Changes in Tree Species Distribution Along Altitudinal Gradients of Montane Forests in Malaysia

Abstract

Lowland and montane forests can be distinguished as being distinct floristically and by their structural characters. Soil and climatic factors are primary determinants of changes in community structure and species composition. Field surveys were undertaken in the pristine forests of Imbak Canyon, Sabah and Mount Ledang, Johor, Malaysia. While these areas provide long-term maintenance and fully protected habitats of biological diversity, the floristic composition still remains rather insufficiently known. Therefore, this study has three objectives: (1) to identify the major forest types and tree communities, (2) to study changes in species composition along altitudinal gradients, and (3) to document the list of tree species collected in the study areas. The survey in Imbak Canyon resulted in the documentation of 40 families of the Angiosperms and Gymnosperms comprising 85 genera and 149 taxa. The areas are rich with tree species from the families of Dipterocarpaceae, Guttiferae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, and Myristicaceae. Trees from Podocarpaceae family are common montane taxa occurred in highest peak of ridge trail such as Podocarpus neriifolius, Dacrydium elatum, Phyllocladus sp., and Falcatifolium falciforme. An interesting finding was the occurrence of Shorea monticola (Dipterocarpaceae) in the summit zone of montane heath forest, whereas in Mount Ledang, a total of 62 tree families were encountered which consist of 62 families, 143 genera, and 222 taxa. Overall, Mount Ledang is rich with the tree species from the families of Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, and Rubiaceae. Common montane taxa encountered include trees from Podocarpaceae family (i.e., Podocarpus neriifolius, Dacrydium elatum, and Dacrydium beccarii). An interesting finding was the discovery of Maesa fraseriana (Maesaceae) in the upper montane forest of Mount Ledang which can potentially be a new record for the area. Information from this survey may provide a valuable reference for forest assessments, and improving our knowledge in identification of ecologically useful species as well as species of special concern, thus identify conservation efforts for sustainability of forest biodiversity.

Appendix 1: List of Trees in Alphabetical Order Documented for the Imbak Canyon and Mount Ledang, Malaysia

No.	Scientific name	Local name	Family	IUCN Status/remarks	Location
1	Acronychia porteri		Rutaceae	Lower risk/least concern	ML/IC
2	Acronychia sp.		Rutaceae		IC
3	Actinodaphne montana	Medang paying	Lauraceae	Lower risk/least concern/endemic	IC
4	Actinodaphne pruinosa	Medang payung gunung/Medang serai	Lauraceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC/ML
5	Actinodaphne sp.	Medang serai	Lauraceae		IC
6	Adinandra dumosa	Tetiup	Theaceae		ML
7	Adinandra maculosa	Bawing	Theaceae		IC
8	Aglaia eximia	Bekak	Meliaceae		ML
9	Aglaia sp.	Bekak	Meliaceae		ML
10	Agrostistachys longifolia	Jenjulong	Euphorbiaceae		ML
