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Vegetation and Forest in Nepal

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Flora and Vegetation of Nepal

Part of the book series: Plant and Vegetation ((PAVE,volume 19))

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Abstract

Nepal’s forests and vegetation are categorized in a number of ways. We have made an effort to illustrate the various categorization schemes now in use and to give the classification of Nepal’s vegetation and forest according to altitudinal ranges in this chapter. In the tropical zone (up to 1000 m), subtropical zone (1000–2000 m), temperate zone (2000–3000 m), subalpine zone (3000–4100 m), alpine zone (beyond 4100 m), and nival zone (beyond 6000 m) zones, we have characterized various vegetation and forest types with related plant species. Additionally, we have included information on the condition of the forests, shrubland, grassland, and agricultural land. For the plant species mentioned in the chapter, we have also included the family, names in Nepali, and range in the appendix.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Maan Bahadur Rokaya

  2. Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic

    Maan Bahadur Rokaya & Binu Timsina

  3. Annapurna Vinayak College, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Bidur Parajuli

Authors
  1. Maan Bahadur Rokaya
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  2. Bidur Parajuli
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  3. Binu Timsina
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maan Bahadur Rokaya .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice, Czech Republic

    Maan Bahadur Rokaya

  2. Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Shalik Ram Sigdel

Appendix 3.1 Plant species that are mentioned in the chapter with Latin names, Family Nepali names, English names, altitudinal ranges, and distribution in Nepal and the world

Appendix 3.1 Plant species that are mentioned in the chapter with Latin names, Family Nepali names, English names, altitudinal ranges, and distribution in Nepal and the world

Latin names

Family

Nepali names

Distribution

Abelia triflora R. Br. ex Wall. = Zabelia triflora (R. Br. ex Wall.) Makino

Caprifoliaceae

–

WC, 1500–3000 m; N.W. Himalaya, E. Asia, China

Abies pindrow Royle

Pinaceae

Thingre salla

W, 2100–2500 m; Eastern Afghanistan to W. Nepal

Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb.

Pinaceae

–

C, 3000–3900 m;Nepal

Acacia intsia (L.) Willd. = Acacia caesia (L.)Willd.

Fabaceae

Arkhu

CE, 900–1100 m; Himalaya, India, Burma

Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd.

Fabaceae

khair

WCE, 200–1400 m; Tropical Himalaya, India, Burma, Thailand, S. China

Acacia rugata (Lam.) Voigt = Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC.

Fabaceae

Sikakaee, Araare

WC, 400–800 m; Nepal, India, S.E. Asia, S. China, Malaysia

Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. = Acacia megaladena Desv.

Fabaceae

Arkhu, Arphu, Aradi, Arare

WCE, 200–1100 m; Himalaya, India, Ceylon, S.E. Asia, China, Malaysia

Acanthopanax cissifolius (Griff. ex Seem.) Harms

Araliaceae

Dangdinge

WCE, 3000–4000 m; Himalaya (Garhwal to Bhutan), W. China

Acer pectinatum Wall. ex Pax

Aceraceae

Thusi pangree

WCE, 2700–3800 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), S. Tibet, N. Burma

Acer acuminatum Wall. ex D. Don

Aceraceae

Kanchiro

WCE, 2200–3200 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal)

Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis

Aceraceae

Kanchiro

WCE, 2200–3000 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal)

Acer campbellii Hook. f. & Thomson ex Hiern = Acer campbellii var. serratifolia Banerji

Aceraceae

–

WCE, 2100–3600 m; Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), Burma

Acer caudatum Wall. = Acer papilio King

Aceraceae

–

CE, 3000–4000 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), S. Tibet,? Burma.

Acer cappadocicum Gled.

Aceraceae

–

W, 1500–3000 m; China, Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, Pakistan; SW Asia, S Europe (S Italy)

Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC. = Acer buzimpala Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Aceraceae

Phirphire

WCE, 120–2400 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, Indo-China, W. & C. China

Acer pectinatum Wall. ex Pax

Aceraceae

Thusi pangree

WCE, 2700–3800 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), S. Tibet, N. Burma

Acer sp.

Aceraceae

–

–

Acer sterculiaceum Wall. = Acer villosum Wall.

Aceraceae

–

WCE, 2200–3200 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam

Acer thomsonii Miq. = Acer sterculiaceum subsp. thomsonii (Miq.) Murray

Aceraceae

–

E, 1300–1400 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, N. Burma

Aconitum sp.

Ranunculaceae

–

–

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn. ex Wight

Fabaceae

–

E, 300 m; Tropical Africa, E. Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), S. India, Thailand, Sumatra

Actinodaphne obovata (Nees) Blume

Lauraceae

–

E, 450 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), Assam, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia

Actinodaphne reticulata Meisn

Lauraceae

Masino khapate

E, E. Himalaya (Nepal), Khasia

Justicia adhatoda L. = Adhatoda vasica Nees

Acanthaceae

Asuro

WCE, 500–1600 m; Subtropical Himalaya, India, Indo-China, Malaya, sometimes cultivated

Adina cordifolia (Willd. ex Roxb.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Brandis

Rubiaceae

Karma, Karam

WCE, 150–800 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Sikkim), India, Ceylon, Indo-China

Aeschynanthus sp.

Gesneriaceae

–

–

Aesculus indica (Colebr. ex Cambess.) Hook

Hippocastanaceae

Karu, Gghode paangro

WC, 1900–2400 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal)

Agapetes sikkimensis Airy Shaw = Agapetes auriculata C. B. Clarke

Ericaceae

–

E, 1000 m; Subtropical E. Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan)

Agrostis sp.

Poaceae

–

–

Alangium salviifolium (L. f.) Wangerin = Alangium decapetalum Lam.

Alangiaceae

Amphee, Ankol

CE, 150–350 m; Africa, Tropical Himalaya, India, Ceylon, Thailand, Indo-China, China

Albizia sp.

Fabaceae

–

–

Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth

Fabaceae

Seto siris

CE, 300–1100 m; Himalaya, India, Burma

Alnus nepalensis D. Don

Betulaceae

Utis, Boshi swa

WCE, 500–2600 m; Himalaya (Garhwal to Bhutan), Assam, Tibet, Burma, Indo-China, W. China

Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl.

Betulaceae

Utis

WC, 2100–2200 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal)

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

Chhatiun

CE, 100–300 m; Tropical Asia and Africa.

Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC. = Anaphalis araneosa DC

Asteraceae

Buki phool

WCE, 1500–2900 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Khasia, Assam, Burma

Androsace sp.

Primulaceae

–

–

Anemone obtusiloba D. Don

Ranunculaceae

Ratan jot

WCE, 2900--4000 m; China, Afghanistan, Bhutan, N. India, Kashmir, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan

Anogeissus latifolius (Roxb. ex DC.) Bedd

Combretaceae

Banjee, Hade

WCE, 450–1200 m; Nepal, India, Ceylon

Antidesma acuminatum Wall.

