretion of 11-ketotestosterone in African cichlids. Behaviour 145:1367–1388. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853908785765935
Hotta T, Takeyama T, Jordan LA, Kohda M (2014) Duration of memory of dominance relationships in a group living cichlid. Naturwissenschaften 101:745–751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-014-1213-z
Hotta T, Jordan LA, Takeyama T, Kohda M (2015a) Order effects in transitive inference: does the presentation order of social information affect transitive inference in social animals? Front Ecol Evol 3:1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00059
Hotta T, Takeyama T, Heg D et al (2015b) The use of multiple sources of social information in contest behavior: testing the social cognitive abilities of a cichlid fish. Front Ecol Evol 3:1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00085
Hsu Y, Wolf L (1999) The winner and loser effect: integrating multiple experiences. Anim Behav 57:903–910. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1998.1049
Huffman LS, O’Connell LA, Kenkel CD et al (2012) Distribution of nonapeptide systems in the forebrain of an African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. J Chem Neuroanat 44:86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.05.002
Huffman LS, O’Connell LA, Hofmann HA (2013) Aromatase regulates aggression in the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. Physiol Behav 112–113:77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.004
Huffman LS, Hinz FI, Wojcik S et al (2015) Arginine vasotocin regulates social ascent in the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. Gen Comp Endocrinol 212:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.004
Isler K, van Schaik CP (2006) Metabolic costs of brain size evolution. Biol Lett 2:557–560. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0538
Jordan A, Taborsky B, Taborsky M (2021) Cichlids as a model system for studying social behaviour and evolution. In: Abate ME, Noakes DLG (eds) The behavior, ecology and evolution of cichlid fishes. Springer Nature, Dordrecht, pp 587–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2080-7_16
Juntti SA, Hu CK, Fernald RD (2013) Tol2-Mediated generation of a transgenic haplochromine cichlid, Astatotilapia burtoni. PLoS One 8:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077647
Juntti SA, Hilliard AT, Kent KR et al (2016) A neural basis for control of cichlid female reproductive behavior by prostaglandin F2α. Curr Biol 26:943–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.067
Kasper C, Hebert FO, Aubin-Horth N, Taborsky B (2018) Divergent brain gene expression profiles between alternative behavioural helper types in a cooperative breeder. Mol Ecol 27:4136–4151. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14837
Kellogg AK, Stauffer JR, McKaye RK (2000) Characteristics that influence male reproductive success on a lek of Lethrinops c.f. parvidens (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 47:164–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650050007
Kidd MR, O’Connell LA, Kidd CE et al (2013) Female preference for males depends on reproductive physiology in the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. Gen Comp Endocrinol 180:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.10.014
Kittelberger JM, Land BR, Bass AH (2006) Midbrain periaqueductal gray and vocal patterning in a teleost fish. J Neurophysiol 96:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00067.2006
Kocher TD (2004) Adaptive evolution and explosive speciation: the cichlid fish model. Nat Rev Genet 5:288–298
Kohda M, Heg D, Makino Y et al (2009) Living on the wedge: female control of paternity in a cooperatively polyandrous cichlid. Proc R Soc London B Biol Sci 276:4207–4214
Kohda M, Jordan LA, Hotta T et al (2015) Facial recognition in a group-living cichlid fish. PLoS One 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142552
Korzan WJ, Robison RR, Zhao S, Fernald RD (2008) Color change as a potential behavioral strategy. Horm Behav 54:463–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.05.006
Korzan WJ, Fernald RD, Grone BP (2014) Social regulation of cortisol receptor gene expression. J Exp Biol 15:3221–3228. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.104430
Kuwamura T, Nagoshi M, Sato T (1989) Female-to-male shift of mouthbrooding in a cichlid fish, Tanganicodus irsacae, with notes on breeding habits of two related species in Lake Tanganyika. Environ Biol Fish 24:187–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00001223
Kyle AL, Peter RE (1982) Effects of forebrain lesions on spawning behaviour in the male goldfish. Physiol Behav 28:1103–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(82)90183-4
Langen K, Thünken T, Bakker TCM (2013) No experimental evidence for sneaking in a West african cichlid fish with extremely long sperm. Int J Evol Biol 2013:714304. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/714304