11	Alstonia angustiloba	Pulai/Pulai bukit	Apocynaceae		IC/ML
12	Alstonia macrophylla	Pulai penipu bukit	Apocynaceae		ML
13	Anaxagorea javanica	Bunga pompun	Annonaceae		ML
14	Anisoptera cutisii	Mersawa durian	Dipterocarpaceae	Critically endangered	ML
15	Aporusa microstachya		Phyllanthaceae		ML
16	Aquilaria malaccensis	Gaharu	Thymelaeaceae	Vulnerable	IC
17	Ardisia retinervia		Myrcinaceae		ML
18	Ardisia sp.	Serusop	Myrsinaceae		IC/ML
19	Arthrophyllum diversifolium	Terentang	Araliaceae		ML
20	Artocarpus anisophyllus	Terap ikal	Moraceae		IC
21	Artocarpus dadah	Tampang	Moraceae		ML
22	Artocarpus elasticus	Terap nasi	Moraceae		IC/ML
23	Artocarpus heterophyllus	KeML tampng bulu	Moraceae		ML
24	Artocarpus lanceifolius	KeML tampng bulu	Moraceae		ML
25	Artocarpus scortechinii	Terap hitam	Moraceae		ML
26	Arytera littoralis		Sapindaceae		ML
27	Austrobuxus nitidus		Picrodendraceae		ML
28	Baccaurea parviflora	Kunau-kunau/Rambai hutan/Setambun taik	Euphorbiaceae		IC/ML
29	Baeckea frutescens	Chuchor atap	Myrtaceae		ML
30	Barringtonia macrostachya	Putat	Lecythidaceae		ML
31	Bouea oppositifolia	Kudang daun kecil	Anacardiaceae		ML
32	Brackenridgea palustris	Mata ketam	Ochnaceae	Lower risk/near threatened	ML
33	Breynia sp.		Phyllanthaceae		ML
34	Brownlowia peltata	Pinggau-pinggau	Tiliaceae		IC
35	Buchanania sessifolia	Otak udang daun tajam	Anacardiaceae		ML
36	Callerya atropurpurea	Tulang dalang	Leguminosae		ML
37	Calophylllum tetrapterum	Bintangor	Guttiferae	Lower risk/least concern	IC
38	Calophyllum sp.	Bintangor	Guttiferae		ML
39	Calophyllum depresinervosum	Bintangor	Guttiferae		IC
40	Calophyllum dioscurii	Bintangor	Guttiferae		IC
41	Calophyllum macrocarpum	Bintangor	Guttiferae		ML
42	Calophyllum nodosum	Bintangor	Guttiferae		IC
43	Calophyllum obliquinevium	Bintangor	Guttiferae		IC
44	Calophyllum sp. 1	Bintangor	Guttiferae		IC
45	Calophyllum sp. 2	Bintangor	Guttiferae		IC
46	Calophyllum wallichianum var wallichianum	Bintangor	Guttiferae		IC
47	Camnosperma auriculatum	Terentang daun besar	Anacardiaceae		IC/ML
48	Campnosperma squamatum	Terentang daun kecil	Anacardiaceae		IC
49	Canarium denticulatum	Kedondong	Burseraceae		IC
50	Canarium littorale	Kedondong gergaji	Burseraceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC/ML
51	Canarium pilosum	Kendondong	Burseraceae		IC
52	Canthium didymum		Rubiaceae		ML
53	Carallia brachiata	Meransi	Rhizophoraceae		ML
54	Casearia clarkei		Flacourtiaceae		IC
55	Castanopsis megacarpa	Beranggang gajah/getek tangga	Fagaceae		ML
56	Castanopsis sp.	Gertik tangga	Fagaceae		ML
57	Chisochiton ceramicus	Berindu	Meliaceae		IC
58	Cinnamomum iners	Kayumanis/Medang teja	Lauraceae		IC/ML
59	Cinnamomum javanicum	Kayu manis	Lauraceae		IC
60	Cinnamomum sp.	Medang	Lauraceae		IC
61	Clerodendrum sp.		Lamiaceae		ML
62	Clerodendrum villosum		Lamiaceae		ML
63	Cratoxylum cochinchinense	Geronggang	Hypericaceae	Lower risk/least concern	ML
64	Cratoxylum formosum	Geronggang derum	Hypericaceae	Lower risk/least concern	ML
65	Cratoxylum sp.	Geronggang	Hypericaceae		ML
