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Medicinal Plants of Northeast Anatolia

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Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia

Abstract

Northeast Anatolia is rich in a variety of ecosystems, habitats, and unique vascular plant diversity. A remarkable number of vascular plants have been used for several purposes such as food, medicine, etc. by the local people. This region is characterized by dune, riparian, wetland, pseudomacchie, forest (both deciduous and conifer) and subalpine-alpine vegetation types of which the last one is the richest zone in terms of both plant diversity and medicinal plants. This chapter provides scientific information about both native and non-native vascular medicinal plants and their uses, parts used and local names depending on literature and field observations available in this region of Turkey. A total of 510 medicinal vascular plants including 10 endemics are distributed in this region investigated by us

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Botany, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey

    Salih Terzioğlu

  2. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey

    Kamil Coşkunçelebi

Authors
  1. Salih Terzioğlu
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  2. Kamil Coşkunçelebi
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Correspondence to Salih Terzioğlu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany & Centre for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

    Münir Öztürk

  2. Biology Department, Faculty of Science & Arts, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey

    Volkan Altay

  3. Department of Geography, Balikesir University, Istanbul, Balikesir, Turkey

    Recep Efe

Appendix 11.1: Vascular Medicinal Plants Distributed in Northeast Anatolia According to Literature Survey

Appendix 11.1: Vascular Medicinal Plants Distributed in Northeast Anatolia According to Literature Survey

Family

Plant name

Local name

Plant part(s) used

Local usages (*Literatures)

Aceraceae

Acer campestre L. subsp. campestre

Ova akçaağacı

Bark

Inflamed wound (56)

Aceraceae

Acer monpessulanum L.

Fransız akçaağacı

Leaf

Antihelmintic (87), food pain (93)

Aceraceae

Acer platanoides L.

Çınar akçaağacı

Leaf, flower

Gingival diseases (68), astringent, diarrhoea (75)

Adoxaceae

Sambucus ebulus L.

Mürver otu

Aerial parts

Laxative, diuretic, diaphoretic (4), colds (42), rheumatic pain (84), diarrhoea, intestines (109)

Adoxaceae

Sambucus nigra L.

Ağaç mürver

Leaf, flower

Abscess, asthma (2), diuretic, diaphoretic, laxative (4), antitussive (30), bronchitis (30,86), anticatarrhal (79), common colds (86), fungal itches, eczema (111)

Adoxaceae

Viburnum lantana L.

Germeşe

Fruit

Diabetes, diarrhoea (2), blood pressure, cold, hypertension, inflammation (110)

Adoxaceae

Viburnum opulus L.

Gilaburu

Fruit

Diuretic, sedative, laxative (1,4), antitussive, nephralgia (2), cough, heart (109)

Adoxaceae

Viburnum orientale Pall.

Katkat çalısı

Fruit

Antibacterial (119), diuretic (119,121)

Alismataceae

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. subsp. plantago-aquatica

Çobandüdüğü

Root, seed

Constipation, diuretic (4)

Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus retroflexus L.

Tilkikuyruğu

Leaf

Sterility (2), digestive, stomachache, diarrhoea (55)

Amaranthaceae

Beta trigyna Waldst. & Kit.

Kır pazısı

Flowering branch

Asthma, bronchitis (66)

Amaranthaceae

Chenopodium album L.

Aksirken

Aerial parts

Diuretic (2,4), laxative (4), women’ sterility (2,74), anaemia (74)

Amaranthaceae

Chenopodium foliosum Asch.

Cülek

Seed

Jaundice (93)

Amaranthaceae

**Spinachia oleracea L.

Ispanak

Leaf

Diuretic, laxative (4), wound (27)

Amaryllidaceae

**Allium cepa L.

Soğan

Bulb, seed

Abscess, rheumatism (6), cicatrizant (6,103), otitis, anuria (30), whitlow (38), sprain, bruise, oedema, wound (100)

Amaryllidaceae

**Allium ampeloprasum L.

Pırasa

Aerial parts

Sore throat (38)

Amaryllidaceae

**Allium sativum L.

Sarımsak

Bulb

Antihypertensive (6), alopecia areata, appetizer, anthelmintic (30), influenza, headache (34), froncle (45), cold, flu (110), hypertension, taeniafuge, wound (123)

Amaryllidaceae

Allium scorodoprassum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) Stearn

İt soğanı

Bulb, seed

Orexigenic, hypertension, anthelmintic, diuretic, antiseptic, goiter (2), hepatitis, tonic (46), antihypertensive, high cholesterol (103)

Amaryllidaceae

Galanthus rizehensis Stearn

Rize kardeleni

Bulb

Alzheimer (61)

Amaryllidaceae

Galanthus woronowii Losinsk.

Akçabardak

Bulb

Poliomyelitis (4,54)

Anacardiaceae

Cotinus coggygria Scop.

Boyacı sumağı

Powdered wood

Anticancer (30), analgesic (49), stomachache, burns, swelling, goiter, diabetes, haemorrhoids, asthma, mushroom poisoning (82)

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia terebinthus L.