Le Vin AL, Mable BK, Arnold KE (2010) Kin recognition via phenotype matching in a cooperatively breeding cichlid, Neolamprologus pulcher. Anim Behav 79:1109–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.02.006
Leiser J, Itzkowitz M (1999) The benefits of dear enemy recognition in three-contender convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) contests. Behaviour 136:983–1003. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853999501685
Lenkov K, Lee MH, Lenkov OD et al (2015) Epigenetic DNA methylation linked to social dominance. PLoS One 10:e0144750. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144750
Levy M, Aronson L (1955) Morphological effects of castration and hormone administration in the male cichlid fish, Tilapia macrocephala. AnatRecord (Philad). AmerSocZool 122:450–451
Li C-Y, Earley RL, Huang S-P, Hsu Y (2014) Fighting experience alters brain androgen receptor expression dependent on testosterone status. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 281:20141532–20141532. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1532
Ligocki IY, Earley RL, Hellmann JK, Hamilton IM (2015a) Variation in glucocorticoid levels in relation to direct and third-party interactions in a social cichlid fish. Physiol Behav 151:386–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.004
Ligocki IY, Reddon AR, Hellmann JK et al (2015b) Social status influences responses to unfamiliar conspecifics in a cooperatively breeding fish. Behaviour 152:1821–1839. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003306
Limberger D (1983) Pairs and Harems in a Cichlid Fish, Lamprologus brichardi. Z Tierpsychol 62:115–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb02146.x
Loh Y-HE, Katz LS, Mims MC et al (2008) Comparative analysis reveals signatures of differentiation amid genomic polymorphism in Lake Malawi cichlids. Genome Biol 9:R113. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2008-9-7-r113
Loveland JL, Fernald RD (2017) Differential activation of vasotocin neurons in contexts that elicit aggression and courtship. Behav Brain Res 317:188–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.008
Ma Y, Juntti SA, Hu CK et al (2015) Electrical synapses connect a network of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons in a cichlid fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2:201421851. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421851112
Macey MJ, Pickford GE, Peter RE (1974) Forebrain localization of the spawning reflex response to exogenous neurohypophysial hormones in the killfish, Fundulus heteroclitus. J Exp Zool 190:269–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401900303
Machado HE, Pollen AA, Hofmann HA, Renn SC (2009) Interspecific profiling of gene expression informed by comparative genomic hybridization: a review and a novel approach in African cichlid fishes. Integr Comp Biol 49:644–659. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icp080
Maruska KP, Fernald RD (2014) Social regulation of gene expression in the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. In: Canli T (ed) The Oxford handbook of molecular psychology. Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford
Maruska KP, Becker L, Neboori A, Fernald RD (2013a) Social descent with territory loss causes rapid behavioral, endocrine and transcriptional changes in the brain. J Exp Biol 216:3656–3666. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.088617
Maruska KP, Zhang A, Neboori A, Fernald RD (2013b) Social opportunity causes rapid transcriptional changes in the social behaviour network of the brain in an African cichlid fish. J Neuroendocrinol 25:145–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02382.x
Mazur A (1985) A biosocial model of status in face-to-face primate groups. Soc Forces 64:377–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.508
McGregor PK (1993) Signalling in territorial systems: a context for individual identification, ranging and eavesdropping. Phil Trans Biol Sci 340:237–244
McKaye KR (1983) Ecology and breeding behavior of a cichlid fish, Cyrtocara eucinostomus, on a large lek in Lake Malawi, Africa. Environ Biol Fish 8:81–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005175
Mileva VR, Fitzpatrick JL, Marsh-Rollo S et al (2009) The stress response of the highly social African cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher. Physiol Biochem Zool 82:720–729. https://doi.org/10.1086/605937
Morandini L, Honji RM, Ramallo MR et al (2014) The interrenal gland in males of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus: relationship with stress and the establishment of social hierarchies. Gen Comp Endocrinol 195:88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.10.009
Mrowka W (1987) Filial cannibalism and reproductive success in the maternal mouthbrooding cichlid fish Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 21:257–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292507
Munchrath LA, Hofmann HA (2010) Distribution of sex steroid hormone receptors in the brain of an African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. J Comp Neurol 518:3302–3326. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22401