66	Croton argyratus	Hujan panas	Euphorbiaceae		ML
67	Croton laevifolius	Hujan panas	Euphorbiaceae		ML
68	Croton sp.	Hujan panas	Euphorbiaceae		ML
69	Crotoxylum formosum	Geronggang	Hypericaceae	Lower risk/least concern	ML
70	Cryptocarya ferrea	Medang	Lauraceae		IC
71	Cyathocalyx pruniferus		Annonaceae		ML
72	Dacrydium beccarii	Ekor tupai	Podocarpaceae	Least concern	ML
73	Dacrydium comosum	Ekor	Podocarpaceae	Endangered	IC
74	Dacrydium elatum	Ekor kuda	Podocarpaceae	Lower risk/least concern	ML
75	Dacryodes rostrata	Kedondong kerut	Burseraceae	Lower risk/least concern	ML
76	Dacryodes rubiginosa	Kedondong	Burseraceae		IC
77	Desmos chinensis	Pisang monyet	Annonaceae		IC
78	Dialium platysepalum	Keranji kuning besar	Leguminosae		ML
79	Dillenia borneensis	Simpoh gajah	Dilleniaceae		IC
80	Dillenia excelsa	Simpoh laki	Dilleniaceae		IC
81	Dillenia reticulata	Simpoh gajah	Dilleniaceae		ML
82	Diospyros andamanica	Kayu arang	Ebanaceae		ML
83	Diospyros buxifolia	Meribut	Ebanaceae		ML
84	Diospyros rigida	Kayu arang	Ebanaceae		ML
85	Diospyros sp.	Kayu arang	Ebanaceae		IC/ML
86	Diospyros styraformis	Kayu arang	Ebanaceae		ML
87	Diospyros wallichii	Kayu malam	Ebanaceae		IC
88	Dipterocarpus sp.	Keruing	Dipterocarpaceae		ML
89	Dipterocarpus caudiferus	Keruing putih	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
90	Dipterocarpus crinitus	Keruing mempelas	Dipterocarpaceae		ML
91	Dipterocarpus grandiflorus	Keruing belimbing	Dipterocarpaceae	Critically endangered	IC
92	Dipterocarpus kerrii	Keruing gondola	Dipterocarpaceae	Endangered	ML
93	Dipterocarpus kunstleri	Keruing rapak	Dipterocarpaceae	Critically endangered/near streams	IC
94	Dracaena sp.		Asparagaceae		ML
95	Dryobalanops lanceolata	Kapur paji	Dipterocarpaceae	Endangered/Endemic	IC
96	Duabanga moluccana	Megas	Sonneratiaceae	Wet area	IC
97	Durio griffithii	Durian kuning	Bombacaceae		IC
98	Durio oxleyanus	Durian	Bombacaceae		IC
99	Dyera costulata	Jelutong/Jelutong bukit	Apocynaceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC/ML
100	Dysoxylon sp.	Olop-olop	Meliaceae		IC
101	Elaeocarpus floribundus	Mendung	Elaeocarpaceae		ML
102	Elaeocarpus nitidus var. nitidus	Mendung	Elaeocarpaceae		ML
103	Elaeocarpus palembanicus	Mendung	Elaeocarpaceae		ML
104	Elaeocarpus sp.	Mendung	Elaeocarpaceae		ML
105	Elateriospermum tapos	Perah	Euphorbiaceae		ML
106	Endospermum diadenum	Sesenduk	Euphorbiaceae		ML
107	Erythroxylum cuneatum		Erythroxylaceae		ML
108	Eucalyptus deglupta	Kayu putih	Myrtaceae		ML
109	Eurya nitida	Podo kebal musang	Theaceae		ML
110	Eurycoma longifolia	Pahit-pahit	Simaroubaceae		IC
111	Fagraea crenulata	Tembusu	Loganiaceae		ML
112	Falcatifolium falciforme	Podo	Podocarpaceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC
113	Ficussp.	Ara	Moraceae		IC/ML
114	Ficus cf. sinuata	Ara	Moraceae		ML
115	Ficus deltoidea	Mas cotek	Moraceae		ML
116	Ficus fulva	Ara	Moraceae		ML
117	Ficus glossularioides	Ara	Moraceae		ML
118	Ficus vasculosa	Kayu ara	Moraceae		IC
119	Ficus xylophylla	Ara	Moraceae		ML
120	Fordia curtisii		Leguminosae		IC
121	Fordia sp.		Leguminosae		IC