Euphorbiaceae

Kalo bilaunee

E, 300–700 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), India, Burma, N.E. Malaysia

Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.) Leenh. = Aphania rubra (Roxb.) Radlk.

Sapindaceae

–

CE, 300–800 m; Tropical Africa, Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), E. India, Ceylon, Burma, to W. & S. China, Malaysia

Aporusa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) A. R. Vickery ex M. J. Short & A. R. Vickery

Euphorbiaceae

–

CE, 300–760 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), Assam, Burma, Andaman Is. S.E. Asia, S. China, Malaysia

Ardisia solanacea Roxb.

Myrsinaceae

Damaai Phal

WC, 200–1100 m; Tropical Himalaya (Kumaun to Sikkim), India, Ceylon, Burma, W. China, Malaya

Ardisia macrocarpa Wall.

Myrsinaceae

Damai phal

CE, 1500–2400 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), Khasia

Arenaria sp.

Caryophyllaceae

–

–

Aristolochia griffithii Hook. f. & Thomson ex Duch.

Aristolochiaceae

–

CE, 2000–2900 m; Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), S. Tibet

Arundinaria sp.

Poaceae

–

–

Arundo donax L.

Poaceae

Thulo narkat

WE, 2100–2440 m; Mediterranean region, tropical Asia. Introduced into New World

Barleria cristata L. = Barleria ciliata Roxb.

Acanthaceae

Bhende kurro, Katsaraiya

WCE, 200–2000 m; Himalaya, India, Burma, Indo-China, S. China, Philippines

Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J. Lam.

Sapotaceae

Chiuri

CE, 200–1500 m; Subtropical Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA)

Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn. = Bauhinia racemosa Vahl

Fabaceae

Bhorla

WCE, 200–1300 m; Tropical Himalaya (Kashmir to Sikkim), India

Bauhinia variegata L. = Bauhinia candida Ait.

Fabaceae

Koiralo

WCE, 150–1900 m; Himalaya (Swat to Bhutan), India, Burma, China

Berberis sp.

Berberidaceae

–

–

Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don = Betula acuminata Lindl.

Betulaceae

Lekh painu

WCE, 1200–2600 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Assam, S. Tibet, east to W. & C. China

Betula utilis D. Don

Betulaceae

Bhoj patra

WCE, 2700–4300 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibet, W. China

Bischofia javanica Blume

Euphorbiaceae

Kainjal

WCE, 150–1200 m; Himalaya, India east to C. China, Taiwan & Ryukyu, Malaysia, Polynesia

Boehmeria sp.

Urticaceae

–

–

Bombax ceiba L.

Bombacaceae

Simal

CE, 200–1200 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), India, S. China, S.E. Asia

Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng.

Euphorbiaceae

Gayo

WCE, 150–1200 m; Nepal, India, Ceylon, Burma, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra

Buchanania latifolia Roxb.

Anacardiaceae

Chiraunjee

WC, 150–2000 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), India, Burma, Thailand

Buddleja paniculata Wall.

Loganiaceae

Narayan pati

WC, 1000–2400 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Manipur, Burma, China

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze = Butea frondosa Koen. ex Roxb.

Fabaceae

Palans

WCE, 150–1200 m; Tropical Himalaya, India, Ceylon, S.E. Asia, Malaysia

Caesalpinia digyna Rottler = Caesalpinia oleosperma Roxb.

Fabaceae

–

E, 600–1000 m; E. Himalaya, India, Ceylon, S.E. Asia, Malaysia

Calamus sp.

Arecaceae

–

–

Callicarpa arborea Roxb.

Verbenaceae

Guren

WCE, 250–2000 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), India, Burma, S. China, Indo-China, Malaya

Campanula aristata Wall.

Campanulaceae

–

WCE, 3300–4500 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan)

Caragana gerardiana Royle = Caragana pulcherrima Vass.

Fabaceae

–

WC, 3200–4200 m; Himalaya (Kumaun, Nepal)

Caragana brevifolia Kom.

Fabaceae

–

Nepal: doubtful

Caragana brevispina Royle = Caragana williamsii Vass.

Fabaceae

Bebali kanda

C, Nepal; Kashmir, Pakistan, India

Caragana versicolor (Wall.) Benth.

Fabaceae

–

W, 3600–4600 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to W. Nepal), Tibet, China

Carex atrofusca Schkuhr

Cyperaceae

–

WCE, 3670–5250 m; Europe and Central Asia, N.E. Afghanistan, N. Pakistan and Himalayas

Carpinus viminea Lindl.

Corylaceae

–

WCE, 1200–2600 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Tibet, Burma, Indo-China, W. & C. China

Casearia graveolens Dalzell

Flacourtiaceae

–

WCE, 300–2000 m; Himalaya (Garhwal to Sikkim), India, Burma

Casearia elliptica Willd. = Casearia tomentosa Roxb.

Flacourtiaceae

Chilla, Sano bethe

WCE, 200–500 m; Tropical Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), India, Ceylon, Burma

Cassia fistula L. = Cassia rhombifolia Roxb.

Fabaceae

Raj brichhya, Amaltas

WCE, 150–1400 m; Widely cultivated in Africa, W. Asia, Himalaya, India, S.E. Asia, Malaysia, China, Polynesia; probably a native of E.India, Burma, Malay Isl

Castanopsis hystrix Miq.

Fagaceae

Patale katus

CE, 1000–2500 m; Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), Khasia, Burma, Indo-China, S. China, Taiwan

Castanopsis indica (Roxb.) Miq.

Fagaceae

Katus, Dhalne katus

CE, 1200–2900 m; Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), Khasia, Burma, W. China, Indo-China

Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC. = Castanea tribuloides (Sm.) Lindl.

Fagaceae

Musure katus

WCE, 450–2300 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), Khasia, Burma, S.W. China (Yunnan), Indo-China

Toona ciliata M. Roem. = Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Rottler & Willd.

Meliaceae

Tunee

WCE, 200–1700 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya, India, Ceylon, east to China, Malaysia, Australia

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don = Cedrus libani var. deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) Hook. f.

Pinaceae

Devdaru, Diyar

WC, 2000–2500 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to W. Nepal)

Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm. = Cinnamomum albiflorum Nees

Lauraceae

Tejpat

WCE, 450–2000 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Khasia

Clausena sp.

Rutaceae

–

–

Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. = Cleidion javanicum Blume

Euphorbiaceae

–

E, 460 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), India, S. China, Malaysia, Solomon Is

Clematis connata DC. = Clematis amplexicauls Edgew.

