Abstract
Lowland and montane forests can be distinguished as being distinct floristically and by their structural characters. Soil and climatic factors are primary determinants of changes in community structure and species composition. Field surveys were undertaken in the pristine forests of Imbak Canyon, Sabah and Mount Ledang, Johor, Malaysia. While these areas provide long-term maintenance and fully protected habitats of biological diversity, the floristic composition still remains rather insufficiently known. Therefore, this study has three objectives: (1) to identify the major forest types and tree communities, (2) to study changes in species composition along altitudinal gradients, and (3) to document the list of tree species collected in the study areas. The survey in Imbak Canyon resulted in the documentation of 40 families of the Angiosperms and Gymnosperms comprising 85 genera and 149 taxa. The areas are rich with tree species from the families of Dipterocarpaceae, Guttiferae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, and Myristicaceae. Trees from Podocarpaceae family are common montane taxa occurred in highest peak of ridge trail such as Podocarpus neriifolius, Dacrydium elatum, Phyllocladus sp., and Falcatifolium falciforme. An interesting finding was the occurrence of Shorea monticola (Dipterocarpaceae) in the summit zone of montane heath forest, whereas in Mount Ledang, a total of 62 tree families were encountered which consist of 62 families, 143 genera, and 222 taxa. Overall, Mount Ledang is rich with the tree species from the families of Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, and Rubiaceae. Common montane taxa encountered include trees from Podocarpaceae family (i.e., Podocarpus neriifolius, Dacrydium elatum, and Dacrydium beccarii). An interesting finding was the discovery of Maesa fraseriana (Maesaceae) in the upper montane forest of Mount Ledang which can potentially be a new record for the area. Information from this survey may provide a valuable reference for forest assessments, and improving our knowledge in identification of ecologically useful species as well as species of special concern, thus identify conservation efforts for sustainability of forest biodiversity.
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Appendix 1: List of Trees in Alphabetical Order Documented for the Imbak Canyon and Mount Ledang, Malaysia
Appendix 1: List of Trees in Alphabetical Order Documented for the Imbak Canyon and Mount Ledang, Malaysia
No. | Scientific name | Local name | Family | IUCN Status/remarks | Location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Acronychia porteri | Â | Rutaceae | Lower risk/least concern | ML/IC |
2 | Acronychia sp. | Â | Rutaceae | Â | IC |
3 | Actinodaphne montana | Medang paying | Lauraceae | Lower risk/least concern/endemic | IC |
4 | Actinodaphne pruinosa | Medang payung gunung/Medang serai | Lauraceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC/ML |
5 | Actinodaphne sp. | Medang serai | Lauraceae | Â | IC |
6 | Adinandra dumosa | Tetiup | Theaceae | Â | ML |
7 | Adinandra maculosa | Bawing | Theaceae | Â | IC |
8 | Aglaia eximia | Bekak | Meliaceae | Â | ML |
9 | Aglaia sp. | Bekak | Meliaceae | Â | ML |
10 | Agrostistachys longifolia | Jenjulong | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
11 | Alstonia angustiloba | Pulai/Pulai bukit | Apocynaceae | Â | IC/ML |