122	Garcinia malaccensis	Manggis hutan/Kandis	Guttiferae		IC/ML
123	Garcinia sp.	Kandis	Guttiferae		IC/ML
124	Gardenia tubifera	Mentiong bukit	Rubiaceae		ML
125	Gironniera subaequalis	Ampas tebu/Hampas tebu	Ulmaceae		IC/ML
126	Glochidion borneensis	Ubah nasi	Euphorbiaceae		IC
127	Glochidion superbum	Gerumong jantan	Euphorbiaceae		IC
128	Gluta aptera	Rengas/Rengas kerbau jalang	Apocynaceae		IC/ML
129	Gluta elegans	Rengas	Apocynaceae		ML
130	Gluta wallichii	Rengas	Apocynaceae		ML
131	Gnetum gnemon	Meninjau	Gnetaceae	Least concern	ML
132	Gonocaryum gracile		Icacinaceae		ML
133	Gordonia concentricicatrix	Semak pulut	Theaceae		ML
134	Gordonia sp.	Samak pulut	Theaceae		ML
135	Gymnacranthera forbesii	Lanau	Myristicaceae		IC
136	Gynotroches axillaris		Rhizophoraceae		ML
137	Helicia sp.		Proteaceae		IC
138	Heritiera elata	Kembang	Sterculiaceae		IC
139	Heritiera javanica	Kembang	Sterculiaceae		IC
140	Homalium longifolium	Telur buaya	Sterculiaceae	Lower risk/least concern	ML
141	Hopea nervosa	Selangan jangkang	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
142	Hopea sp. 1	Selangan	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
143	Hopea sp. 2	Selangan	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
144	Hopea vesquei	Selangan bukit karangas	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
145	Horsfieldia guatteriifolia	Darah-darah	Myristicaceae		IC
146	Horsfieldia polyspherula	Darah-darah	Myristicaceae		IC
147	Horsfieldia sp.	Darah-darah	Myristicaceae		IC
148	Ilex cymosa	Mensirah	Aquifoliaceae		ML
149	Ilex macrophylla	Mensirah	Aquifoliaceae		ML
150	Ilex sp.	Mensirah	Aquifoliaceae		ML
151	Ilex triflora	Mensirah	Aquifoliaceae		ML
152	Irvingia malayana	Pauh kijang	Irvingiaceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC
153	Ixonanthes icosandra	Pagar anak	Ixonanthaceae		ML
154	Ixonanthes reticulata	Inggir burung	Ixonanthaceae		ML
155	Ixora sp.	Kiam/Jejarum	Rubiaceae		IC/ML
156	Ixora sp.	Kiam	Rubiaceae		IC
157	Knema laurina	Darah-darah	Myristicaceae		IC
158	Knema malayana	Darah-darah	Myristicaceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC
159	Knema patentinervia	Penarahan	Myristicaceae		ML
160	Knema scortechinii	Penarahan	Myristicaceae		ML
161	Knema stenophylla subsp. longipedicellate	Darah darah	Myristicaceae	Endemic	IC
162	Koilodepas longifolium		Euphorbiaceae		ML
163	Kokoona reflexa	Mata ulat	Celastraceae		ML
164	Koompasia malaccensis	Kempas	Leguminosae	Lower risk/conservation dependent	ML
165	Koompassia excelsa	Mengaris	Leguminosae	Lower risk/conservation dependent	IC
166	Lasianthus sp.		Rubiaceae		IC
167	Leea indica	Mali-mali	Leeaceae		IC
168	Leptospermum flavescens	Cina maki	Myrtaceae		ML
169	Leucostegane latistipulata	Mempisang	Leguminosae	Vulnerable	IC
170	Lindera montanoides	Medang pawas	Lauraceae		IC
171	Lithocarpus curtisii	Mempening	Fagaceae	Vulnerable	IC
172	Lithocarpus encleiscarpus	Mempening	Fagaceae		IC
173	Lithocarpus ewyckii	Mempening	Fagaceae		IC
174	Lithocarpus sp.	Mempening	Fagaceae		ML
175	Lithocarpus wallichianus	Mempening	Fagaceae		ML
176	Litsea sp.	Medang	Lauraceae		ML