Ranunculaceae

Bhainse laharo

WCE, 2400–3300 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibet., W. China

Clematis barbellata Edgew. = Clematis barbellata var. obtusa Kitam. & Tamura

Ranunculaceae

Junge lahara

WC, 3000–3200 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal)

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC. = Clematis anemoniflora D. Don

Ranunculaceae

Junge laharo

WCE, 1600–4000 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to NEFA), Assam, W. & C. China, Taiwan

Clerodendrum colebrookeanum Walp.

Verbenaceae

–

CE, 200–1500 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), India, Burma, W. China, Indo-China, Malaya

Clerodendrum wallichii Merr. = Clerodendrum nutans Wall. ex D. Don

Verbenaceae

–

E, 450–900 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), India, Burma, Indo-China

Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm.

Lamiaceae

Dhursuli

WCE, 250–1700 m; Punjab, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), India, Burma, S. W. China (Yunnan), Indo-China

Coriaria napalensis Wall.

Coriariaceae

Macchaino

WCE, 1200–2400 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, N. Burma, W. China

Corydalis sp.

Papaveraceae

–

–

Corylus jacquemontii Decne. = Corylus colurna beta lacera (Wall.) A. DC.

Corylaceae

Dante okhar

W, 2400 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to W. Nepal)

Corylus ferox Wall.

Corylaceae

Lekh katus

CE, 2600–3200 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Tibet, N. Burma, W. China

Cotoneaster acuminatus Lindl.

Rosaceae

Dhalke phool

WCE, 2500–3700 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Tibet, W. China

Cotoneaster frigidus Wall. ex Lindl.

Rosaceae

Chhar

WC, 2200–3400 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), S.E. Tibet, China

Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.

Rosaceae

Khareto

WE, 2000–5400 m; Himalaya, S.W. China

Croton caudatus Geisel. = Croton drupaceus Roxb.

Euphorbiaceae

Holongre

CE, 270–1200 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), India, Ceylon, S. China, Malaysia

Croton roxburghii N. P. Balakr. = Croton oblongifolius Roxb.

Euphorbiaceae

Ach, Aule

CE, 300–760 m; Nepal, India, Ceylon, Burma, S. China, Indo-China

Cupressus torulosa D. Don

Cupressaceae

Raj sallo

WC, 1800–3300 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to C. Nepal)

Cycas pectinata Griff.

Cycadaceae

Jaggar

E, 300–450 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), Assam (Khasia), Manipur, Burma, Yunnan

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC.

Fabaceae

Sisau

WCE, 200–1400 m; A native of tropical Himalaya (Kashmir to Sikkim), Assam, Bengal, but cultivated in tropical to subtropical Africa, W. Asia

Dalbergia volubilis Roxb.

Fabaceae

–

C, 300–350 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), E. India, Ceylon, Burma

Daphne bholua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Thymelaeaceae

Lakota

WCE, 1700–3500 m; China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar

Delphinium sp.

Ranunculaceae

–

–

Deutzia compacta Craib = Deutzia corymbosa var. hookeriana C. K. Schneid.

Hydrangeaceae

–

WCE, 2100–3400 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), N. Assam, S. Tibet, N. Burma, W. China

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.

Dilleniaceae

Tantari, Ram phal

CE, 150–1500 m; Subtropical Himalaya, India, Ceylon, Burma, Andaman Isl., Thailand, Indo-China, S. China, Malaysia

Diospyros sp.

Ebenaceae

–

–

Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp. = Duabanga sonneratioides Buch.-Ham.

Sonneratiaceae

Lampate

CE, 250–1100 m; Subtropical Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), S.E. Tibet, Assam, Burma, Indo-China, Malaya, Yunnan

Ehretia laevis Roxb.

Cordiaceae

Datingal

WCE, 150–1100 m; Subtropical Himalaya (Kashmir to Sikkim), India, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, Hainan

Ehretia wallichiana Hook. f. & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke = Cordia acuminata Wall.

Cordiaceae

–

E, 250–1700 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam

Engelhardia spicata Lesch. ex Blume

Juglandaceae

–

CE, up to 2100 m; China, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, W. Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam

Ephedra sp.

Ephedraceae

–

–

Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews = Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

Acanthaceae

–

WCE, 200–1200 m; Subtropical Himalaya (Punjab to Bhutan), Burma, Indo-China, W. China

Eriobotrya elliptica Lindl. = Mespilus cuila Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl.

Rosaceae

–

WCE, 300–2100 m; Nepal

Eucalyptus sp.

Myrtaceae

–

–

Syzygium venosum DC. = Eugenia frondosa Wall. ex Duthie

Myrtaceae

–

WCE, Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan)

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels = Eugenia jambolana Lam.

Myrtaceae

Jamun

WCE, 300–1200 m; Subtropical Himalaya, India, Ceylon, Malaysia, Australia

Eugenia ramosissima (Blume) Wall. ex Duthie = Jambosa ramosissima (Wall.) A. M. & J. M. Cowan

Myrtaceae

–

E, 1100 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam

Syzygium tetragonum Wall. ex Kurz

Myrtaceae

–

E, 200–2000 m; E. Himalaya (E. Nepal to Bhutan), W. China

Euonymus echinatus Wall. = Euonymus scandens Graham

Celastraceae

–

WCE, 2000–2700 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Sikkim)

Euonymus porphyreus Loes.

Celastraceae

–

WE, 2700–3700 m; W, E Nepal: Bhutan

Euonymus sp.

Celastraceae

–

–

Euonymus tingens Wall.

Celastraceae

Kasuree

WCE, 2300–3300 m; Himalaya (Shimla to Bhutan), Assam, S.E. Tibet, N. Burma, W. China

Eurya acuminata DC. = Diospyros serrata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Theaceae

Saano Jhingane

WCE, 1300–2500 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), India, Ceylon, east to

Ficus sp.

Moraceae

–

–

Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W. T. Aiton = Flemingia bracteata (Roxb.) Wight

Fabaceae

Bhatwasi

WCE, 300–2300 m; Tropics to subtropics in Asia, America (Jamaica, Trinidad)

Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f. ex J. Anderson

Clusiaceae

Chunyal

E, 200–500 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to Assam), India, Burma, Thailand, S. W. China (Yunnan), Malaya, Andaman and Nicobar Isl

Garuga pinnata Roxb.

Burseraceae

Dabdabe

WCE, 300–1200 m; Subtropical Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), India, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, Malaysia

Gentiana sp.

Gentianaceae

–

–

Glochidion velutinum Wight = Phyllanthus nepalensis Mull. Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

Kaalikaath

WCE, 150–1800 m; N. India, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Bengal, N. Burma

Gnetum montanum Markgr. = Gnetum scandens Roxb.

Gnetaceae

–

CE, 300–1800 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, W. & S. China

Gynocardia odorata R. Br.

Flacourtiaceae

Gandare

E, 400–500 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), Assam, Burma

Habenaria intermedia D. Don

Orchidaceae

Thunma

WC, 2000–3000 m; Himalaya (Shimla to Nepal), Tibet

Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb.

