Abstract
The oldest plant fossils currently known from Iceland are ca 15 Ma, their deposition coinciding with the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. At this time, forests in Iceland were dominated by mixed broadleaved deciduous and coniferous taxa with a few broadleaved evergreen genera such as Rhododendron and Ilex. Lowland forests were dominated by Glyptostrobus. Questions about the colonization history of Iceland or proto-Iceland are of particular interest since not much is known about the availability of effective land bridges allowing for colonization from Europe and/or North America at that time. In addition to geological data, in this chapter we use two lines of biological evidence to speculate about the early colonization of Iceland. First, we will examine the biogeographic patterns of key taxa such as Cryptomeria, Rhododendron ponticum-type, and Fagus friedrichii. Then we look at dispersal modes found in early colonizers of Iceland. Dispersal modes of at least some taxa indicate that Iceland was connected to the adjacent continents at the time of colonization. However, it cannot be determined when exactly this early colonization happened. The taxa recorded in the oldest sedimentary rocks in Iceland may have had different origins, either representing elements that were already present in the region since the Palaeogene or colonizing proto-Iceland from North America/Greenland and/or Europe later in the Neogene.
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Appendices
Appendix 4.1
Floristic composition of the 15 Ma sedimentary formation of Iceland compared to contemporaneous northern hemispheric fossil assemblages at latitudes below 60°N (Floral lists from Tanai and Suzuki 1963; Wolfe and Tanai 1980; Gray 1985; Rember 1991; Liu and Leopold 1992; Liu et al. 1996; Kvaček and Rember 2000, 2007; Sun et al. 2002; Liang et al. 2003; Kovar-Eder et al. 2004).
Selárdalur-Botn flora, Iceland [65°46′N] 15 Ma This study | |
|---|---|
1 | Polypodium sp. |
1 | Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1 |
1 | Cathaya sp. |
1 | Cryptomeria sp. |
1, 2 | Glyptostrobus europaeus |
1 | Juniperus sp. |
2 | ?Picea sp |
1 | Pinus sp. 1 Diploxylon |
1, 3 | Sequoia abietina |
1 | Tsuga sp. |
1 | Acer sp. 1 (Sect. Acer) |
1 | Acer sp. 2 |
2 | Aesculus sp. |
1 | Alnus sp. 1 |
1 | Betula sp. 1 |
1 | Carpinus sp. 1 |
1, 3 | Cercidiphyllum sp. |
1, 2 | Fagus friedrichii |
1 | Ilex sp. 1 |
3 | Lonicera sp. |
1 | Liliaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1 |
2 | cf. Magnolia sp. |
1 | Parthenocissus sp. [L] |
1, 3 | Platanus leucophylla |
1 | Pterocarya sp. |
1, 3 | Rhododendron sp. 1 |
1 | Rosaceae gen et. spec. indet. 1 |
1 | Rosaceae get et spec. indet. 2 |
1 | Rosaceae get et. spec. indet. 3 |
1 | Salix sp. 1 |
1 | Sanguisorba sp. |
1 | Tetracentron atlanticum |
1, 3 | Tilia selardalense |
1, 3 | Ulmus sp. MT1 |
1 | Viburnum sp. |
Søby flora, Denmark [56°21′N] Pre Late Badenian (Langhian) Koch 1984 [1]; Friis 1985 [2]; Christensen 1975, 1976, 1978 [3] | |
|---|---|
1 | Abietinaepollenites microalatus |
1 | Piceapollenites alatus |
1, 2 | Pinus thomasiana |