177	Lophopetalum sp.	Mata ulat	Celastraceae		ML
178	Macaranga gigantea	Mahang gajah	Euphorbiaceae		ML
179	Macaranga hypoleuca	Sedaman putih/Mahang kapur	Euphorbiaceae		IC/ML
180	Macaranga laciniata	Mahang	Euphorbiaceae		ML
181	Macaranga triloba	Sedaman/Mahang merah	Euphorbiaceae		ML
182	Maclurodendron porteri		Rutaceae		ML
183	Maesa fraseriana		Maesaceae	New record for Mount Ledang	ML
184	Magnolia montana		Magnoliaceae		ML
185	Magnolia sp. 2	Cempaka	Magnoliaceae		IC
186	Mallotus griffithianus	Balik angin	Euphorbiaceae		ML
187	Mallotus macrostachyus	Balik angin	Euphorbiaceae		ML
188	Mallotus oblongifolius	Balik angin	Euphorbiaceae		ML
189	Mallotus sp.	Balik angin	Euphorbiaceae		ML
190	Mallotus stipularis	Mallotus	Euphorbiaceae		IC
191	Mangifera griffthii	Rawa	Anacardiaceae		ML
192	Maranthes corymbosa	Merbatu	Chrysobalanaceae		ML
193	Mastixia pentandra	Tetebu	Cornaceae		ML
194	Melastoma malabatricum	Senduduk	Melastomataceae		ML
195	Memecylon amplexicaule	Nipis kulit	Melastomataceae		ML
196	Memecylon cantleyi	Nipis kulit	Melastomataceae		ML
197	Memecylon minutiflorum	Nipis kulit	Melastomataceae		ML
198	Memecylon pubescens	Nipis kulit	Melastomataceae		ML
199	Memecylon sp.	Nipis kulit	Melastomataceae		ML
200	Mesua kochummeniana	Penaga bayan	Guttiferae		ML
201	Mesua racemosa	Penaga	Guttiferae		ML
202	Mesua sp.	Penaga	Guttiferae		ML
203	Mezzettia leptopoda	Mempisang	Annonaceae		IC/ML
204	Microcos antidesmifolia	Kerodong	Tiliaceae		IC
205	Microcos latifolia	Chenderai	Tiliacea		ML
206	Microcos sp.		Tiliacea		ML
207	Monocarpia marginalis	Mempisang	Annonaceae		ML
208	Myrica esculenta		Myricaceae		ML
209	Nauclea albicinales		Rubiaceae		ML
210	Nauclea sp.		Rubiaceae		ML
211	Nauclea subdita	Bangkal kuning	Rubiaceae		IC
212	Neesia sp.	Durian monyet	Bombacaceae		IC
213	Norrisia malaccensis		Loganiaceae		ML
214	Ochanostachys amentacea	Tanggal/Petaling	Olacaceae		IC/ML
215	Octomeles sumatrana	Benuang	Datiscaceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC
216	Oxyspora sp.		Melastomaceae		IC
217	Palaquium maingayi	Nyatoh durian	Apocynaceae		ML
218	Palaquium obovatum	Nyatoh	Apocynaceae		ML
219	Pangium edule	Kepayang	Salicaceae		ML
220	Parashorea melaanonan	Urat mata daun licin	Dipterocarpaceae	Critically endangered	IC
221	Parashorea tomentella	Urat mata beludu	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
222	Parinari elmeri	Merbatu	Chrysobalanaceae		ML
223	Parinari oblongifolia	Merbatu	Chrysobalanaceae		IC
224	Parkia javanica	Kupang/Petai kerayong	Leguminosae		IC/ML
225	Parkia speciosa	Petai kerayong	Leguminosae		ML
226	Payena lucida	Nyatoh	Sapotaceae		ML
227	Payena maingayi	Nyatoh	Sapotaceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC
228	Pentace laxiflora	Takalis daun halus	Tiliaceae		IC
229	Phyllocladus sp.		Podocarpaceae		IC
230	Pimeleodendron griffithianum	Perah ikan	Euphorbiaceae		ML
231	Pinus carribea	Pine	Pinaceae		ML
232	Pittosporum ferrugineum		Pitosporaceae		ML
233	Ploiarium alternifolium	Riang riang	Bonnetiaceae		ML
234	Ploiarium sp.	Riang riang	Bonnetiaceae		ML