Munro AD, Pitcher TJ (1985) Steroid hormones and agonistic behavior in a cichlid teleost, Aequidens pulcher. Horm Behav 19:353–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0018-506X(85)90034-0
Newman SW (1999) The medial extended amygdala in male reproductive behavior. A node in the mammalian social behavior network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 877:242–257
Noble G, Kumpf KF (1936) The sexual behavior and secondary sexual characters of gonadectomized fish. Anat Rec 67(Suppl):113
O’Connell LA, Hofmann HA (2011) The Vertebrate mesolimbic reward system and social behavior network: a comparative synthesis. J Comp Neurol 519:3599–3639. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22735
O’Connell LA, Hofmann HA (2012) Social status predicts how sex steroid receptors regulate complex behavior across levels of biological organization. Endocrinology 153:1341–1351. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1663
O’Connell LA, Matthews BJ, Hofmann HA (2012) Isotocin regulates paternal care in a monogamous cichlid fish. Horm Behav 61:725–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.03.009
O’Connell LA, Rigney MM, Dykstra DW, Hofmann HA (2013) Neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying sensory integration of social signals. J Neuroendocrinol 25:644–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12045
O’Connor CM, Rodela TM, Mileva VR et al (2013) Corticosteroid receptor gene expression is related to sex and social behaviour in a social fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 164:438–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.12.003
O’Connor CM, Marsh-Rollo SE, Ghio SC et al (2015a) Is there convergence in the molecular pathways underlying the repeated evolution of sociality in African cichlids? Horm Behav 75:160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.008
O’Connor CM, Reddon AR, Odetunde A et al (2015b) Social cichlid fish change behaviour in response to a visual predator stimulus, but not the odour of damaged conspecifics. Behav Process 121:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.002
O’Connor CM, Marsh-Rollo SE, Aubin-Horth N, Balshine S (2016) Species-specific patterns of nonapeptide brain gene expression relative to pair-bonding behaviour in grouping and non-grouping cichlids. Horm Behav 80:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.015
Oldfield RG, Hofmann HA (2011) Neuropeptide regulation of social behavior in a monogamous cichlid fish. Physiol Behav 102:296–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.11.022
Oldfield RG, Harris RM, Hendrickson DA, Hofmann HA (2013) Arginine vasotocin and androgen pathways are associated with mating system variation in North American cichlid fishes. Horm Behav 64:44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.04.006
Oliveira RF (2004) Social modulation of androgens in vertebrates: mechanisms and function. In: PJB S, Rosenblatt JS, Snowdown CT, Roper TJ (eds) Advances in the study of behavior. Academic Press, New York, pp 165–239
Oliveira RF (2009) Social behavior in context: Hormonal modulation of behavioral plasticity and social competence. Integr Comp Biol 49:423–440. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icp055
Oliveira RF (2013) Mind the fish: zebrafish as a model in cognitive social neuroscience. Front Neural Circuits 7:131. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00131
Oliveira RF, Almada VC (1998a) Mating tactics and male – male courtship in the lek-breeding cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus. J Fish Biol 52:1115–1129
Oliveira RF, Almada VC (1998b) Androgenization of dominant males in a cichlid fish: Androgens mediate the social modulation of sexually dimorphic traits. Ethology 104:841–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1998.tb00035.x
Oliveira RF, Almada VC (1999) Male display characters, gonadal maturation and androgens in the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Acta Ethol 2:67–70
Oliveira GA, Oliveira RF (2014) Androgen modulation of social decision-making mechanisms in the brain: an integrative and embodied perspective. Front Neurosci 8:209. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00209
Oliveira RF, Almada V, Canario AVM (1996) Social modulation of sex steroid concentrations in the urine of male cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Horm Behav 30:2–12. https://doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.1996.0002
Oliveira RF, McGregor PK, Latruffe C (1998) Know thine enemy: fighting fish gather information from observing conspecific interactions. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 265:1045–1049. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0397
Oliveira RF, Lopes M, Carneiro LA, Canario AVM (2001) Watching fights raises fish hormone levels. Nature 409:475
Oliveira RF, Carneiro LA, Canário AVM (2005) Behavioural endocrinology: no hormonal response in tied fights. Nature 437:207–208