1 | Sciadopityspollenites serratus |
1 | Sequoiapollenites polyformosus |
2 | Taxodium dubium |
1 | Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus |
1 | Tsugaepollenites sp. |
2 | Hellia (Tetraclinis) salicornioides |
3 | Acer soebyensis |
2 | Alismataceae |
1 | Alnipollenites versus |
2 | Carex sp. 2 |
2 | Carex sp. 3 |
1 | Caryapollenites simplex |
3 | Castanea atavia |
2 | Cephalanthus pusillus |
2 | Cladiocarya europaea |
2 | Cladiocarya trebovensis |
3 | Comptonia acutiloba |
2 | Comptonia srodoniowae |
1 | Cyrillaceaepollenites megaexactus |
1 | Cyrillaceaepollenites exactus |
3 | Diospyros brachysepala |
2 | Dulichium marginatum |
1 | Engelhardtioipollenites spp. |
1 | Ericipites sp. |
3 | Fraxinus cf. ungeri |
2 | Halesia crassa |
2 | Hypericum danicum |
1 | Ilexpollenites iliacus |
3 | Juglans acuminata |
3 | Juglans juglandiformis |
2 | Leguminocarpon sp. |
1, 3 | Liquidambar europaea |
2 | Ludwigia corneri |
2 | Lysimachia sp. |
3 | Magnolia sp. |
2 | Microdiptera sp. |
1, 2 | Myrica sp. |
1 | Nyssapollenites sp. |
1, 2 | Platanus neptunii |
2 | Poliothyrsis eurorimosa |
1 | Polyporopollenites carpinoides |
2 | Potamogeton heinkei |
2 | Proserpinaca brevicarpa |
1 | Pterocaryapollenites stellatus |
1 | Quercoidites henrici |
1 | Quercoidites microhenrici |
1 | Rhoipites pseudocingulum |
3 | Salix lavateri |
1 | Sapotaceoidaepollenites sp. |
2 | Saururus bilobatus |
2 | Scirpus ragozinii |
1, 3 | Smilax weberi |
1, 2 | Symplocos gothanii |
2 | Teucrium sp. 2 |
1 | Triporopollenites coryloides |
1 | Trivestibulopollenites betuloides |
1, 3 | Ulmus pyramidalis |
Seldovian Point flora, Alaska [59°26′N] Late Early to early Middle Miocene Wolfe and Tanai 1980 | |
|---|---|
3 | Dryopteris sp. |
3 | Onoclea sensibilis |
3 | Glyptostrobus europaeus |
3 | Ginkgo biloba |
3 | Acer ezoanum Oishi & Huzioka |
3 | Acer glabroides |
3 | Acer grahamensis |
3 | Acer heterodentatum |
3 | Alangium mikii |
3 | Alisma seldoviana |
3 | Alnus cappsi |
3 | Alnus fairi |
3 | Alnus healyensis |
3 | Betula cf. sublutea |
3 | Carpinus seldoviana |
3 | Carya bendirei |
3 | Celtis sp. |
3 | Cercidiphyllum alaskanum |
3 | Cladrastis cf. aniensis |
3 | Cocculus auriculata |
3 | Corylus sp. |
3 | Crataegus chamisonii |
3 | Cyclocarya ezoana |
3 | Decodon alaskana |
3 | Eucommia cf. Montana |
3 | Fagus aff. crenata |
3 | Fagus antipofi |
3 | Fraxinus kenaica |
3 | Hemitrapa borealis |
3 | Hydrangea sp. |
3 | Kalopanax acerifolium |
3 | Liquidambar pachyphylla |
3 | Lonicera sp. |
3 | Monocotylophyllum alaskanum |
3 | Monocotylophyllum spp. |
3 | Nymphar ebae |
3 | Nyssa cf. knowltoni |
3 | Ostrya cf. oregoniana |
3 | Platanus bendirei |
3 | Populus kenaiana |
3 | Populus sp. |
3 | Potamogeton alaskanus |
3 | Prunus aff. padus |
3 | Prunus kenaica |
3 | Pterocarya nigella |
3 | Pueraria miothunbergiana |
3 | Quercus furuhjelmi |
3 | Salix cappsensis |
3 | Salix hopkinsi |
3 | Salix picroides |
3 | Salix seldoviana |
3 | Sorbaria hopkinsi |
3 | Tilia subnobilis |
3 | Ulmus knowltoni |
3 | Ulmus owyheensis |
3 | Ulmus sp. |
3 | Ulmus speciosa |
3 | Vitis seldoviana |
3 | Zelkova brownii |
3 | Zelkova ungeri |