12 | Alstonia macrophylla | Pulai penipu bukit | Apocynaceae | Â | ML |
13 | Anaxagorea javanica | Bunga pompun | Annonaceae | Â | ML |
14 | Anisoptera cutisii | Mersawa durian | Dipterocarpaceae | Critically endangered | ML |
15 | Aporusa microstachya | Â | Phyllanthaceae | Â | ML |
16 | Aquilaria malaccensis | Gaharu | Thymelaeaceae | Vulnerable | IC |
17 | Ardisia retinervia | Â | Myrcinaceae | Â | ML |
18 | Ardisia sp. | Serusop | Myrsinaceae | Â | IC/ML |
19 | Arthrophyllum diversifolium | Terentang | Araliaceae | Â | ML |
20 | Artocarpus anisophyllus | Terap ikal | Moraceae | Â | IC |
21 | Artocarpus dadah | Tampang | Moraceae | Â | ML |
22 | Artocarpus elasticus | Terap nasi | Moraceae | Â | IC/ML |
23 | Artocarpus heterophyllus | KeML tampng bulu | Moraceae | Â | ML |
24 | Artocarpus lanceifolius | KeML tampng bulu | Moraceae | Â | ML |
25 | Artocarpus scortechinii | Terap hitam | Moraceae | Â | ML |
26 | Arytera littoralis | Â | Sapindaceae | Â | ML |
27 | Austrobuxus nitidus | Â | Picrodendraceae | Â | ML |
28 | Baccaurea parviflora | Kunau-kunau/Rambai hutan/Setambun taik | Euphorbiaceae | Â | IC/ML |
29 | Baeckea frutescens | Chuchor atap | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
30 | Barringtonia macrostachya | Putat | Lecythidaceae | Â | ML |
31 | Bouea oppositifolia | Kudang daun kecil | Anacardiaceae | Â | ML |
32 | Brackenridgea palustris | Mata ketam | Ochnaceae | Lower risk/near threatened | ML |
33 | Breynia sp. | Â | Phyllanthaceae | Â | ML |
34 | Brownlowia peltata | Pinggau-pinggau | Tiliaceae | Â | IC |
35 | Buchanania sessifolia | Otak udang daun tajam | Anacardiaceae | Â | ML |
36 | Callerya atropurpurea | Tulang dalang | Leguminosae | Â | ML |
37 | Calophylllum tetrapterum | Bintangor | Guttiferae | Lower risk/least concern | IC |
38 | Calophyllum sp. | Bintangor | Guttiferae | Â | ML |
39 | Calophyllum depresinervosum | Bintangor | Guttiferae | Â | IC |
40 | Calophyllum dioscurii | Bintangor | Guttiferae | Â | IC |
41 | Calophyllum macrocarpum | Bintangor | Guttiferae | Â | ML |
42 | Calophyllum nodosum | Bintangor | Guttiferae | Â | IC |
43 | Calophyllum obliquinevium | Bintangor | Guttiferae | Â | IC |
44 | Calophyllum sp. 1 | Bintangor | Guttiferae | Â | IC |
45 | Calophyllum sp. 2 | Bintangor | Guttiferae | Â | IC |
46 | Calophyllum wallichianum var wallichianum | Bintangor | Guttiferae | Â | IC |
47 | Camnosperma auriculatum | Terentang daun besar | Anacardiaceae | Â | IC/ML |
48 | Campnosperma squamatum | Terentang daun kecil | Anacardiaceae | Â | IC |
49 | Canarium denticulatum | Kedondong | Burseraceae | Â | IC |
50 | Canarium littorale | Kedondong gergaji | Burseraceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC/ML |
51 | Canarium pilosum | Kendondong | Burseraceae | Â | IC |
52 | Canthium didymum | Â | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
53 | Carallia brachiata | Meransi | Rhizophoraceae | Â | ML |
54 | Casearia clarkei | Â | Flacourtiaceae | Â | IC |
55 | Castanopsis megacarpa | Beranggang gajah/getek tangga | Fagaceae | Â | ML |
56 | Castanopsis sp. | Gertik tangga | Fagaceae | Â | ML |
57 | Chisochiton ceramicus | Berindu | Meliaceae | Â | IC |
58 | Cinnamomum iners | Kayumanis/Medang teja | Lauraceae | Â | IC/ML |
59 | Cinnamomum javanicum | Kayu manis | Lauraceae | Â | IC |
60 | Cinnamomum sp. | Medang | Lauraceae | Â | IC |
61 | Clerodendrum sp. | Â | Lamiaceae | Â | ML |
62 | Clerodendrum villosum | Â | Lamiaceae | Â | ML |