Oliveira RF, Silva A, Canário AVM (2009) Why do winners keep winning? Androgen mediation of winner but not loser effects in cichlid fish. Proc R Soc B 276:2249–2256. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0132
Parikh VN, Clement TS, Fernald RD (2006) Androgen level and male social status in the African cichlid, Astatotilapia burtoni. Behav Brain Res 166:291–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2005.07.011
Pfennig F, Kurth T, Meissner S et al (2012) The social status of the male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) influences testis structure and gene expression. Reproduction 143:71–84. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-11-0292
Plath M, Schlupp I (2008) Misleading mollies: the effect of an audience on the expression of mating preferences. Commun Integr Biol 1:199–203
Plath M, Blum D, Schlupp I, Tiedemann R (2008) Audience effect alters mating preferences in a livebearing fish, the Atlantic molly, Poecilia mexicana. Anim Behav 75:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.05.013
Pollen AA, Dobberfuhl AP, Scace J et al (2007) Environmental complexity and social organization sculpt the brain in Lake Tanganyikan cichlid fish. Brain Behav Evol 70:21–39. https://doi.org/10.1159/000101067
Portavella M, Vargas JP, Torres B, Salas C (2002) The effects of telencephalic pallial lesions on spatial, temporal, and emotional learning in goldfish. Brain Res Bull 57:397–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00699-2
Pradhan DS, Solomon-lane TK, Willis MC et al (2014) A mechanism for rapid neurosteroidal regulation of parenting behaviour A mechanism for rapid neurosteroidal regulation of parenting behaviour. Proc R Soc Biol Sci 281:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0239
Pusey A, Wolf M (1996) Inbreeding avoidance in animals. Trends Ecol Evol 11:201–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)10028-8
Qian X, Ba Y, Zhuang Q, Zhong G (2014) RNA-Seq technology and its application in fish transcriptomics. Omi A J Integr Biol 18:98–110. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2013.0110
Ramallo MR, Grober M, Cánepa MM et al (2012) Arginine-vasotocin expression and participation in reproduction and social behavior in males of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 179:221–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.08.015
Reddon AR, O’Connor CM, Marsh-Rollo SE, Balshine S (2012) Effects of isotocin on social responses in a cooperatively breeding fish. Anim Behav 84:753–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.07.021
Reddon AR, Voisin MR, O’Connor CM, Balshine S (2014) Isotocin and sociality in the cooperatively breeding cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher. Behaviour 151:1389–1411. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003190
Reddon AR, O’Connor CM, Marsh-Rollo SE et al (2015) Brain nonapeptide levels are related to social status and affiliative behaviour in a cooperatively breeding cichlid fish. R Soc Open Sci 2:140072. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140072
Reddon AR, O’Connor CM, Ligocki IY et al (2016) No evidence for larger brains in cooperatively breeding cichlid fishes. Can J Zool 94:373–378. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0118
Reddon AR, O’Connor CM, Nesjan E et al (2017) Isotocin neuronal phenotypes differ among social systems in cichlid fishes. R Soc Open Sci 4:170350. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170350
Reinboth R, Rixner W (1970) Verhalten des kleinen Maulbruters Hemihaplochromis multicolor nach Kastration und Behandlung mit Testosteron. Unpubl manuscript, Göttingen
Renn SC, Aubin-Horth N, Hofmann HA (2004) Biologically meaningful expression profiling across species using heterologous hybridization to a cDNA microarray. BMC Genomics 5:42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-5-42
Renn SC, Aubin-Horth N, Hofmann HA (2008) Fish and chips: functional genomics of social plasticity in an African cichlid fish. J Exp Biol 211:3041–3056. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.018242
Renn SCP, Fraser EJ, Aubin-Horth N et al (2012) Females of an African cichlid fish display male-typical social dominance behavior and elevated androgens in the absence of males. Horm Behav 61:496–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.006
Renn SCP, Machado HE, Unterwaditzer N et al (2018) Gene expression signatures of mating system evolution. Genome 61:287–297. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2017-0075
Robinson GE, Grozinger CM, Whitfield CW (2005) Sociogenomics: social life in molecular terms. Nat Rev Genet 6:257–270. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1575
Rodríguez F, López JC, Vargas JP et al (2002) Conservation of spatial memory function in the pallial forebrain of reptiles and ray-finned fishes. J Neurosci 22:2894–2903. 20026211
Roleira A, Oliveira GA, Lopes JS, Oliveira RF (2017) Audience effects in territorial defense of male cichlid fish are associated with differential patterns of activation of the brain social decision-making network. Front Behav Neurosci 11:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00105