Abura flora, Hokkaido (Japan) [ca. 42° N] Middle Miocene Tanai and Suzuki 1963 | |
|---|---|
3 | Abies aburaensis |
3 | Abies n-suzukii |
3 | Glyptostrobus europaeus |
3 | Keteleeria ezoana |
3 | Metasequoia occidentalis |
3 | Picea hyamensis |
3 | Picea kaneharai |
3 | Picea kanoi |
3 | Picea magna |
3 | Picea ugoana |
3 | Pinus miocenica |
3 | Pseudotsuga ezoana |
3 | Thuja nipponica |
3 | Tsuga aburaensis |
3 | Tsuga miocenica |
3 | Acer ezoanum |
3 | Acer fatsiaefolia |
3 | Acer megasamarum |
3 | Acer miohenryi |
3 | Acer palaeodiabolicm |
3 | Acer protojaponicum |
3 | Acer prototataricum |
3 | Acer pseudoginnala |
3 | Acer subpictum |
3 | Aesculus majus |
3 | Ailanthus yezoense |
3 | Alnus miojaponica |
3 | Alnus protomaximowiczii |
3 | Betula sublutea |
3 | Camellia protojaponica |
3 | Carpinus miofangiana |
3 | Carpinus subcordata |
3 | Carpinus subyedoensis |
3 | Carya miocathayensis |
3 | Castanea miomollissima |
3 | Cercidiphyllum crenatum |
3 | Comptonia naumanni |
3 | Corylus macquarrii |
3 | Fagus antipofi |
3 | Fraxinus wakamatsuensis |
3 | Hemitrapa borealis |
3 | Hydrangea lanceolimba |
3 | Juglans shanwangensis |
3 | Liquidambar miosinica |
3 | Magnolia miocenica |
3 | Menispermum sp. |
3 | Ostrya shiragiana |
3 | Populus nipponica |
3 | Populus reniformis |
3 | Pterocarya ezoana |
3 | Robinia nipponica |
3 | Rosa usyuensis |
3 | Sassafras subtriloba |
3 | Tilia protojaponica |
3 | Ulmus longifolia |
3 | Ulmus shiragica |
3 | Zelkova ungeri |
Clarkia flora, Idaho (USA) [47°00′N] Middle Miocene Gray 1985 [1]; Rember 1991; Kvaček & Rember 2000, 2007 [3] | |
|---|---|
1 | Lycopodium sp. |
1 | Isoetes sp. |
1 | Osmunda sp. |
1 | Polypodium vulgare type |
1, 3 | Abies chaneyi |
3 | Amentotaxus californica |
3 | Calocedrus masonii |
1 | Cedrus sp. |
3 | Cephalotaxus sp. |
3 | Chamaecyparis linguaefolia |
3 | Cunninghamia chaneyi |
1 | Ephedra sp. |
3 | Glyptostrobus oregonensis |
3 | Keteleeria heterophylloides |
3 | Metasequoia occidentalis |
1, 3 | Picea sp. |
1, 3 | Pinus harneyana |
1, 3 | Pinus tiptonia |
1, 3 | Pinus wheeleri |
1 | Pseudotsuga |
3 | Sequoia affinis |
1 | Taxaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae unspecified |
3 | Taxodium dubium |
3 | Taxus sp. |
3 | Thuja gracilis |
1 | Tsuga heterophylla |
1, 3 | Acer cf. macrophyllum |
1, 3 | Acer cf. pensylvanicum |
1, 3 | Acer chaneyi |
1, 3 | Aesculus sp. |
3 | Ailanthus sp. |
1, 3 | Alnus relatus |
3 | Amelanchier coveus |
1, 3 | Betula fairii |
1, 3 | Betula vera |
1 | Carya sp. |
3 | Caesalpinia spokanensis |
1, 3 | Castanea spokanensis |
1 | Celtis sp. |
3 | Cercidiphyllum crenatum |
1 | Chenopodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. |
3 | Cornus latahensis |
1 | Corylus sp. |
3 | Crataegus gracilens |
1 | Cyperaceae |
3 | Diospyros oregoniana |
1 | Engelhardia sp. |
1 | Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. |
1, 3 | Fagus idahoensis |
1, 3 | Fraxinus sp. |
3 | Gleditsia sp. |
3 | Gordonia idahoensis |
1 | Gramineae |
3 | Gymnocladus sp. |
3 | Halesia/Symplocos |
3 | Heterosmilax sp. [L] |
3 | Hydrangea sp. |
1, 3 | Ilex sinuata |
1, 3 | Juglans lacunosa |