63 | Cratoxylum cochinchinense | Geronggang | Hypericaceae | Lower risk/least concern | ML |
64 | Cratoxylum formosum | Geronggang derum | Hypericaceae | Lower risk/least concern | ML |
65 | Cratoxylum sp. | Geronggang | Hypericaceae | Â | ML |
66 | Croton argyratus | Hujan panas | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
67 | Croton laevifolius | Hujan panas | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
68 | Croton sp. | Hujan panas | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
69 | Crotoxylum formosum | Geronggang | Hypericaceae | Lower risk/least concern | ML |
70 | Cryptocarya ferrea | Medang | Lauraceae | Â | IC |
71 | Cyathocalyx pruniferus | Â | Annonaceae | Â | ML |
72 | Dacrydium beccarii | Ekor tupai | Podocarpaceae | Least concern | ML |
73 | Dacrydium comosum | Ekor | Podocarpaceae | Endangered | IC |
74 | Dacrydium elatum | Ekor kuda | Podocarpaceae | Lower risk/least concern | ML |
75 | Dacryodes rostrata | Kedondong kerut | Burseraceae | Lower risk/least concern | ML |
76 | Dacryodes rubiginosa | Kedondong | Burseraceae | Â | IC |
77 | Desmos chinensis | Pisang monyet | Annonaceae | Â | IC |
78 | Dialium platysepalum | Keranji kuning besar | Leguminosae | Â | ML |
79 | Dillenia borneensis | Simpoh gajah | Dilleniaceae | Â | IC |
80 | Dillenia excelsa | Simpoh laki | Dilleniaceae | Â | IC |
81 | Dillenia reticulata | Simpoh gajah | Dilleniaceae | Â | ML |
82 | Diospyros andamanica | Kayu arang | Ebanaceae | Â | ML |
83 | Diospyros buxifolia | Meribut | Ebanaceae | Â | ML |
84 | Diospyros rigida | Kayu arang | Ebanaceae | Â | ML |
85 | Diospyros sp. | Kayu arang | Ebanaceae | Â | IC/ML |
86 | Diospyros styraformis | Kayu arang | Ebanaceae | Â | ML |
87 | Diospyros wallichii | Kayu malam | Ebanaceae | Â | IC |
88 | Dipterocarpus sp. | Keruing | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | ML |
89 | Dipterocarpus caudiferus | Keruing putih | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
90 | Dipterocarpus crinitus | Keruing mempelas | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | ML |
91 | Dipterocarpus grandiflorus | Keruing belimbing | Dipterocarpaceae | Critically endangered | IC |
92 | Dipterocarpus kerrii | Keruing gondola | Dipterocarpaceae | Endangered | ML |
93 | Dipterocarpus kunstleri | Keruing rapak | Dipterocarpaceae | Critically endangered/near streams | IC |
94 | Dracaena sp. | Â | Asparagaceae | Â | ML |
95 | Dryobalanops lanceolata | Kapur paji | Dipterocarpaceae | Endangered/Endemic | IC |
96 | Duabanga moluccana | Megas | Sonneratiaceae | Wet area | IC |
97 | Durio griffithii | Durian kuning | Bombacaceae | Â | IC |
98 | Durio oxleyanus | Durian | Bombacaceae | Â | IC |
99 | Dyera costulata | Jelutong/Jelutong bukit | Apocynaceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC/ML |
100 | Dysoxylon sp. | Olop-olop | Meliaceae | Â | IC |
101 | Elaeocarpus floribundus | Mendung | Elaeocarpaceae | Â | ML |
102 | Elaeocarpus nitidus var. nitidus | Mendung | Elaeocarpaceae | Â | ML |
103 | Elaeocarpus palembanicus | Mendung | Elaeocarpaceae | Â | ML |
104 | Elaeocarpus sp. | Mendung | Elaeocarpaceae | Â | ML |
105 | Elateriospermum tapos | Perah | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
106 | Endospermum diadenum | Sesenduk | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
107 | Erythroxylum cuneatum | Â | Erythroxylaceae | Â | ML |