Roselli CE, Liu M, Hurn PD (2009) Brain aromatization: classic roles and new perspectives. Semin Reprod Med 27:207–217
Roth TL (2012) Epigenetics of neurobiology and behavior during development and adulthood. Dev Psychobiol 54:590–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20550
Sakuma Y, Pfaff DW (1979) Mesencephalic mechanisms for integration of female reproductive behavior in the rat. Am Physiol Soc 273:R285–R290
Sato T (1994) Active accumulation of spawning substrate: a determinant of extreme polygyny in a shell-brooding cichlid fish. Anim Behav 48:669–678. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1286
Satou M, Oka Y, Kusunoki M et al (1984) Telencephalic and preoptic areas integrate sexual behavior in hime salmon (landlocked red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka): Results of electrical brain stimulation experiments. Physiol Behav 33:441–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(84)90167-7
Schmidt KL, Pradhan DS, Shah AH et al (2008) Neurosteroids, immunosteroids, and the Balkanization of endocrinology. Gen Comp Endocrinol 157:266–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.03.025
Schradin C, Lamprecht J (2000) Female-biased immigration and male peace-keeping in groups of the shell-dwelling cichlid fish Neolamprologus multifasciatus. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 48:236–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650000228
Schreck CB (2010) Stress and fish reproduction: the roles of allostasis and hormesis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 165:549–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.07.004
Schumer M, Krishnakant K, Renn SCP (2011) Comparative gene expression profiles for highly similar aggressive phenotypes in male and female cichlid fishes (Julidochromis). J Exp Biol 214:3269–3278. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.055467
Schwanck E, Rana K (1991) Male-female parental roles in Sarotherodon galilaeus (Pisces: Cichlidae). Ethology 89:229–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb00306.x
Seehausen O (2006) African cichlid fish: a model system in adaptive radiation research. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 273:1987–1998. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3539
Sessa AK, Harris RM, Hofmann HA (2013) Sex steroid hormones modulate responses to social challenge and opportunity in males of the monogamous convict cichlid, Amatitliana nigrofasciata. Gen Comp Endocrinol 189:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.031
Simões JM, Barata EN, Harris RM et al (2015) Social odors conveying dominance and reproductive information induce rapid physiological and neuromolecular changes in a cichlid fish. BMC Genomics 16:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1255-4
Spanagel R, Weiss F (1999) The dopamine hypothesis of reward: past and current status. Trends Neurosci 22:521–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01447-2
Strübin C, Steinegger M, Bshary R (2011) On group living and collaborative hunting in the yellow saddle goatfish (Parupeneus cyclostomus). Ethology 117:961–969. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01966.x
Summers CH, Watt MJ, Ling TL et al (2005) Glucocorticoid interaction with aggression in non-mammalian vertebrates: reciprocal action. Eur J Pharmacol 526:21–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.09.059
Sumpter DJT, Krause J, James R et al (2008) Consensus decision making by fish. Curr Biol 18:1773–1777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.064
Sylvester JB, Rich CA, Loh Y-HE et al (2010) Brain diversity evolves via differences in patterning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:9718–9723. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000395107
Sylvester JB, Pottin K, Streelman JT (2011) Integrated brain diversification along the early neuraxes. Brain Behav Evol 78:237–247. https://doi.org/10.1159/000329840
Sylvester JB, Rich CA, Yi C et al (2013) Competing signals drive telencephalon diversity. Nat Commun 4:1745. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2753
Taborsky M (1984a) Broodcare helpers in the cichlid fish Lamprologus brichardi – their costs and benefits. Anim Behav 32:1236–1252
Taborsky M (1984b) Broodcare helpers in the cichlid fish Lamprologus brichardi: their costs and benefits. Anim Behav 32:1236–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80241-9
Taborsky M (2001) The evolution of bourgeois, parasitic, and cooperative reproductive behaviors in fishes. J Hered 92:100–110. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/92.2.100
Taves MD, Desjardins JK, Mishra S, Balshine S (2009) Androgens and dominance: Sex-specific patterns in a highly social fish (Neolamprologus pulcher). Gen Comp Endocrinol 161:202–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.12.018
Tay TL, Ronneberger O, Ryu S et al (2011) Comprehensive catecholaminergic projectome analysis reveals single-neuron integration of zebrafish ascending and descending dopaminergic systems. Nat Commun 2:171. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1171