3 | Lauraceae gen. et sp. Indet. |
3 | Lindera oregoniana |
1, 3 | Liquidambar pachyphyllum |
1, 3 | Liriodendron Hesperia |
3 | Lithocarpus simulata |
1, 3 | Magnolia cf. acuminata |
1, 3 | Magnolia dayana |
3 | Morus sp. |
1 | Myrica |
3 | Nuphar sp. |
1, 3 | Nyssa copiana |
1, 3 | Nyssa hesperia |
1, 3 | Ostrya oregonia |
3 | Palaeocarya olsoni |
3 | Paliurus hesperius |
3 | Paulownia Columbiana |
3 | Persea pseudocarolinensis |
1 | Parthenocissus sp. |
3 | Philadelphus sp. |
1, 3 | Platanus dissecta |
3 | Populus lindgreni |
3 | Prunus sp. |
3 | Pseudofagus idahoensis |
1, 3 | Pterocarya mixta |
1, 3 | Quercus payettensis |
1, 3 | Rhamnus sp. |
1, 3 | Rhus sp. |
3 | Ribes sp. |
1 | Rosaceae gen. et spec. indet. |
3 | Salix hesperia |
3 | Sassafras columbiana |
1 | Shepherdia sp. |
3 | Smilax sp. [L] |
1 | Symplocos sp.? |
1 | Tilia sp. |
1, 3 | Typha sp. |
1, 3 | Ulmus sp. |
3 | Vaccinium sp. |
1, 3 | Vitis sp. [L] |
1, 3 | Zelkova oregonia |
3 | Zizyphoides-Nordenskioldia |
Parschlug flora, Austria [47°29′N] Late Early to early Middle Miocene Kovar-Eder et al. 2004 | |
|---|---|
3 | Adiantum renatum |
3 | Osmunda parschlugiana |
3 | Pronephrium stiriacum |
3 | Salvinia cf. mildeana |
3 | ? Cathaya sp. |
3 | ? Cupressus sp. |
3 | Glyptostrobus europaeus |
3 | Pinus spp. div. |
3 | “Acacia” parschlugiana |
3 | “Celastrus” europaea |
3 | “Cornus” ferox |
3 | “Evonymus” latoniae |
3 | “Juglans” parschlugiana |
3 | “Quercus” daphnes |
3 | ? Chaneya sp. |
3 | ? Prinsepia sp. |
3 | Acer integrilobum |
3 | Acer pseudomonspessulanum |
3 | Acer sp. |
3 | Acer tricuspidatum |
3 | Ailanthus confucii |
3 | Ailanthus pythii |
3 | Alnus gaudinii |
3 | Alnus julianiformis |
3 | Antholithes stiriacus |
3 | Berberis (?) ambigua |
3 | Berberis teutonica |
3 | Berchemia multinervis |
3 | Betula cf. dryadum |
3 | Buxus cf. egeriana |
3 | Cedrelospermum stiriacum |
3 | Cedrelospermum ulmifolium |
3 | Celtis japeti |
3 | Cercidiphyllum crenatum |
3 | cf. ? Gordonia oberdorfensis |
3 | cf. Rosa sp. |
3 | Cotinus (?) aizoon |
3 | Craigia bronnii |
3 | Cypselites sp. |
3 | Daphnogene polymorpha |
3 | Dicotylophyllum sp. 1 - 6 |
3 | Engelhardia macroptera |
3 | Engelhardia orsbergensis |
3 | Fagus sp. |
3 | Fraxinus primigenia |
3 | Leguminosites dionysi |
3 | Leguminosites hesperidum |
3 | Leguminosites palaeogaeus |
3 | Leguminosites parschlugianus |
3 | Liquidambar europaea |
3 | Liquidambar sp. |
3 | Mahonia (?) aspera |
3 | Monocotyledoneae gen. et sp. indet. |
3 | Myrica lignitum |
3 | Myrica oehningensis |
3 | Myrica sp. |
3 | Nerium sp. |
3 | Paliurus favonii |
3 | Paliurus tiliifolius |
3 | Phaseolites securidacus |
3 | Platanus leucophylla |
3 | Podocarpium podocarpum |
3 | Populus populina |
3 | Populus sp. |
3 | Prinsepia serra |
3 | Quercus drymeja |
3 | Quercus mediterranea |
3 | Quercus zoroastri |
3 | Saportaspermum sp. |
3 | Smilax sagittifera |
3 | Ternstroemites pereger |
3 | Tilia longebracteata |
3 | Toxicodendron herthae |
3 | Ulmus parschlugiana |
3 | Ulmus plurinervia |
3 | Zelkova zelkovifolia |
Shanwang flora, China [36°54′N] Late Early to early Middle Miocene Liu & Leopold 1992 [1]; Liu et al. 1996 [2]; Sun et al. 2002 [3]; Liang et al. 2003 [1] | |
