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Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Breeding

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops

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Abstract

Carrot is among the top 10 vegetable crops grown globally and a significant source of dietary vitamin A, derived from its orange carotenoid pigments. Most evidence points to a relatively recent domestication of carrot as a root crop around 1100 years ago in Central Asia, with the most extensive breeding effort underway the last 500 years in Europe. As an outcrossing plant unable to be clonally propagated, breeders developed open-pollinated cultivars until the discovery of cytoplasmic male sterility set the stage for hybrid cultivar development beginning in the 1950s. Color has been an important trait noted in carrots since their domestication, with yellow and purple being the colors of note before orange carrots were first observed in Europe, and with red carrots important in several Asian markets today. Flavor has also been an important trait under selection by breeders to improve consumer quality. Growers and consumers look for uniform, smooth storage roots for any cultivar, but root shape varies widely among cultivars and is used to differentiate them for fresh market or processing use. Several foliar and soil-borne diseases and pests can significantly reduce marketable yield, and consequently these biotic threats receive significant attention in carrot breeding programs. Carrots are categorized as a cool-season crop as much attention has been dedicated to improvement for cooler temperate growing regions. But as carrot production in warmer climates has increased rapidly in recent decades, carrot cultivar development for subtropical global regions has become a major focus for breeders. With this, more attention is being paid to the abiotic threats of heat, drought and salinity. As a crop with wide genetic diversity, the prospects for continued improvement are bright.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    Philipp W. Simon

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  1. Philipp W. Simon
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Correspondence to Philipp W. Simon .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    S. Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendixes

Appendixes

1.1 Appendix I: Public Sector Carrot Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Research Programs and their Websites

Institute Name and Location

Website

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Mendoza, Argentina

https://inta.gob.ar/mendoza

Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

https://www.bau.edu.bd/

EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil

https://www.embrapa.br/en/contando-ciencia/embrapa-hortalicas

University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada

https://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/mrmcdona

Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

https://www.gfar.net/organizations/institute-vegetables-and-flowers-chinese-academy-agricultural-sciences

Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

http://www.njau.edu.cn

Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China

http://www.sxau.edu.cn/

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France

https://www6.angers-nantes.inra.fr/irhs

Julius Kuhn Institute, Quedlinburg, Germany

https://www.julius-kuehn.de/en/

Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

https://agnes.hu-berlin.de

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi India

http://www.iari.res.in

Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India

https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Punjab_Agricultural_University/department/Department_of_Vegetable_Science

New Ya’ar Researc Center. Agriculture Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel

https://www.agri.gov.il/en/people/1043.aspx

Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Portici, Italy

http://ibbr.cnr.it/ibbr/info/ibbr-divisions/ibbr-uos-portici

Food and Agricultural Research & Extension Institute, Mauritius

https://farei.mu/farei/

University of Sargodha, Pakistan

https://uos.edu.pk/

University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland

https://wbio.urk.edu.pl/en

World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan

https://avrdc.org/

National Gene Bank of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia

http://www.bng.nat.tn

Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey

https://www.uludag.edu.tr/

Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey

https://www.yyu.edu.tr/

Warwick University, Genetic Resources Unit, Warwick, United Kingdom

https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci/wcc/gru/

North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA

https://plantsforhumanhealth.ncsu.edu /people/massimo-iorizzo/

University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA

https://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/people/allen-van-deynze

University of California – Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

www.faculty.ucr.edu/~proberts/biography.html

Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/hoaglandlab/

University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA

https://www.memphis.edu/biology/people/faculty/jennifer-mandel.php

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA

https://www.biol.vt.edu/faculty/tholl/index.html

Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA, USA

https://plantpath.wsu.edu/people/faculty/du-toit

University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

https://goldman.horticulture.wisc.edu/

United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, USA

http://vcru.wisc.edu/simon/

1.2 Appendix II: Carrot Genetic Resources

Cultivar

Important traits

Cultivation location

Nantes types

Shape, flavor, storage quality

Europe

Danvers, Chantenay, Berlicum, Flakkee types

Cooking, canning, freezing, storage quality

Europe, North America

Imperator types

Fresh market, flavor, convenience

North America

Amsterdam types

Early carrots

Europe

Kuroda types

Cooking and processing, storage quality

Asia

Brasilia types

All-purpose, heat and disease tolerance

South America, subtropical Asia

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Simon, P.W. (2021). Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M., Johnson, D.V. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66965-2_5

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