Teles MC, Almeida O, Lopes JS, Oliveira RF (2015) Social interactions elicit rapid shifts in functional connectivity in the social decision-making network of zebrafish. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 282:20151099. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1099
Temeles EJ (1994) The role of neighbours in territorial systems: when are they “dear enemies”? Anim Behav 47:339–350. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1047
Thünken T, Bakker TCM, Baldauf SA, Kullmann H (2007) Active inbreeding in a cichlid fish and its adaptive significance. Curr Biol 17:225–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.053
Thünken T, Waltschyk N, Bakker TC, Kullmann H (2009) Olfactory self-recognition in a cichlid fish. Anim Cogn 12:717–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-009-0231-2
Tsuboi M, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Kolm N (2015) Functional coupling constrains craniofacial diversification in Lake Tanganyika cichlids. Biol Lett 11:20141053
Vail AL, Manica A, Bshary R (2013) Referential gestures in fish collaborative hunting. Nat Commun 4:1765
van Breukelen NA (2013) Androgen receptor antagonist impairs courtship but not aggressive behavior in the monogamous cichlid, Amatitlania nigrofasciata. Horm Behav 63:527–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.01.008
van Breukelen NA, Draud M (2005) The roles of male size and female eavesdropping in divorce in the monogamous convict cichlid (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, Cichlidae). Behaviour 142:1023–1035. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853905774405308
Ward AJW, Herbert-read JE, Sumpter DJT et al (2011) Fast and accurate decisions through collective vigilance in fish shoals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:2312–2315. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1007102108
Weitekamp CA, Solomon-Lane TK, Del Valle P et al (2017) A role for oxytocin-like receptor in social habituation in a teleost. Brain Behav Evol 89:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1159/000464098
Wickler W (1962) ‘Egg-dummies’ as natural releasers in mouth-breeding cichlids. Nature 194:1092–1093
Wingfield JC, Hegner RE, Dufty AM Jr, Ball GF (1990) The “challenge hypothesis”: theoretical implications for patterns of testosterone secretion, mating systems, and breeding strategies. Am Nat 136:829. https://doi.org/10.1086/285134
Wong CJ (2000) Electrical stimulation of the preoptic area in Eigenmannia: evoked interruptions in the electric organ discharge. J Comp Physiol A 186:81–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003590050009
Wong RY, Hoffmann HA (2010) Behavioural genomics: an organismic perspective. In: Encyclopedia of life science. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 1–9
Wullimann MF, Mueller T (2004) Teleostean and mammalian forebrains contrasted: Evidence from genes to behavior. J Comp Neurol 475:143–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20183
Ydenberg RC, Giraldeau LA, Falls JB (1988) Neighbours, strangers, and the asymmetric war of attrition. Anim Behav 36:343–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80004-6
York RA, Patil C, Abdilleh K et al (2018) Behavior-dependent cis regulation reveals genes and pathways associated with bower building in cichlid fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115:E11081–E11090. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810140115
Young RL, Ferkin MH, Ockendon-Powell NF et al (2019) Conserved transcriptomic profiles underpin monogamy across vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116:1331–1336. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813775116
Zeginiadou T, Koliais SI, Kouretas D, Antonoglou O (1997) Nonlinear binding of sex steroids to serum proteins albumin and sex hormone binding globulin. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 22:229–235
Zhang T-Y, Meaney MJ (2010) Epigenetics and the environmental regulation of the genome and its function. Annu Rev Psychol 61:439–466. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163625
Zhang J, Chu W, Fu G (2009) DNA microarray technology and its application in fish biology and aquaculture. Front Biol China 4:305–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-009-0016-7
Acknowledgments
During the writing of this review RFO and ASF were supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (grants EXCL/BIA-ANM/0549/2012 and SFRH/BD/102892/2014, respectively).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Félix, A.S., Oliveira, R.F. (2021). Integrative Neurobiology of Social Behavior in Cichlid Fish. In: Abate, M.E., Noakes, D.L. (eds) The Behavior, Ecology and Evolution of Cichlid Fishes. Fish & Fisheries Series, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2080-7_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2080-7_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-024-2078-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-024-2080-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)