108 | Eucalyptus deglupta | Kayu putih | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
109 | Eurya nitida | Podo kebal musang | Theaceae | Â | ML |
110 | Eurycoma longifolia | Pahit-pahit | Simaroubaceae | Â | IC |
111 | Fagraea crenulata | Tembusu | Loganiaceae | Â | ML |
112 | Falcatifolium falciforme | Podo | Podocarpaceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC |
113 | Ficussp. | Ara | Moraceae | Â | IC/ML |
114 | Ficus cf. sinuata | Ara | Moraceae | Â | ML |
115 | Ficus deltoidea | Mas cotek | Moraceae | Â | ML |
116 | Ficus fulva | Ara | Moraceae | Â | ML |
117 | Ficus glossularioides | Ara | Moraceae | Â | ML |
118 | Ficus vasculosa | Kayu ara | Moraceae | Â | IC |
119 | Ficus xylophylla | Ara | Moraceae | Â | ML |
120 | Fordia curtisii | Â | Leguminosae | Â | IC |
121 | Fordia sp. | Â | Leguminosae | Â | IC |
122 | Garcinia malaccensis | Manggis hutan/Kandis | Guttiferae | Â | IC/ML |
123 | Garcinia sp. | Kandis | Guttiferae | Â | IC/ML |
124 | Gardenia tubifera | Mentiong bukit | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
125 | Gironniera subaequalis | Ampas tebu/Hampas tebu | Ulmaceae | Â | IC/ML |
126 | Glochidion borneensis | Ubah nasi | Euphorbiaceae | Â | IC |
127 | Glochidion superbum | Gerumong jantan | Euphorbiaceae | Â | IC |
128 | Gluta aptera | Rengas/Rengas kerbau jalang | Apocynaceae | Â | IC/ML |
129 | Gluta elegans | Rengas | Apocynaceae | Â | ML |
130 | Gluta wallichii | Rengas | Apocynaceae | Â | ML |
131 | Gnetum gnemon | Meninjau | Gnetaceae | Least concern | ML |
132 | Gonocaryum gracile | Â | Icacinaceae | Â | ML |
133 | Gordonia concentricicatrix | Semak pulut | Theaceae | Â | ML |
134 | Gordonia sp. | Samak pulut | Theaceae | Â | ML |
135 | Gymnacranthera forbesii | Lanau | Myristicaceae | Â | IC |
136 | Gynotroches axillaris | Â | Rhizophoraceae | Â | ML |
137 | Helicia sp. | Â | Proteaceae | Â | IC |
138 | Heritiera elata | Kembang | Sterculiaceae | Â | IC |
139 | Heritiera javanica | Kembang | Sterculiaceae | Â | IC |
140 | Homalium longifolium | Telur buaya | Sterculiaceae | Lower risk/least concern | ML |
141 | Hopea nervosa | Selangan jangkang | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
142 | Hopea sp. 1 | Selangan | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
143 | Hopea sp. 2 | Selangan | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
144 | Hopea vesquei | Selangan bukit karangas | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
145 | Horsfieldia guatteriifolia | Darah-darah | Myristicaceae | Â | IC |
146 | Horsfieldia polyspherula | Darah-darah | Myristicaceae | Â | IC |
147 | Horsfieldia sp. | Darah-darah | Myristicaceae | Â | IC |
148 | Ilex cymosa | Mensirah | Aquifoliaceae | Â | ML |
149 | Ilex macrophylla | Mensirah | Aquifoliaceae | Â | ML |
150 | Ilex sp. | Mensirah | Aquifoliaceae | Â | ML |
151 | Ilex triflora | Mensirah | Aquifoliaceae | Â | ML |
152 | Irvingia malayana | Pauh kijang | Irvingiaceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC |
153 | Ixonanthes icosandra | Pagar anak | Ixonanthaceae | Â | ML |
154 | Ixonanthes reticulata | Inggir burung | Ixonanthaceae | Â | ML |
155 | Ixora sp. | Kiam/Jejarum | Rubiaceae | Â | IC/ML |
156 | Ixora sp. | Kiam | Rubiaceae | Â | IC |
157 | Knema laurina | Darah-darah | Myristicaceae | Â | IC |
158 | Knema malayana | Darah-darah | Myristicaceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC |
159 | Knema patentinervia | Penarahan | Myristicaceae | Â | ML |
160 | Knema scortechinii | Penarahan | Myristicaceae | Â | ML |
161 | Knema stenophylla subsp. longipedicellate | Darah darah | Myristicaceae | Endemic | IC |
162 | Koilodepas longifolium | Â | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
163 | Kokoona reflexa | Mata ulat | Celastraceae | Â | ML |
164 | Koompasia malaccensis | Kempas | Leguminosae | Lower risk/conservation dependent | ML |
165 | Koompassia excelsa | Mengaris | Leguminosae | Lower risk/conservation dependent | IC |
166 | Lasianthus sp. | Â | Rubiaceae | Â | IC |
167 | Leea indica | Mali-mali | Leeaceae | Â | IC |
168 | Leptospermum flavescens | Cina maki | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
169 | Leucostegane latistipulata | Mempisang | Leguminosae | Vulnerable | IC |
170 | Lindera montanoides | Medang pawas | Lauraceae | Â | IC |
171 | Lithocarpus curtisii | Mempening | Fagaceae | Vulnerable | IC |
172 | Lithocarpus encleiscarpus | Mempening | Fagaceae | Â | IC |
173 | Lithocarpus ewyckii | Mempening | Fagaceae | Â | IC |
174 | Lithocarpus sp. | Mempening | Fagaceae | Â | ML |
175 | Lithocarpus wallichianus | Mempening | Fagaceae | Â | ML |
176 | Litsea sp. | Medang | Lauraceae | Â | ML |
177 | Lophopetalum sp. | Mata ulat | Celastraceae | Â | ML |
178 | Macaranga gigantea | Mahang gajah | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
179 | Macaranga hypoleuca | Sedaman putih/Mahang kapur | Euphorbiaceae | Â | IC/ML |
180 | Macaranga laciniata | Mahang | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
181 | Macaranga triloba | Sedaman/Mahang merah | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
182 | Maclurodendron porteri | Â | Rutaceae | Â | ML |
183 | Maesa fraseriana | Â | Maesaceae | New record for Mount Ledang | ML |
184 | Magnolia montana | Â | Magnoliaceae | Â | ML |
185 | Magnolia sp. 2 | Cempaka | Magnoliaceae | Â | IC |
186 | Mallotus griffithianus | Balik angin | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
187 | Mallotus macrostachyus | Balik angin | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
188 | Mallotus oblongifolius | Balik angin | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
189 | Mallotus sp. | Balik angin | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
190 | Mallotus stipularis | Mallotus | Euphorbiaceae | Â | IC |
191 | Mangifera griffthii | Rawa | Anacardiaceae | Â | ML |
192 | Maranthes corymbosa | Merbatu | Chrysobalanaceae | Â | ML |
193 | Mastixia pentandra | Tetebu | Cornaceae | Â | ML |
194 | Melastoma malabatricum | Senduduk | Melastomataceae | Â | ML |
195 | Memecylon amplexicaule | Nipis kulit | Melastomataceae | Â | ML |
196 | Memecylon cantleyi | Nipis kulit | Melastomataceae | Â | ML |
197 | Memecylon minutiflorum | Nipis kulit | Melastomataceae | Â | ML |
198 | Memecylon pubescens | Nipis kulit | Melastomataceae | Â | ML |
199 | Memecylon sp. | Nipis kulit | Melastomataceae | Â | ML |
200 | Mesua kochummeniana | Penaga bayan | Guttiferae | Â | ML |
201 | Mesua racemosa | Penaga | Guttiferae | Â | ML |
202 | Mesua sp. | Penaga | Guttiferae | Â | ML |
203 | Mezzettia leptopoda | Mempisang | Annonaceae | Â | IC/ML |
204 | Microcos antidesmifolia | Kerodong | Tiliaceae | Â | IC |
205 | Microcos latifolia | Chenderai | Tiliacea | Â | ML |
206 | Microcos sp. | Â | Tiliacea | Â | ML |
207 | Monocarpia marginalis | Mempisang | Annonaceae | Â | ML |
