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Genetic Resources of Small Cardamom

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Abstract

Elettaria cardamomum Maton or small cardamom is one of the most valued spices worldwide for its versatile flavour and a pleasant aroma. The dried mature fruit capsule which forms the spice is also referred to as the ‘Queen of Spices’. The cardamom plant, a shade-loving monocot, has a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial habit and is indigenous to the moist evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of south India. India, formerly the foremost producer, consumer and exporter of small cardamom, is second to Guatemala which fortuitously is currently the largest producer of cardamom. India has reported substantial diversity in small cardamom and is considered to be the centre of origin of E. cardamomum. The distribution of abundant genetic variability of the species in the Western Ghats substantiates the hypothesis that it is the major centre of genetic diversity of small cardamom. However, more impetus has to be given in broadening the genetic base, developing new varieties with wide adaptability, and strategies to reduce crop vulnerability by promoting genetic diversity rather than monocultures, which would certainly help sustainable production. During the past years, selection, multiplication, hybridization, evaluation, conservation and in vitro multiplication have all been done in cardamom, but not much introduction of plant materials from other zones have been carried out except those brought to repositories, probably due to its niche specificity. Much work has been done on evolving genotypes with high yield potential and superior capsule quality with relatively lesser importance to resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. Concerted efforts are required for creating a detailed database for small cardamom. Molecular characterization and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies would help introgression of new alleles from unutilized germplasm accessions, related wild species, and exotic relatives which would be vital for further improvement and enhancement of genetic base of cultivated cardamom.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr. S. K. Bhat, Scientist, ICRI, Saklespur, for providing relevant images for the manuscript and Shri Basil K. Eldose, ICRI, Myladumpara, for the assistance received for data compilation and processing of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Spices Board, (Government of India), Idukki, Kerala, India

    K. Mary Mathew, Reshma Ranjanan, Varghese C. Rithin & A. B. Remashree

  2. ICRI, RRS, Saklespur, Karnataka, India

    S. K. Bhat

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  1. K. Mary Mathew
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  2. Reshma Ranjanan
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  3. Varghese C. Rithin
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  4. S. K. Bhat
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  1. (erstwhile with the Rubber Research Institute of India), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    P.M. Priyadarshan

  2. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    S. Mohan Jain

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Mathew, K.M., Ranjanan, R., Rithin, V.C., Bhat, S.K., Remashree, A.B. (2022). Genetic Resources of Small Cardamom. In: Priyadarshan, P., Jain, S.M. (eds) Cash Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74926-2_15

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