|---|---|
1 | Osmunda sp. |
1 | Polypodium type |
2 | Pteris sp. |
1, 2 | Keteleeria ezoana |
1 | Larix/Pseudotsuga |
1 | Picea type 1 |
1 | Picea type 2 |
1 | Pinus spp. |
1 | Tsuga sp. |
1 | Taxodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. |
1 | Ephedra sp. |
1, 2 | Acer diabolicum |
1, 2 | Acer florinii |
1, 2 | Acer miocaudatum |
1, 2 | Acer miodavidii |
1, 2 | Acer miohenryi |
1, 2 | Acer nordenskioldi |
1, 2 | Acer subpictum |
1, 2 | Acer trifoliatum |
1 | Adenophera type |
2 | Aesculus miochinensis |
2 | Ailanthus youngii |
1 | Alangium sp. |
2 | Albizia miokalkora |
1, 2 | Alnus prenepalensis |
1, 2 | Alnus protomaximowiczii |
1 | Altingia sp. |
2 | Amelanchier sibirica |
2 | Ampelopsis shanwangensis |
2 | Aphananthe mioaspera |
2 | Astronium truncatum |
2 | Berchemia miofloribunda |
1, 2 | Betula mioluminifera |
1, 2 | Carpinus cf. miofangiana |
1, 2 | Carpinus chaneyi |
1, 2 | Carpinus megabracteata |
1, 2 | Carpinus miocenica |
1, 2 | Carpinus mioturczaninowii |
1, 2 | Carpinus oblongibracteata |
1, 2 | Carpinus shanwangensis |
1, 2 | Carpinus subcordata |
2 | Carrierea calycina |
1, 2 | Carya miocathayensis |
1 | Caryophyllaceae sp. |
2 | Cercis miochinensis |
2 | Castanea miomollissima |
1 | Castanopsis/Castanea sp. |
2 | Catalpa szei |
2 | Celastrus mioangulatus |
1, 2 | Celtis angusta |
|---|---|
1, 2 | Celtis bungeana |
2 | Ceratophyllum miodemersum |
2 | Chukrasia subtabularis |
2 | Cinnamomum oguniense |
2 | Commersonia parabatramia |
2 | Cornus miowalteri |
1, 2 | Corylus macquarrii |
2 | Cotoneaster protozabelii |
2 | Crataegus miocuneata |
2 | Cyperacites sp. |
2 | Diospyros miokaki |
1 | Engelhardia sp. |
2 | Eriobotrya miojaponica |
1, 3 | Eucommia sp. |
2 | Euodia miosinica |
2 | Euonymus protobungeanus |
1 | Fagus sp. |
2 | Ficus longipedia |
2 | Ficus shanwangensis |
2 | Firmiana sinomiocenica |
2 | Fraxinus dayana |
2 | Fraxinus microcarpa |
2 | Gleditsia miosinensis |
2 | Graminites sp. |
2 | Gymnocladus miochinensis |
2 | Hamamelis miomollis |
2 | Hovenia miodulcis |
2 | Hydrangea lanceolimba |
2 | Indigofera cf. pseudotinctoria |
1, 2 | Juglans acuminata |
1, 2 | Juglans miocathayensis |
1, 2 | Juglans shanwangensis |
2 | Kalopanax acerifolium |
2 | Koelreuteria macrocarpa |
2 | Koelreuteria miointegrifolia |
1 | Ilex sp. |
2 | Lindera paraobtusiloba |
2 | Lindera shanwangensis |
2 | Litsea grabaui |
1, 2 | Liquidambar miosinica |
1, 2 | Lonicera cf. japonica |
1, 2 | Lonicera hispida |
1, 2 | Magnolia miocenica |
2 | Mallotus populifolia |
2 | Malus parahupehensis |
1 | Melia sp. |
2 | Meliosma obtusifolia |
2 | Meliosma shanwangensis |
1 | Myrica sp. |
1 | Nyssa sp. |
1 | Oleaceae gen. et spec. indet. |
1, 2 | Ostrya uttoensis |
2 | Paliurus miosinicus |
2 | Paulownia shanwangensis |
2 | Phellodendron megaphyllum |
2 | Physocarpus shandongensis |
2 | Pistacia miochinensis |
2 | Platycarya miocenica |
1, 2 | Pterocarya serrulata |
2 | Podogonium knorrii |
1, 2 | Polygonum miosinicum |
2 | Populus balsamoides |
2 | Populus glandulifera |
2 | Populus latior |
2 | Populus simonii |
2 | Potamogeton sp. |