208 | Myrica esculenta | Â | Myricaceae | Â | ML |
209 | Nauclea albicinales | Â | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
210 | Nauclea sp. | Â | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
211 | Nauclea subdita | Bangkal kuning | Rubiaceae | Â | IC |
212 | Neesia sp. | Durian monyet | Bombacaceae | Â | IC |
213 | Norrisia malaccensis | Â | Loganiaceae | Â | ML |
214 | Ochanostachys amentacea | Tanggal/Petaling | Olacaceae | Â | IC/ML |
215 | Octomeles sumatrana | Benuang | Datiscaceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC |
216 | Oxyspora sp. | Â | Melastomaceae | Â | IC |
217 | Palaquium maingayi | Nyatoh durian | Apocynaceae | Â | ML |
218 | Palaquium obovatum | Nyatoh | Apocynaceae | Â | ML |
219 | Pangium edule | Kepayang | Salicaceae | Â | ML |
220 | Parashorea melaanonan | Urat mata daun licin | Dipterocarpaceae | Critically endangered | IC |
221 | Parashorea tomentella | Urat mata beludu | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
222 | Parinari elmeri | Merbatu | Chrysobalanaceae | Â | ML |
223 | Parinari oblongifolia | Merbatu | Chrysobalanaceae | Â | IC |
224 | Parkia javanica | Kupang/Petai kerayong | Leguminosae | Â | IC/ML |
225 | Parkia speciosa | Petai kerayong | Leguminosae | Â | ML |
226 | Payena lucida | Nyatoh | Sapotaceae | Â | ML |
227 | Payena maingayi | Nyatoh | Sapotaceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC |
228 | Pentace laxiflora | Takalis daun halus | Tiliaceae | Â | IC |
229 | Phyllocladus sp. | Â | Podocarpaceae | Â | IC |
230 | Pimeleodendron griffithianum | Perah ikan | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
231 | Pinus carribea | Pine | Pinaceae | Â | ML |
232 | Pittosporum ferrugineum | Â | Pitosporaceae | Â | ML |
233 | Ploiarium alternifolium | Riang riang | Bonnetiaceae | Â | ML |
234 | Ploiarium sp. | Riang riang | Bonnetiaceae | Â | ML |
235 | Podocarpus neriifolius | Podo bukit | Podocarpaceae | Least concern | ML |
236 | Podocarpus neriifolius | Kayu china | Podocarpaceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC |
237 | Polyalthia clauliflora | Kerai larak | Annonaceae | Â | IC |
238 | Polyalthia rumphii | Mempisang | Anonaceae | Â | ML |
239 | Polyalthia sumatrana | Mempisang | Anonaceae | Â | ML |
240 | Popowia pisocarpa | Mempisang | Annonaceae | Â | ML |
241 | Porterandia anisophylla | Tinjau belukar | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
242 | Pouteria malaccensis | Nyatoh nangka kuning | Sapotaceae | Â | ML |
243 | Premna corymbosa | Leban | Verbanaceae | Â | ML |
244 | Prunus sp.1 | Pepijat | Rosaceae | Â | ML |
245 | Prunus sp.2 | Stone fruits | Rosaceae | Â | ML |
246 | Pternandra coerulescens | Sial menahun | Melastomataceae | Â | ML |
247 | Pternandra echinata | Sial menahun | Melastomataceae | Â | ML |
248 | Pterospermum javanicum | Bayur bukit | Malvaceae | Â | ML |
249 | Pterospermum sp. | Bayor | Sterculiaceae | Â | IC |
250 | Randia scortechinii | Tinjau belukar | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
251 | Rapanea porteriana | Â | Myrcinaceae | Â | ML |
252 | Rennellia elliptica | Tepejat | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
253 | Rennellia speciosa | Â | Rubiaceae | Â | IC |
254 | Rhodamnia cinerea | Mempoyan/poyan | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
255 | Rinorea anguifera | Sentil tembakau | Violaceae | Â | ML |
256 | Santiria griffithii | Kedondong | Burseraceae | Â | ML |