Rubiaceae

Ben champa

WCE, 700–2300 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), India

Hedera nepalensis K. Koch = Hedera himalaica Tobler

Araliaceae

Kathe laharo, Dudelaa

WCE, 2000–3200 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, China (var.)

Helicia nilagirica Bedd. = Helicia erratica Hook. f.

Proteaceae

Bandre

E, 450–1400 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), India, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, S.W. China (Yunnan)

Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem.

Araliaceae

–

CE, 400–1000 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Assam), India, Burma, Andaman Isl., Indo-China, W. & C. China

Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv. = Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims

Meliaceae

Aankha taruwa

WCE, 700–2400 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), N. India, Burma, east to China, Malaysia

Hippophae salicifolia D. Don = Elaeagnus salicifolia (D. Don) A. Nelson

Elaeagnaceae

Chugo

WC, 2200–3500 m; Himalaya (Punjab to Bhutan), S. Tibet

Hippophae tibetana Schlecht.

Elaeagnaceae

–

CE, 3800–4500 m; Himalaya (Punjab to Bhutan), S. Tibet, N.W. China

Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz = Hiptage madablota Gaertn.

Malpighiaceae

Charpate laharo

WCE, 300–1100 m; Subtropical Himalaya, Assam, Ceylon, Burma, Indo-China, S. & W. China, Nicobar and Andaman Isl

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don = Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. ex DC.

Apocynaceae

Ban khirro, Madhisae Khirro

WCE, 100–1500 m; Tropical Himalaya, India, Burma, Indo-China, Malaya

Holboellia latifolia Wall.

Lardizabalaceae

Malkati

W, 600--3000 m; China, Bhutan, N.E. India, Sikkim

Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz.

Verbenaceae

Jhule phool

WCE, 300–1500 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), India

Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.

Ulmaceae

Sano pangro

E, 100–500 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), India, Ceylon, Burma, Indo-China

Hoya sp.

Asclepiadaceae

–

–

Hydrangea anomala D. Don = Hydrangea altissima Wall

Hydrangeaceae

–

WCE, 1900–2700 m; Himalaya (Garhwal to Bhutan), N. Assam, N. Burma, W. & C. China, Taiwan

Hydrangea heteromalla D. Don = Hydrangea vestita Wall.

Hydrangeaceae

Phusre kath

WCE, 2400–3300 m; Himalaya (Garhwal to NEFA), S. Tibet, Assam, N. Burma, N. Indo-China, China

Hymenopogon parasiticus Wall. = Mussaenda cuneifolia D. Don

Rubiaceae

Biri

WCE, 1600–2800 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Burma, Indo-China, W. China (var.)

Ilex dipyrena Wall

Aquifoliaceae

Seto khasru, Lekh chotro

WCE, 2500–3000 m; Himalaya (Punjab to NEFA), N. Assam, N. Burma, W. China

Ilex excelsa (Wall.) Hook. f. = Ilex doniana DC

Aquifoliaceae

Punwale

C, 800–2800 m; China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, N. and N.E. India, Kashmir

Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. = Imperata arundinacea Cyr.

Poaceae

Siru

WCE, Nepal; China, Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam; Africa, S.W. Asia, Australia, S. Europe

Incarvillea sp.

Bignoniaceae

–

–

Indigofera pulchella Roxb. = Indigofera arborea Roxb.

Fabaceae

Phusre ghans, Mirmire

WC, 300–1700 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), India

Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC. = Inula eriophora DC

Asteraceae

Gaaitihaare

WCE, 150–2500 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Assam to China, Thailand, Java

Juniperus recurva Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Cupressaceae

Dhupi

CE, 3300–4600 m; Chitral, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, W. China

Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews = Jasminum pubescens (Retz.) Willd.

Oleaceae

Beli puspa

WC, 300–1100 m; Subtropical Himalaya, India, Ceylon, Burma, China

Jasminum arborescens Roxb.

Oleaceae

Chamelee

E, 200–1000 m; tropical N.W. Himalaya

Jasminum humile L. = Jasminum humile var. glabrum (DC.) Kobuski

Oleaceae

Masino Jaai

WCE, 1100–3800 m; China, Afghanistan, India, Tajikistan, S.W. Asia

Juglans regia L.

Juglandaceae

Sano okhar

W, 500–1800(−4000) m; China S.W. Asia to Himalayas, S.E. Europe

Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don = Juniperus recurva var. squamata (D. Don) Parl.

Cupressaceae

Dhupi

WCE, 3300–4400 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya, N. Burma, W. China

Juniperus communis L.

Cupressaceae

Dhupi, Pamo

WCE, near the tree limit and up to 4200 m; Alpine and arctic Europe and Asia, N. Africa, N. America

Juniperus indica Bertol. = Juniperus wallichiana Hook. f. & Thomas. ex Brandis

Cupressaceae

Dhupi

WCE, 3700–4100 m; Karakoram, Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), S. E. Tibet, W. China

Juniperus recurva Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Cupressaceae

Dhupi

CE, 3300–4600 m; Chitral, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, W. China

Justicia adhatoda L. = Adhatoda vasica Nees

Acanthaceae

Asuro

WCE, 500–1600 m; Subtropical Himalaya, India, Indo-China, Malaya, sometimes cultivated

Kobresia sp.

Cyperaceae

–

–

Kydia calycina Roxb.

Malvaceae

Pulia

WCE, 150–900 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), India, Burma, Thailand, Yunnan

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. = Fatioa napaulensis DC

Lythraceae

Bot Dhaiyanro

WCE, 200–800 m; Tropical Himalaya (Kumaun to Sikkim), India, Burma

Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. = Lannea grandis (Dennst.) Engl.

Anacardiaceae

Hallunde, Holongre

WCE, 100–1400 m; Himalaya (Swat to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, Indo-China, Ceylon, Andaman Isl., China, Malaysia

Larix griffithiana Carriere = Larix griffithii Hook. f. & Thomson

Pinaceae

Lauth sallo

CE, 1400–3900 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan), Assam

Larix himalaica Cheng & L. K. Fu

Pinaceae

–

C, 2400–3600 m; Nepal, S. Tibet

Leea sp.

Leeaceae

–

–

Gochnatia spectabilis (D. Don) Less.

Asteraceae

–

WCE, 600–1700 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal)

Leucosceptrum canum Sm. = Clerodendron leucosceptrum D. Don

Lamiaceae

Bhusure

WCE, 1000–2800 m; Hinmalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, S. W. China (Yunnan)

Leycesteria formosa Wall

Caprifoliaceae

–

WCE, 2000–3200 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, S.E. Tibet, W. China

Lindera nacusua (D. Don) Merr. = Lindera bifaria (Nees) Hook. f.