235	Podocarpus neriifolius	Podo bukit	Podocarpaceae	Least concern	ML
236	Podocarpus neriifolius	Kayu china	Podocarpaceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC
237	Polyalthia clauliflora	Kerai larak	Annonaceae		IC
238	Polyalthia rumphii	Mempisang	Anonaceae		ML
239	Polyalthia sumatrana	Mempisang	Anonaceae		ML
240	Popowia pisocarpa	Mempisang	Annonaceae		ML
241	Porterandia anisophylla	Tinjau belukar	Rubiaceae		ML
242	Pouteria malaccensis	Nyatoh nangka kuning	Sapotaceae		ML
243	Premna corymbosa	Leban	Verbanaceae		ML
244	Prunus sp.1	Pepijat	Rosaceae		ML
245	Prunus sp.2	Stone fruits	Rosaceae		ML
246	Pternandra coerulescens	Sial menahun	Melastomataceae		ML
247	Pternandra echinata	Sial menahun	Melastomataceae		ML
248	Pterospermum javanicum	Bayur bukit	Malvaceae		ML
249	Pterospermum sp.	Bayor	Sterculiaceae		IC
250	Randia scortechinii	Tinjau belukar	Rubiaceae		ML
251	Rapanea porteriana		Myrcinaceae		ML
252	Rennellia elliptica	Tepejat	Rubiaceae		ML
253	Rennellia speciosa		Rubiaceae		IC
254	Rhodamnia cinerea	Mempoyan/poyan	Myrtaceae		ML
255	Rinorea anguifera	Sentil tembakau	Violaceae		ML
256	Santiria griffithii	Kedondong	Burseraceae		ML
257	Santiria laevigata	Kerantai/Kedondong kerantai lichin	Burseraceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC/ML
258	Santiria tomentosa	Kerantai bulu	Burseraceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC
259	Sapium beccatum	Ludai	Euphorbiaceae		ML
260	Saprosma sp.		Rubiaceae		ML
261	Saraca cauliflora	Gapis	Leguminosae		ML
262	Sarcotheca griffithii	Belimbing pipi	Oxalidaceae		ML
263	Scaphium linearicarpum	Kembang semangkok bulat	Sterculiaceae		ML
264	Scaphium macropodum	Kembang semangkok jantung	Sterculiaceae	Lower risk/least concern	IC/ML
265	Schefflera sp.		Araliceae		IC
266	Schima wallichii	Gegatal	Theaceae		ML
267	Schoutenia accrescens	Bayur bukit	Tiliacea		ML
268	Scorodocarpus borneensis	Bawang hutan	Olacaceae		IC
269	Scutinanthe brunnea	Kedondong sengkuang	Burseraceae	Lower risk/least concern	ML
270	Shorea agentifolia	Seraya daun emas	Dipterocarpaceae	Endangered	IC
271	Shorea atrinervosa	Selangan batu hitam	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
272	Shorea ciliata		Dipterocarpaceae	Endangered	IC
273	Shorea curtisii	Meranti seraya	Dipterocarpaceae	Lower risk/least concern	ML
274	Shorea excelliptica	Balau tembaga	Dipterocarpaceae		ML
275	Shorea fallax	Seraya daun kasar	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
276	Shorea flaviflora	Seraya daun besar	Dipterocarpaceae	Critically endangered	IC
277	Shorea guiso	Selangan batu merah	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
278	Shorea johorensis	Seraya majau	Dipterocarpaceae	Critically endangered	IC
279	Shorea laevis	Selangan batu kumus	Dipterocarpaceae	Lower risk/least concern/ridges	IC
280	Shorea leprosula	Seraya tembaga/Meranti tembaga	Dipterocarpaceae	Endangered	IC/ML
281	Shorea macroptera	Meranti melantai	Dipterocarpaceae		ML
282	Shorea Maxwelliana	Selangan batu asam	Dipterocarpaceae	Endangered	IC
283	Shorea microphylla	Kawang jantung	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