257 | Santiria laevigata | Kerantai/Kedondong kerantai lichin | Burseraceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC/ML |
258 | Santiria tomentosa | Kerantai bulu | Burseraceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC |
259 | Sapium beccatum | Ludai | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
260 | Saprosma sp. | Â | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
261 | Saraca cauliflora | Gapis | Leguminosae | Â | ML |
262 | Sarcotheca griffithii | Belimbing pipi | Oxalidaceae | Â | ML |
263 | Scaphium linearicarpum | Kembang semangkok bulat | Sterculiaceae | Â | ML |
264 | Scaphium macropodum | Kembang semangkok jantung | Sterculiaceae | Lower risk/least concern | IC/ML |
265 | Schefflera sp. | Â | Araliceae | Â | IC |
266 | Schima wallichii | Gegatal | Theaceae | Â | ML |
267 | Schoutenia accrescens | Bayur bukit | Tiliacea | Â | ML |
268 | Scorodocarpus borneensis | Bawang hutan | Olacaceae | Â | IC |
269 | Scutinanthe brunnea | Kedondong sengkuang | Burseraceae | Lower risk/least concern | ML |
270 | Shorea agentifolia | Seraya daun emas | Dipterocarpaceae | Endangered | IC |
271 | Shorea atrinervosa | Selangan batu hitam | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
272 | Shorea ciliata | Â | Dipterocarpaceae | Endangered | IC |
273 | Shorea curtisii | Meranti seraya | Dipterocarpaceae | Lower risk/least concern | ML |
274 | Shorea excelliptica | Balau tembaga | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | ML |
275 | Shorea fallax | Seraya daun kasar | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
276 | Shorea flaviflora | Seraya daun besar | Dipterocarpaceae | Critically endangered | IC |
277 | Shorea guiso | Selangan batu merah | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
278 | Shorea johorensis | Seraya majau | Dipterocarpaceae | Critically endangered | IC |
279 | Shorea laevis | Selangan batu kumus | Dipterocarpaceae | Lower risk/least concern/ridges | IC |
280 | Shorea leprosula | Seraya tembaga/Meranti tembaga | Dipterocarpaceae | Endangered | IC/ML |
281 | Shorea macroptera | Meranti melantai | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | ML |
282 | Shorea Maxwelliana | Selangan batu asam | Dipterocarpaceae | Endangered | IC |
283 | Shorea microphylla | Kawang jantung | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
284 | Shorea monticola | Seraya gunung | Dipterocarpaceae | Endemic, mountains | IC |
285 | Shorea multiflora | Damar hitam pipit | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | ML |
286 | Shorea obscura | Â | Dipterocarpaceae | Hills | IC |
287 | Shorea ovalis | Meranti kepong | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | ML |
288 | Shorea ovata | Seraya punai bukit | Dipterocarpaceae | Endangered | IC |
289 | Shorea parvifolia | Meranti sarang punai | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | ML |
290 | Shorea parvifolia | Seraya punai | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
291 | Shorea parvistipulata | Seraya lupa | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
292 | Shorea patoiensis | Seraya kuning pinang | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
293 | Shorea pauciflora | Meranti nemesu | Dipterocarpaceae | Endangered | ML |
294 | Shorea platyclados | Meranti bukit | Dipterocarpaceae | Endangered | ML |
295 | Shorea sp. | Seraya/Meranti | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC/ML |