Lauraceae

–

WC, 1300–1800 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), Assam, S. Tibet, Manipur, S. China, Indo-China

Lindera neesiana (Wall. ex Nees) Kurz = Aperula neesiana (Wall. ex Nees) Blume

Lauraceae

Sil timur, Pahenlo khapate

CE, 1800–2700 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma

Lithocarpus pachyphylla (Kurz) Rehder

Fagaceae

Bada katus, Thulo katus

E, 2100–2800 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), Naga Hills, Manipur, Burma

Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo = Lithocarpus spicata Rehder & E. H. Wilson

Fagaceae

Arkhaulo

WCE, 1400–2000 m

Litsea sericea (Wall. ex Nees) Hook. f.

Lauraceae

–

CE, 2500–3000 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Burma, W. & C. China

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers = Litsea citrata Blume

Lauraceae

Sil timur

CE, 1000–2700 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, Indo-China, Java, China, Taiwan

Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. = Litsea polyantha Juss.

Lauraceae

Kutmiro

CE, Himalaya (Kumaun to Sikkim), E. Pakistan, Burma, S.W. China (Yunnan)

Litsea doshia (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Kosterm = Litsea oblonga (Wall. ex Nees) Hook. f.

Lauraceae

–

CE, 1300–2700 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), Assam, Naga Hills, Burma

Lonicera acuminata Wall

Caprifoliaceae

–

CE, 2100–3200 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, W. China, Taiwan, Malaysia

Lonicera lanceolata Wall. = Lonicera decipiens Hook. f. & Thomson

Caprifoliaceae

–

WCE, 2700–3800 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibet, Burma, W. China

Lonicera myrtillus Hook. f. & Thomson = Lonicera myrtillus var. depressa Rehder

Caprifoliaceae

–

WCE, 2200–4200 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Burma, Tibet, W. China

Lonicera spinosa (Jacquem. ex Decne.) Walp.

Caprifoliaceae

–

WC, 3600–4600 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Sikkim), Tibet

Lonicera webbiana Wall. ex DC. = Lonicera oxyphylla Edgew.

Caprifoliaceae

–

WC, 2600–4300 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Burma, Tibet, China

Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC.

Caprifoliaceae

Gibsi

WCE, 2600–3800 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Tibet

Lonicera hispida Pall. ex Willd.

Caprifoliaceae

–

W, 1700–4200(−4800) m; China, Afghanistan, India (Sikkim), Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, S.W. Asia (Iran)

Lonicera lanceolata Wall. = Lonicera decipiens Hook. f. & Thomson

Caprifoliaceae

–

WCE, 2700–3800 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Tibet, Burma, W. China

Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardw. = Lonicera diversifolia Wall.

Caprifoliaceae

–

WC, 1500–2700 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Tibet, W. & C. China

Lonicera spinosa (Jacquem. ex Decne.) Walp. = Lonicera linearis Royle ex Hook. f. & Thomson

Caprifoliaceae

–

WC, 3600–4600 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Sikkim), Tibet

Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude = Andromeda lanceolata Wall.

Ericaceae

Angeri

WCE, 300–3300 m; Himalaya (Punjab to Bhutan), Tibet, Assam, Burma, east to China, Malay Pen

Lyonia sp.

Ericaceae

–

–

Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Mull. Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

Malata

CE, 200–1400 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, S. China, Malesia

Macaranga pustulata King ex Hook. f.

Euphorbiaceae

–

WCE, 900–1800 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Sikkim)

Persea duthiei (King ex Hook. f.) Kosterm.

Lauraceae

Mahilo kaulo

WCE; 1000–2900 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Khasia

Machilus sp.

Lauraceae

–

–

Persea odoratissima (Nees) Kosterm.

Lauraceae

–

WCE; 1000–2000 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, Indo-China, Malaysia

Persea bombycina (King ex Hook. f.) Kosterm. = Machilus sericea (Nees) Blume

Lauraceae

–

WCE, 1200–1800 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam

Persea villosa (Roxb.) Kosterm. = Machilus villosa (Roxb.) Hook. f.

Lauraceae

–

CE, 400–1100 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Sikkim), Assam

Macropanax undulatus (Wall. ex G. Don) Seem

Araliaceae

–

CE, 150–1800 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Assam), Khasia, Burma, Indo-China, W. & C. China

Maesa chisia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Myrsinaceae

Bilauni

WCE, 1200–2600 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, N. Burma

Maesa montana A. DC = Maesa indica Wall. ex C. B. Clarke

Myrsinaceae

Krimighna phal

WCE, 250–1500 m; Tropical Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), Assam, east to W. China

Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. & Thomson

Magnoliaceae

Purbeli Chaanp

CE, 2250–2700 m; Himalaya (C. Nepal to NEFA), S.E. Tibet, Assam, N. Burma, W. Yunnan

Mahonia napaulensis DC. = Berberis miccia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Berberidaceae

Jamane mandro

WCE, 2000–2900 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

Sindure, Rohini

WCE, 150–1800 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), India, Ceylon, Indo-China, China, Malaysia, Australia, Polynesia

Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. ex Wall.

Anacardiaceae

–

E, 450–1000 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), Assam, Andaman Isl., Burma, Thailand, Indo-China

Meconopsis sp.

Papaveraceae

–

–

Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp.

Sabiaceae

–

E, 1200–2000 m; China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, N. Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand

Melodorum bicolor (Roxb.) Hook. f. & Thomson

Annonaceae

–

E, 300 m; Tropical Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), Assam, Burma

Merremia vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hallier f. = Ipomoea vitifolia (Burm. f.) Blume

Convolvulaceae

–

CE, 270–460 m; India, Nepal, Ceylon, Indo-China, Malaysia

Michelia champaca L.

Magnoliaceae

Aule chaanp

CE, 600–1300 m; Nepal, India, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, S. Yunnan; commonly planted in SE. Asia

Micromelum integerrimum (Buch.-Ham.) Wight & Arn. ex M. Roem.

Rutaceae

–

CE, 300–1200 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), N. India, Burma, Andaman Isl

Morinda angustifolia Roxb.

Rubiaceae

–

CE, 300–800 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma

Mucuna macrocarpa Wall

Fabaceae

–

CE, 1200–1800 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), India, S.E. Asia, China, Japan

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack = Murraya exotica L.

Rutaceae

Kamini phool

CE, 400–1050 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), India, Ceylon, Burma, Indo-China, China, Malaysia

Mussaenda sp.

Rubiaceae

–

–

Myricaria sp.

Tamaricaceae

–

–

Nardostachys grandiflora DC

Valerianaceae

Bhutle, Jatamasi

WCE, 3200–5000 m; Himalaya (Garhwal to Bhutan), Tibet, W. China

Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.-Ham. ex Arn

Icacinaceae

–

CE, 300–1600 m; Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), Assam, Burma, N. Thailand, N. Indo-China

Neolitsea cuipala (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Kosterm. = Neolitsea lanuginosa (Nees) Gamble

Lauraceae

Khapate

CE, 1200–1400 m; Himalaya (Garhwal to Sikkim), Khasia, N. Burma

Neolitsea umbrosa (Nees) Gamble

Lauraceae

–

C; Eastern and Western outer Himalayas, Khasia, China

Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D.Y. Hong

Scrophulariaceae

Kutki

WCE, 3500–4800 m; W-E Nepal: Bhutan, China, N India, N Myanmar

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.