2 | Prunus miobrachypoda |
2 | Pueraria miothunbergiana |
1, 2 | Q. miovariabilis |
1, 2 | Q. sinomiocenicum |
1, 2 | Quercus dissimilifolia |
1 | Reveesia sp. |
1 | Rhododendron sp. |
2 | Rhus miosuccedania |
2 | Rosa shanwangensis |
1 | Rosaceae gen. et spec. indet. |
1, 2 | Salix angusta |
1, 2 | Salix masamunei |
1, 2 | Salix miosinica |
2 | Sapindus shandongensis |
2 | Shaniodendron subequale |
2 | Sophora miojaponica |
2 | Spiraea mioblumei |
2 | Stachyurus parachinensis |
2 | Tapiscia pseudochinensis |
2 | Tetrastigma shantungensis |
1 | Thymelaeaceae gen. et spec. indet. |
1, 2 | Tilia miochinensis |
1, 2 | Tilia miohenryana |
1, 2 | Tilia preamurensis |
2 | Toona bienensis |
2 | U. cf. multinervis |
1, 2 | Ulmus macrocarpa |
1, 2 | Ulmus miopumila |
1, 2 | Ulmus paralaciniata |
2 | Wisteria fallax |
2 | Vitis romanetii |
2 | Zanthoxylum prunifolium |
1, 2 | Zelkova ungeri |
2 | Zizyphus miojujuba |
Boldface indicates that the genus is present in the Selárdalur-Botn Formation. Grey shading indicates that the genus is present in the younger Brjánslækur-Seljá and Tröllatunga-Gautshamar formations (12 and 10 Ma). 1 based on pollen, spores, 2 based on leaves and/or fruit/seed fossils,3 based on leaf fossils
Appendix 4.2
Floristic composition of the 15 Ma sedimentary formation of Iceland compared to contemporaneous northern hemispheric fossil assemblages at higher latitudes and to one older assemblage from eastern North America (Floral lists from Matthews and Ovenden 1990; Whitlock and Dawson 1990; Tiffney 1994; Traverse 1994; Fyles et al. 1994; White and Ager 1994; Graham 1999; Liu and Basinger 2000).
Brandon Lignite, Vermont [43°50′N] Early Miocene Tiffney 1994 [3]; Traverse 1994 [1]; Graham 1999 [1, 3] | |
|---|---|
1, 3 | Alangium |
3 | Caldesia |
3 | Caricoidea (Cyperaceae) [extinct genus] |
1, 3 | Carya |
Castanea | |
1 | Cathaya |
Clethra ? | |
3 | Cleyera (Eurya) |
Corylus ? | |
3 | Cyrilla |
Engelhardia | |
3 | Ericaceae |
3 | Euodia |
Fagus | |
fern spores (unidentified) | |
Glyptostrobus | |
1, 3 | Gordonia |
Gramineae | |
Horniella (Rutaceae) [extinct genus] | |
1, 3 | Ilex (2 spp.) |
3 | Illicium |
Juglans | |
Jussiaea | |
Liquidambar | |
Lyonia (?) | |
3 | Magnolia (2 spp.) |
Manilkara (Sapotaceae) | |
3 | Melliodendron |
3 | Microdiptera (Lythraceae) [extinct genus] |
Mimusops (Sapotaceae) | |
3 | Moroidea [extinct genus] |
Morus | |
Nestronia (?) (Santalaceae) | |
1, 3 | Nyssa (4 spp.) |
Oxydendrum (?) | |
3 | Parthenocissus |
3 | Persea |
3 | Phellodendron |
Pinus (haploxylon type) | |
Pinus (sylvestris type) | |
Planera | |
Pterocarya | |
1, 3 | Quercus |
Rhamnus | |
Rhododendron | |
Rhus | |
Rosaceae (?) | |
1, 3 | Rubus |
3 | Sargentodoxa |
Siltaria (Fagaceae) [extinct genus] | |
1, 3 | Symplocos (2 spp) |
Tilia | |
Toddalieae (Rutaceae) | |
3 | Turpinia |
Ulmus | |
Vaccinium | |
1, 3 | Vitis (2 spp.) |
3 | Zanthoxylum (3) |
3 | Zenobia (Ericaceae) |
Porcupine River, Central Alaska [67°20′N] Middle Miocene, 15 Ma White and Ager 1994 | |
|---|---|
1 | Anaemia-type |
1 | Deltoidospora sp. |
1 | fungal spores |
1 | Laevigatosporites sp. |
1 | Lycopodium annotinum/complanatum |