296 | Sindora beccariana | Sepetir | Leguminosae | Â | IC |
297 | Sindora coriacea | Sepetir lichin | Leguminosae | Â | ML |
298 | Sindora echinocalyx | Sepetir daun nipis | Leguminosae | Â | IC |
299 | Sloanea javanica | Mendong | Lauraceae | Â | IC |
300 | Stemonurus malaccensis | Katok | Icacinaceae | Â | IC |
301 | Sterculia parvifolia | Kelumpang | Sterculiaceae | Â | ML |
302 | Streblus elongatus | Tempinis | Moraceae | Â | ML |
303 | Swintonia sp. | Merpauh | Anacardiaceae | Â | ML |
304 | Symplocos adenophylla | Â | Symplocaceae | Â | ML |
305 | Symplocos sp. | Â | Symplocaceae | Â | ML |
306 | Syzygium filiforme | Kelat | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
307 | Syzygium griffithii | Kelat | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
308 | Syzygium politum | Kelat | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
309 | Syzygium pustulatum | Kelat | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
310 | Syzygium sp. 1 | Kelat serai | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
311 | Syzygium sp. 1 | Obah | Myrtaceae | Â | IC |
312 | Syzygium sp. 2 | Kelat | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
313 | Syzygium sp. 3 | Obah | Myrtaceae | Â | IC |
314 | Syzygium sp. 4 | Obah | Myrtaceae | Â | IC |
315 | Syzygium sp. 5 | Kelat | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
316 | Syzygium stapfianum | Obah | Myrtaceae | Â | IC |
317 | Syzygium subdesugata | Kelat | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
318 | Tarenna sp. | Â | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
319 | Terminalia sp. | Telisai | Combretaceae | Â | IC |
320 | Ternstroemia tectandra | Langkubak | Theaceae | Â | IC |
321 | Timonius wallichianus | Kaum kopi | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
322 | Trigonostemon malaccanus | Â | Euphorbiaceae | Â | ML |
323 | Tristaniopsis merguensis | Pelawan | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
324 | Tristaniopsis razakiana | Pelawan | Myrtaceae | Â | ML |
325 | Tristaniopsis whiteana | Pelawan | Myrtaceae | Â | IC |
326 | Urophyllum sp. | Â | Rubiaceae | Â | ML |
327 | Vatica dulitensis | Resak bukit | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
328 | Vatica maingayi | Resak daun merah | Dipterocarpaceae | Critically endangered | IC |
329 | Vatica sp. | Resak | Dipterocarpaceae | Â | IC |
330 | Vitex longisepala | Leban | Verbanaceae | Â | ML |
331 | Vitex pinnata | Leban | Verbanaceae | Â | ML |
332 | Vitex pubescence | Leban | Verbanaceae | Â | ML |
333 | Vitex sp. 1 | Kulimpapa | Verbenaceae | Â | IC |
334 | Vitex sp. 2 | Kulimpapa | Verbenaceae | Â | IC |
335 | Weinmannia fraxinea | Â | Cunoniaceae | Â | ML |
336 | Xanthophyllum affine | Minyak berok | Polygalaceae | Â | IC |
337 | Xanthophyllum eurhynchum | Minyak berok | Polygalaceae | Â | ML |
338 | Xanthophyllum sp. | Minyak berok | Polygalaceae | Â | IC/ML |
339 | Xerospermum noronhianum | Rambutan pacat | Polygalaceae | Â | ML |
340 | Xylopia sp. | Jangkang | Annonaceae | Â | ML |
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Suratman, M., Hamid, N., Sabri, M., Kusin, M., Yamani, S. (2015). Changes in Tree Species Distribution Along Altitudinal Gradients of Montane Forests in Malaysia. In: Öztürk, M., Hakeem, K., Faridah-Hanum, I., Efe, R. (eds) Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12859-7_19
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