Oleaceae

Parijat

WCE, 200–1200 m; Subtropical Himalaya, India, often cultivated for its fragrant flowers

Olea glandulifera Wall. ex G. Don

Oleaceae

–

WC, 500–1400 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), India

Ormosia glauca Wall.

Fabaceae

–

WC, 600–1000 m; Nepal

Osmanthus suavis King ex C. B. Clarke = Siphonosmanthus suavis (King ex C. B. Clarke) Stapf

Oleaceae

–

CE, 2500–3800 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, S. Tibet, N. Burma, W. China

Ostodes paniculata Blume

Euphorbiaceae

–

E, 460–1400 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, S. China, Indo-China, W. Malaysia

Pandanus nepalensis St. John = Pandanus furcatus var. indica Kurz

Pandanaceae

Kewara

C, 700–1000 m; Himalaya

Pedicularis sp.

Scrophulariaceae

–

–

Pentapanax leschenaultii (DC.) Seem

Araliaceae

–

WCE, 1600–3700 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Assam, Madras, Burma, W. China

Petalidium barlerioides Nees

Acanthaceae

–

W, 400–500 m; Tropical Himalaya (Kumaun, Nepal), India

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.

Poaceae

Narkat

C, Nepal, India, Ceylon, S.E. Asia, Australia

Philadelphus tomentosus Wall. ex G. Don = Philadelphus coronarius var. tomentosus L.

Hydrangeaceae

–

WCE, 2500–4400 m; China, Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Sikkim

Philadelphus sp.

Hydrangeaceae

–

–

Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis (Roxb. Ex Hardw.) D/J. Mabberley = Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus (Roxb.) Nees

Acanthaceae

–

200–1700 m; C-E Nepal; Bhutan, NW India (U.P.), Sikkim

Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis (Roxb. Ex Hardw.) D/J. Mabberley = Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus (Roxb.) Nees

Acanthaceae

Chuba

200–1700 m; C-E Nepal; Bhutan, NW India (U.P.), Sikkim

Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees = Laurus lanceolaria Roxb.

Lauraceae

–

WCE, 300–1100 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), N. India, Burma

Phoebe pallida (Nees) Nees = Laurus pubescens Wall

Lauraceae

–

C, 1800–2000 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), N. India, Burma

Phoenix humilis Royle ex Becc. & Hook. f

Arecaceae

Thaakal

WCE, 150–900 m; Himalaya (Kumaun, Nepal), India, Burma, Indo-China, China

Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. = Picea morinda Link

Pinaceae

–

WE, 2300–3600 m; China, N. India, Kashmir, Pakistan

Pieris formosa (Wall.) D. Don

Ericaceae

Lekh angeri

CE, 2000–3300 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), N. Assam, Burma

Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham

Pinaceae

Patle Salla

Widely cultivated in hills WCE Nepal

Pinus roxburghii Sarg. = Pinus longifolia Roxb. ex Lamb

Pinaceae

Khote sallo

WCE, 1100–2100 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan)

Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks. = Pinus dicksonii Carriere

Pinaceae

Gobre sallo

WCE, 1800–3300 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal)

Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) D. Don

Fabaceae

–

WCE, 2000–3800 m; Himalaya (Simla to Bhutan), Burma, W. China

Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm. f.) Kuntze = Pogostemon plectranthoides Desf.

Lamiaceae

Rudhilo

WC, 150–1300 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), India

Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don = Podocarpus macrophyllus Wall.

Podocarpaceae

–

CE, 1000–1100 m; Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), Assam, Burma, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, New Guinea, Fiji

Pogostemon sp.

Lamiaceae

–

–

Poikilospermum lanceolatum (Trecul) Merr

Urticaceae

–

E, 700 m; Subtropical Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, W. China

Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle

Salicaceae

Bhote pipal

E, 2000–3200 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), N. Burma, S.W. China (Yunnan)

Potentilla fructicosa L.

Rosaceae

Chiniya phal

WCE, Nepal; central Asia, Himalaya, Japan, North America, extending from arctic Alaska south to Mexico, boreal-montane

Pothos cathcartii Schott

Araceae

–

CE, 250–1500 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, W. China

Primula sp.

Primulaceae

–

–

Primula denticulata Sm. = Primula aequalis Craib

Primulaceae

–

WCE, 1500–4900 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, S. Tibet, N. Burma

Primula gracilipes Craib

Primulaceae

–

CE, 3200–4100 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, S. Tibet

Primula petiolaris Wall.

Primulaceae

–

WCE, 2300–3900 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Sikkim)

Primula sp.

Primulaceae

–

–

Prinsepia utilis Royle

Rosaceae

Dhatelo

WCE, 1500–2900 m; Himalaya (Hazara to Bhutan), S. Tibet, Assam, W. China

Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud.

Rosaceae

–

WCE, Nepal; Pakistan, the Middle East and Asia, South-Eastern Europe

Prunus rufa Hook. f.

Rosaceae

–

WCE, Nepal, Bhutan, India, Myanmar

Mackaya indica (Nees) Esermu = Pseuderanthemum indicum (Nees) A. N. & S. M. Cowan

Acanthaceae

–

300–3000 m; C-E Nepal: Bhutan, NE India, Sikkim

Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A. Camus = Quercus dilatata Lindl. ex A. DC.

Fagaceae

–

WC, 2100–2700 m; E. Afghanistan, Himalaya (Chitral to Nepal)

Quercus glauca Thunb.

Fagaceae

–

CE, 700–2000 m; Pakistan

Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus = Quercus incana Roxb.

Fagaceae

–

WC, 1500–2400 m; W. Pakistan, Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), Ceylon,? Burma

Quercus lamellosa Sm.

Fagaceae

Banset

CE, 600–2800 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Assam), N. Burma, Tibet, S.W. China (Yunnan)

Quercus lanata Sm. = Quercus lanuginosa D. Don

Fagaceae

–

WCE, 460–2600 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), Burma, Indo-China

Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.

Fagaceae

–

WCE, 1700–3800 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Chitral to NEFA), S. Tibet, Burma, S. China

Rhododendron cowanianum Davidian

Ericaceae

–

3000–3900 m; C. Nepal

Rhaphidophora sp.

Araceae

–

–

Reinwardtia indica Dumort.

Linaceae

Pyauli

WCE, 500–2300 m; Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam

Rhododendron barbatum Wall. ex G. Don

Ericaceae

Chimaal

W, 2400–3500 m; China, Bhutan, India, Sikkim

Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don

Ericaceae

Sunpaati

WCE, 3000–4500(−5000) m; China, Bhutan, N. India, Sikkim

Rhododendron arboreum Sm.