1 | Osmunda sp. |
1 | Polypodiaceae/Dennstaedtiaceae |
1 | Sphagnum |
Abies sp. | |
1 | Picea sp. (large) |
1 | Picea spp. |
1 | Pinaceae undiff. (bisaccates) |
1 | Pinus (robust corpus) |
1 | Pinus koraiensis-type |
1 | Pinus spp. |
1 | Sciadopitys |
1 | Taxodiaceae (papillate) |
1 | Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae |
1 | Tsuga canadensis-type |
1 | Tsuga heterophylla-type |
1 | Tsuga mertensiana |
1 | Tsuga sp. |
1 | ? Acer sp. A |
1 | ? Acer sp. B |
1 | ? Cornus sp. |
1 | Alnus sp. (4-pored) |
1 | Alnus sp. (5-pored) |
1 | Alnus sp. (6-pored) |
1 | Alnus sp. (7-pored) |
1 | Betula sp. (<20 μm) |
1 | Betula sp. (>20 μm) |
1 | Carya sp. |
1 | Castanea-type |
1 | Cercidiphyllum sp. |
1 | cf. Carpinus sp. |
1 | cf. Corylus sp. |
1 | cf. Galium sp. |
1 | cf. Juncus sp. |
1 | Ericales |
1 | Fagus sp. |
1 | Ilex-type |
1 | Iridaceae/Liliaceae |
1 | Juglans sp. |
1 | Larix/Pseudotsuga |
1 | Liquidambar sp. |
1 | Ludwigia sp. |
1 | Nymphaea sp. |
1 | Nyssa sp. |
1 | Pterocarya sp. |
1 | Quercus sp. |
1 | Rhus-type |
1 | Salix sp. |
1 | Tilia-type |
1 | Ulmus-type |
Ballast Brook Formation, Banks Island [74°20′N] Middle Miocene Fyles et al. 1994 | |
|---|---|
2 | Azolla sp. |
2 | Salvinia sp. (?) |
2 | Glyptostrobus sp. |
2 | Juniperus sp. |
2 | Metasequoia sp. |
2 | Thuja sp. |
2 | Abies sp. |
2 | Larix sp. |
2 | Picea sp. |
2 | Pinus 3-needle type |
2 | Pinus contorta-banksiana type |
2 | Pinus densiflora-resinosa type |
2 | Pinus itelmenorum |
2 | Pinus paleodensiflora |
2 | Pinus sp. |
2 | Pinus subsect. Eustrobi |
2 | Pseudotsuga sp. |
2 | Tsuga sp. |
2 | Coniferales undet. |
2 | Aldrovanda sp. |
2 | Alnus (Alnobetula) sp. |
2 | Alnus incana type |
2 | Alnus sp. |
2 | Andromeda polifolia |
2 | Aracispermum sp. (?) |
2 | Aracites |
2 | Aracites globosa |
2 | Aralia sp. |
2 | Betula apoda type |
2 | Carex spp. |
2 | cf. Paliurus |
2 | Cladium sp. |
2 | Comptonia sp. |
2 | Cornus canadensis type |
2 | Cornus stolonifera type (?) |
2 | Damasonium type |
2 | Decodon gibbosus type |
2 | Decodon globosus type |
2 | Diervilla sp. |
2 | Dulichium sp. |
2 | Epigaea sp. |
2 | Epipremnum crassum |
2 | Epipremnum ornatum |
2 | Hamamelidaceae? |
2 Hippuris sp. | |
2 | Hypericum sp. |
2 | Juglandaceae Genus? |
2 | Liriodendron sp. |
2 | Menyanthes (< 2mm) |
2 | Menyanthes trifoliata |
2 | Microdiptera/Mneme type |
2 | Mitella sp. |
2 | Morus sp. |
2 | Myrica eogale type |
2 | Myrica sp. |
2 | Najas sp. (?) |
2 | Nigrella sp. |
2 | Nymphoides sp. |
2 | Phyllanthus sp. |
2 | Polanisia cf. sibirica |
2 | Potamogeton sp. |
2 | Potentilla sp. |
2 | Ranunculus lapponicus |
2 | Rubus sp. |
2 | Rynchospora sp. |
2 | Salix sp. |
2 | Sambucus sp. |
2 | Saururus sp. |
2 | Scirpus sp. |
2 | Sparganium sp. |
2 | Teucrium sp. |
2 | Tubela type |
2 | Weigelia sp. |
2 | Zenobia sp. |
West River, Horton River, N.W.T. [69°12′N] Early Miocene Whitlock and Dawson 1990 | |
|---|---|
2 | Chara/Nitella type |
2 | Metsequoia sp. |
2 | Abies sp. |
2 | Larix sp. |
2 | Picea sp. |
2 | Pinus five-needle type undiff. |
2 | Tsuga sp. |
2 | Actinidia sp. |
2 | Aracites globosa |
2 | Aralia sp. |
2 | Betula sp. |