284	Shorea monticola	Seraya gunung	Dipterocarpaceae	Endemic, mountains	IC
285	Shorea multiflora	Damar hitam pipit	Dipterocarpaceae		ML
286	Shorea obscura		Dipterocarpaceae	Hills	IC
287	Shorea ovalis	Meranti kepong	Dipterocarpaceae		ML
288	Shorea ovata	Seraya punai bukit	Dipterocarpaceae	Endangered	IC
289	Shorea parvifolia	Meranti sarang punai	Dipterocarpaceae		ML
290	Shorea parvifolia	Seraya punai	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
291	Shorea parvistipulata	Seraya lupa	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
292	Shorea patoiensis	Seraya kuning pinang	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
293	Shorea pauciflora	Meranti nemesu	Dipterocarpaceae	Endangered	ML
294	Shorea platyclados	Meranti bukit	Dipterocarpaceae	Endangered	ML
295	Shorea sp.	Seraya/Meranti	Dipterocarpaceae		IC/ML
296	Sindora beccariana	Sepetir	Leguminosae		IC
297	Sindora coriacea	Sepetir lichin	Leguminosae		ML
298	Sindora echinocalyx	Sepetir daun nipis	Leguminosae		IC
299	Sloanea javanica	Mendong	Lauraceae		IC
300	Stemonurus malaccensis	Katok	Icacinaceae		IC
301	Sterculia parvifolia	Kelumpang	Sterculiaceae		ML
302	Streblus elongatus	Tempinis	Moraceae		ML
303	Swintonia sp.	Merpauh	Anacardiaceae		ML
304	Symplocos adenophylla		Symplocaceae		ML
305	Symplocos sp.		Symplocaceae		ML
306	Syzygium filiforme	Kelat	Myrtaceae		ML
307	Syzygium griffithii	Kelat	Myrtaceae		ML
308	Syzygium politum	Kelat	Myrtaceae		ML
309	Syzygium pustulatum	Kelat	Myrtaceae		ML
310	Syzygium sp. 1	Kelat serai	Myrtaceae		ML
311	Syzygium sp. 1	Obah	Myrtaceae		IC
312	Syzygium sp. 2	Kelat	Myrtaceae		ML
313	Syzygium sp. 3	Obah	Myrtaceae		IC
314	Syzygium sp. 4	Obah	Myrtaceae		IC
315	Syzygium sp. 5	Kelat	Myrtaceae		ML
316	Syzygium stapfianum	Obah	Myrtaceae		IC
317	Syzygium subdesugata	Kelat	Myrtaceae		ML
318	Tarenna sp.		Rubiaceae		ML
319	Terminalia sp.	Telisai	Combretaceae		IC
320	Ternstroemia tectandra	Langkubak	Theaceae		IC
321	Timonius wallichianus	Kaum kopi	Rubiaceae		ML
322	Trigonostemon malaccanus		Euphorbiaceae		ML
323	Tristaniopsis merguensis	Pelawan	Myrtaceae		ML
324	Tristaniopsis razakiana	Pelawan	Myrtaceae		ML
325	Tristaniopsis whiteana	Pelawan	Myrtaceae		IC
326	Urophyllum sp.		Rubiaceae		ML
327	Vatica dulitensis	Resak bukit	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
328	Vatica maingayi	Resak daun merah	Dipterocarpaceae	Critically endangered	IC
329	Vatica sp.	Resak	Dipterocarpaceae		IC
330	Vitex longisepala	Leban	Verbanaceae		ML
331	Vitex pinnata	Leban	Verbanaceae		ML
332	Vitex pubescence	Leban	Verbanaceae		ML
333	Vitex sp. 1	Kulimpapa	Verbenaceae		IC
334	Vitex sp. 2	Kulimpapa	Verbenaceae		IC
335	Weinmannia fraxinea		Cunoniaceae		ML
336	Xanthophyllum affine	Minyak berok	Polygalaceae		IC
337	Xanthophyllum eurhynchum	Minyak berok	Polygalaceae		ML
338	Xanthophyllum sp.	Minyak berok	Polygalaceae		IC/ML
339	Xerospermum noronhianum	Rambutan pacat	Polygalaceae		ML
340	Xylopia sp.	Jangkang	Annonaceae		ML

1. IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature, ML Mount Ledang, IC Imbak Canyon