Ericaceae

Lali gurans

W, 1500–3800 m; China, Bhutan, N. India, Kashmir, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, N. Thailand, N. Vietnam

Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don

Ericaceae

–

WCE, 3100–4300 m; China, Bhutan, N. India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim

Rhododendron falconeri Hook. f.

Ericaceae

Korlinga

E, 2700–3000 m; E. Himalaya (E. Nepal to NEFA), N. Assam

Rhododendron fulgens Hook. f.

Ericaceae

–

E, 3300–4100 m; E. Himalaya (E. Nepal to Bhutan), S. Tibet, N. Assam

Rhododendron grande Wight

Ericaceae

–

E, 1700–2900 m; E. Himalaya (E. Nepal to Bhutan), N. Assam, S. Tibet

Rhododendron hodgsonii Hook. f.

Ericaceae

–

E, 3000–3800 m; E. Himalaya (E. Nepal to Bhutan), N. Assam, S. Tibet

Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G. Don = Rhododendron salignum Hook. f.

Ericaceae

Bhaale Sunpati

WCE, 1700–3700 m; Bhutan, China, N India, NE Myanmar, Sikkim

Rhododendron lowndesii Davidian

Ericaceae

–

WC, 3200–4500 m; Nep

Rhododendron thomsonii Hook. f.

Ericaceae

–

E, 2900–3800 m; E. Himalaya (E. Nepal to Bhutan), N. Assam, S. Tibet

Rhododendron wightii Hook. f.

Ericaceae

–

E, 3300–4100 m; E. Himalaya (E. Nepal to Bhutan), N. Assam

Rhus javanica Miller = Rhus semialata Murray

Anacardiaceae

Bhaki amilo

WCE, 1300–2400 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), India, Ceylon, Burma, east to China, Korea, Japan

Rhus sp.

Anacardiaceae

–

–

Rhus succedanea L.

Anacardiaceae

–

CE, Nepal, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam

Rhus wallichii Hook. f.

Anacardiaceae

Bhalayo

WCE, 300–2800 m; Himalaya (Garhwal to Bhutan)

Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne. = Ribes emodense Rehder

Grossulariaceae

Kanta daakh

WCE, 2700–3500 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), W. & C. China

Ribes takare D. Don = Ribes acuminatum Wall. ex G. Don

Grossulariaceae

–

W, 1400–4000 m; China, Bhutan, N. India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Sikkim

Ribes glaciale Wall.

Grossulariaceae

–

WCE, 2600–4400 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), S. Tibet, W. China

Rosa macrophylla Lindl. = Rosa macrophylla var. hookeriana Hook. f.

Rosaceae

Bhainsi Kaandaa

WCE, 2100–3800 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan)

Rosa sericea Lindl.

Rosaceae

Bhote gulaf

WCE, 2200–4600 m; Himalaya (Chamba to Bhutan), Tibet, Assam, N. Burma, W. China

Rosa brunonii Lindl.

Rosaceae

Bhainsi kande gulaf

WCE, 1500–2400 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, W. China

Rosa macrophylla Lindl.

Rosaceae

Bhainsi Kaandaa

WCE, 2100–3800 m; Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan)

Rubus sp.

Rosaceae

–

–

Sabia paniculata Edgew.

Sabiaceae

–

WCE, 300–1700 m; Kumaun, Nepal, N. India, Burma

Saccharum spontaneum L. = Saccharum canaliculatum Roxb.

Poaceae

Kaans

WCE, 200–1700 m; Warmer regions of Old World

Sageretia filiformis (Roth ex Schult.) G. Don = Sageretia oppositifolia (Wall.) Brongn.

Rhamnaceae

–

WC, 800–1800 m; Subtropical Himalaya, India, China, Malaysia

Salix sp.

Salicaceae

–

–

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. ex Hook. f.

Euphorbiaceae

Khirro

WCE, 500–1800 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Assam, Bengal, Ceylon, Burma, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula

Saurauia roxburghii Wall.

Saurauiaceae

–

E, 300–500 m; Nepal, Assam, Burma

Sarcococca sp.

Buxaceae

–

–

Saussurea sp.

Asteraceae

–

–

Schefflera impressa (C. B. Clarke) Harms = Agalma tomentosum (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Seem.

Araliaceae

–

CE, 2000–3400 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), S.W. China (Yunnan)

Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth.

Theaceae

Chilaune

CE, 900–2100 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam. S. Tibet, east to W. China

Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Hook. f. & Thomson

Schisandraceae

–

WCE, 2100–3300 m; Himalaya (Simla to Bhutan)

Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken = Schleichera trijuga Willd.

Sapindaceae

Kusum

WCE, 200–300 m; Tropical Himalaya (Punjab to Nepal), India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, Malaysia

Semecarpus anacardium L. f.

Anacardiaceae

Bhalayo, Kag bhalayo

WCE, 150–1200 m; Himalaya (Sirmore to Sikkim), India, Burma, Malaysia, N. Australia

Shorea robusta Gaertn.

Dipterocarpaceae

Saal

WCE, 150–1500 m; Subtropical Himalaya (Garhwal to Assam), India

Skimmia sp.

Rutaceae

–

–

Lycianthes laevis subsp. crassipetala (Dunal) Bitter

Solanaceae

–

CE, 450–1800 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam

Sophora moorcroftiana (Benth.) Benth. ex Baker

Fabaceae

Prawal simbee

C, 3000–4500 m; Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar

Sorbus foliolosa (Wall.) Spach = Photinia foliolosa (Wall.) Koehne

Rosaceae

–

WCE, 2500–3400 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan)

Sorbus cuspidata (Spach) Hedl. = Crataegus cuspidata Spach

Rosaceae

Lekh mayal

WCE, 2700–3700 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Sikkim)

Sorbus microphylla Wenz.

Rosaceae

–

WCE, 3000–4500 m; Himalaya (Simla to Bhutan), Assam

Spatholobus parviflorus (Roxb.) Kuntze = Spatholobus roxburghii Benth.

Fabaceae

Debre lahara

WCE, 200–2000 m; Himalaya, India, S.E. Asia, China

Spiraea arcuata Hook. f.

Rosaceae

Panda

WCE, 3500–4900 m; Himalaya (Garhwal to Bhutan), Tibet, N. Burma, W. China

Spiraea bella Sims

Rosaceae

–

WCE, 1900–4200 m; Himcllaya (Kashmir to NEFA), S. Tibet, W. China

Stellaria decumbens Edgew.

Caryophyllaceae

–

WCE, 3000–5600 m; China, Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Pakistan, Sikkim

Stellaria sp.

Caryophyllaceae

–

–

Sterculia hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb. = Sterculia coccinea Roxb. ex G. Don

Sterculiaceae

–

CE, 300–1100 m; Subtropical Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma

Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm.