2 | Carex sp. |
2 | Carex spp. |
2 | Decodon sp. |
2 | Hippuris sp. |
2 | Lycopus sp. |
2 | Menyanthes trifoliata |
2 | Nuphar sp. |
2 | Paliurus sp. |
2 | Potamogeton sp. |
2 | Rubus sp. |
2 | Rumex sp. |
2 | Sambucus sp. |
2 | Solanum/Physalis type |
2 | Sparganium sp. |
2 | Weigela sp. |
2 | Viola sp. |
2 | Vitis sp. |
Mary Sachs Gravels, Banks Island [75°57′N] Early Miocene Matthews and Ovenden 1990 | |
|---|---|
2 | Glyptostrobus sp. |
2 | Metasequoia sp. |
2 | Metasequoia disticha |
2 | Taxodium sp. |
2 | Thuja occidentalis |
2 | Abies grandis |
2 | Larix omoloica |
2 | Larix sp. |
2 | Picea banksii |
2 | Picea sp. |
2 | Pinus five-needle type undiff. |
2 | Pinus funebris |
2 | Pinus itelmenorum |
2 | Pinus paleodensiflora |
2 | Actinidia sp. |
2 | Alnus (Alnobetula) sp. |
2 | Alnus incana |
2 | Andromeda polifolia |
2 | Aralia sp. |
2 | Arctostaphylos alpina/rubra type |
2 | Betula apoda |
2 | Betula arboreal type |
2 | Betula dwarf shrub type |
2 | Carex sp. |
2 | Chamaedaphne sp. |
2 | Chenopodium sp. |
2 | Cleome sp. |
2 | Comptonia spp. |
2 | Diervilla sp. |
2 | Dulichium vespiforme |
2 | Epipremnum crassum |
2 | Hypericum sp. |
2 | Juglans eocineria |
2 | Liriodendron sp. |
2 | Ludwigia sp. |
2 | Menyanthes small form |
2 | Microdiptera/Mneme type |
2 | Morus sp. |
2 | Myrica (Gale) sp. |
2 | Myrica eogale |
2 | Paliurus sp. |
2 | Phyllanthus sp. |
2 | Polanisia sp. |
2 | Potamogeton sp. |
2 | Potentilla sp. |
2 | Ranunculus (Batrachium) sp. |
2 | Ranunculus hyperboreus |
2 | Rubus sp. |
2 | Rumex sp. |
2 | Sagisma sp. |
2 | Sambucus sp. |
2 | Sedum sp. |
2 | Sesuvium sp. |
2 | Solanum/Physalis type |
2 | Sparganium sp. |
2 | Teucrium sp. |
2 | Weigela sp. |
2 | Verbena sp. |
Haughton Formation, Devon Island [75°22′N] Early Miocene Whitlock and Dawson 1990 [1] | |
|---|---|
1 | Abies |
1 | Acer |
1 | Alnus |
1 | Betula |
1 | Brassicaceae |
1 | Carya |
1 | [Castanea] |
1 | cf. Fagus |
1 | cf. Fraxinus |
1 | Chenopodiaceae |
1 | Corylus type |
1 | Cupressaceae |
1 | Cyperaceae |
1 | Dryopteris type |
1 | Ericales |
1 | [Gleichenidites] |
1 | [Ilex] |
1 | Juglans |
1 | Larix |
1 | [Liquidambar] |
1 | Lycopodium type |
1 | Osmunda type |
1 | Ostrya/Carpinus |
1 | Picea |
1 | Pinus |
1 | Pinus strobus type |
1 | [Platanus]a |
1 | Populus |
1 | Potamogeton |
1 | Pteridium type |
1 | Pterocarya |
1 | Quercus |
1 | Salix |
1 | Sparganium |
1 | Sphagnum type |
1 | Tsuga |
1 | Ulmus/Zelkov |
aMentioned in text but not shown in pollen diagram Boldface indicates that the genus is present in the Selárdalur-Botn Formation. Grey shading indicates that the genus is present in the younger Brjánslækur-Seljá and Tröllatunga-Gautshamar formations (12 and 10 Ma). H herbaceous plant, W water plant. 1 based on pollen, spores; 2 based on leaves and/or fruit/seed fossils; 3 based on leaf fossils
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Denk, T., Grímsson, F., Zetter, R., Símonarson, L.A. (2011). The Archaic Floras. In: Late Cainozoic Floras of Iceland. Topics in Geobiology, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0372-8_4
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