Sterculiaceae

Odane

WCE, 300–600 m; Tropical Himalaya (Punjab to Nepal), N. India

Stranvaesia nussia (D. Don) Decn

Rosaceae

Jure mayal

WC, 900–2500 m; Himalaya (Garhwal to Nepal), Assam, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Philippines

Streblus asper Lour.

Moraceae

Khaksi

CE, 100–500 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), India, Ceylon, S. China, Indo-China, Malaysia

Symplocos racemosa Roxb.

Symplocaceae

Dabdabe (?)

CE, 150–1000 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), Burma, Thailand, lndo-China, China (var. palavensis (Koodz.) Noot. on Palau Is.)

Symplocos ramosissima Wall. ex G. Don

Symplocaceae

–

WCE, 1400–2600 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), Burma, Indo-China, S.W. China

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore

Symplocaceae

–

CE, 500–1500 m; N. India, China and Japan to Malaysia (other subspecies and varieties here and elsewhere)

Symplocos theifolia D. Don = Symplocos phyllocalyx C. B. Clarke

Symplocaceae

Ghole

WCE, 1500–3000 m; Himalaya, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, S. China, Malaysia

Syringa emodi Wall. ex Royle

Oleaceae

–

WC, 2500–3600 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal)

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Myrtaceae

Jamun

WCE, 300–1200 m; Subtropical Himalaya, India, Ceylon, Malaysia, Australia

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Combretaceae

Barro

CE, 300–1100 m; Nepal, India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, Malaysia

Terminalia chebula Retz.

Combretaceae

Harro

CE, 150–1100 m; Kumaun, Nepal, India, Ceylon, Burma (but not wild in Malaysia, fide Exell in Fl. Males. 4 (1954))

Talauma hodgsonii Hook. f. & Thomson

Magnoliaceae

–

CE, 900–1800 m; Himalaya (C. Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, N. Thailand

Taxus contorta Griff.

Taxaceae

–

CW, 2500–3400 m; China (Tibet), India, Pakistan, Afghanistan

Tectona grandis L.f.

Verbenaceae

–

C, below 900 m; China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Myanmar

Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth = Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.

Combretaceae

Asna, Saaj

WCE, 200–1400 m; Himalaya, India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thoms.

Menispermaceae

–

CW, 600–1300 m; Pakistan, India, Burma, Sri Lanka

Trachelospermum lucidum (D. Don) K. Schum

Apocynaceae

Dwari lahara

WCE, 300–2200 m; Pakistan, Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA)

Trevesia palmata (Roxb.) Vis.

Araliaceae

–

CE, 250–2500 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to Assam), Burma, W. China, Malaya

Trewia nudiflora L.

Euphorbiaceae

Gurel

WCE, 150–1800 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), India, Ceylon, Burma, Indo-China, S. China, W. Malaysia

Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eichler = Abies brunoniana (Wall.) Lindl.

Pinaceae

Thinge salla

WCE, 2100–3600 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), N. Burma

Turpinia nepalensis Wall. ex Wight & Arn.

Staphyleaceae

–

CE, 1200–2100 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China,? W. China

Turpinia pomifera (Roxb.) DC.

Staphyleaceae

–

E, 300–500 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim), east to Malaysi

Ulmus wallichiana Planch. = Ulmus laevigata Royle

Ulmaceae

–

W, 2000–3000 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), India

Vaccinium nummularia Hook. f. & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke

Ericaceae

–

CE, 2400–4000 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), N. Assam, N. Burma

Vaccinium retusum (Griff.) Hook. f. ex C. B. Clarke

Ericaceae

–

CE, 1400–3600 m; E. Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), Assam, N. Burma

Vaccinium vacciniaceum (Roxb.) Sleumer = Agapetes serrata G. Don

Ericaceae

–

E, 1200–2400 (−2700 m) m; China, Bhutan, N.E. India, Myanmar, Sikkim

Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze = Echites dichotoma Roxb.

Apocynaceae

Dudhe Lahara

WCE, 150–1000 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), S. China, Burma, Indo-China

Vernonia talaumifolia Hook. f. & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke

Asteraceae

–

E, 300–600 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Mishmi Hills

Vernonia volkameriifolia DC.

Asteraceae

–

CE, 4000–2400 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, W. China, Thailand, Indo-China

Viburnum nervosum D. Don

Sambucaceae

–

WCE, 2600–3500 m; Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Assam, S. E. Tibet, N. Burma, W. China

Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don = Viburnum polycarpum Wall. ex DC.

Sambucaceae

–

WC, 2100–3600 m; Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan)

Viburnum erubescens Wall. ex DC.

Sambucaceae

Ashaare

W, (1500–)2400–3500 m; China, Bhutan, N. India, N. Myanmar

Viburnum punctatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Sambucaceae

–

WC, 600–1600 m; Himalaya (Kumaun, Nepal), Deccan, Thailand, Indo-China, N. Sumatra

Viburnum mullaha Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don = Viburnum stellulatum Wall. ex DC.

Sambucaceae

Molo

W, 2200–2700 m; China, Bhutan, India, Kashmir

Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaudich.) Miq. = Villebrunea appendiculata Wedd.

Urticaceae

–

E, 300–500 m; Tropical Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), India, Burma, Indo-China, S. China

Vitis sp.

Vitaceae

–

–

Wendlandia sp.

Rubiaceae

–

–

Wightia speciosissima (D. Don) Merr. = Wightia gigantea Wall.

Scrophulariaceae

–

CE, 1200–2600 m; Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, N. Burma, Indo-China, W. China

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz = Grislea tomentosa Roxb.

Lythraceae

Ras dhainyaro, dhainyaro

WCE, 200–1800 m; Africa, W. Asia, Subtropical Himalaya, India, Ceylon, Burma, east to China

Xylosma longifolium Clos

Flacourtiaceae

Dande kanda

WE, 300–1000 m; Subtropical Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal), Assam, east to W. China

Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. = Zizyphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn.

Rhamnaceae

Bayar, Thulo bayar

WCE, 200–1200 m; Tropical Asia, Australia, widely cultivated

Zizyphus rugosa Lam. = Zizyphus glabra Roxb.

Rhamnaceae

–

CE, 150–800 m; Himalaya (Punjab to Sikkim), India, Ceylon, Burma

  1. The nomenclature is adopted from Press et al. (2000) that is constantly update online (eFloras 2023). ‘-’ means not available. W—west Nepal, C—center Nepal, E—east Nepal; altitude in Nepal and distribution in other regions are separated by a semicolon ()

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Rokaya, M.B., Parajuli, B., Timsina, B. (2024). Vegetation and Forest in Nepal. In: Rokaya, M.B., Sigdel, S.R. (eds) Flora and Vegetation of Nepal. Plant and Vegetation, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50702-1_3

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