Menengiç

Fruit

Antiseptic (1), colds, flu, urinary system, cough (2), diuretic (2,39), expectorant (30), stomachache (72,80,84), asthma (80)

Anacardiaceae

Rhus coriaria L.

Sumak

Fruit, leaf

Antiseptic (2,4,39), constipant (4), liver diseases, diarrhoea, urinary system (6), ulcer, kidney stones (43)

Apiaceae

Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.

Hıltan

Fruit

Cough, kidney stones, intestinal diseases, dental diseases, atherosclerosis (3), diuretic (4), tonic, gingivitis, digestive, carminative, appetizer (113)

Apiaceae

**Anethum graveolens L.

Dereotu

Aerial parts

Gynaecological disorders, goiter, dyspepsia, kidney ailments, against hiccup (3), digestive (3,4,113), galactagogue, antihyperlipidemia, carminative, diabetes, infertility (113)

Apiaceae

***Angelica sylvestris L. var. stenoptera Avé-Lall.

Kekire

Root

Antidiarrhoeal, sedative (1), asthma (4)

Apiaceae

Anthriscus nemorosa (M. Bieb.) Spreng.

Peçek

Fruit

Digestive (3)

Apiaceae

Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag.

Bendik

Aerial parts

Appetizer, antihypertensive (3,74)

Apiaceae

Bifora radians M. Bieb

Gısbana

Aerial parts

Digestive (3)

Apiaceae

Bupleurum falcatum L.

Çataltavşan

Leaf, seed

Fever, dermal wound, Joint pain, inflammations (113)

Apiaceae

Carum carvi L.

Kimyon

Fruit

Kidney stones (2), appetizer, digestive, aphrodisiac (3)

Apiaceae

Caucalis platycarpos L.

Kavkal

Aerial parts, root

Hemorrhoids, rheumatism, wound, eczema (3)

Apiaceae

Chaerophyllum bulbosum L.

Hondak

Rhizome, leaves

Appetizer, diabetes, high cholesterol, antihypertensive (3)

Apiaceae

Conium maculatum L.

Baldıran

Fruit, aerial parts

Analgesic, sedative, aphrodisiac (1), rheumatism (3), analgesic (4)

Apiaceae

**Coriandrum sativumL.

Kişniş

Leaf, fruit, seed

Carminative (1), digestive (1,3), stomachic (1,30), dizziness (3), gastritis, ulcer (30)

Apiaceae

Daucus carota L.

Yabani havuç

Whole plant

Carminative, antihelminthic (1), diuretic (1,4), diabetes (3), eye disorders (22)

Apiaceae

Eryngium billardierei F. Delaroche

Hıyarok

Root, aerial parts

Wound, cold, sinusitis, haemorrhoids, toothache, aphrodisiac (3), bronchitis, stomachache (65), constipation (93)

Apiaceae

Eryngium campestre L.

Kırsenet

Aerial parts, root

Antitussive, stomachic (1), diuretic, aphrodisiac (1,4), vulnerary, jaundice (2), leucemi (3)

Apiaceae

Eryngium giganteum M. Bieb.

Boğadikeni

Aerial parts

Wound (3)

Apiaceae

Eryngium maritimum L.

Kum boğadikeni

Aerial parts

Diuretic, antiscorbutic, cytotonic, urethritis remedy, stone inhibitor, aphrodisiac, expectorant, anthelmintic (74)

Apiaceae

Ferulago cassia Boiss.

Şeytan kişnişi

Fruit

Eye diseases, increasing milk secretion (3)

Apiaceae

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Rezene

Fruit, leaf, aerial parts

Carminative (1,30), insomnia, dyspepsia, bronchitis (3), abdominal pain (36), blood glucose (38), stomachache (65), analgesic, antispasmodic, rheumatism, lactation (117)

Apiaceae

Heracleum antasiaticum Manden

Kamşam

Leaf

Wound (3)

Apiaceae

Heracleum pastinacifolium K. Koch subsp. incanum (Boiss. & A.Huet) P.H. Davis

Kuru öğrek

Leaf

Rheumatism (3)

Apiaceae

Laser trilobum(L.) Borkh.

Kefe kimyonu

Fruit

Digestive, abdominal pain (3,84)

Apiaceae

Oenanthe pimpinelloides L.

Deli maydanoz

Aerial parts

Burned, antihypertensive, analgesic (74)

Apiaceae

Pastinaca sativa L.

Şeker havucu

Aerial parts

Diuretic, carminative, calmative (4)

Apiaceae

**Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill

Maydanoz

Aerial parts

Diabetes, anaemia, eczema, diuretic, haemorrhoids, cholesterol (3,66), stomach ailments (3,30)

Apiaceae

Peucedanum longifolium Waldst. & Kit.

Domuz rezenesi

Aerial parts

Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia (2), menstrual, stomachic, diuretic, diaphoretic (4)

Apiaceae

Pimpinella saxifraga L.

Taş anasonu

Root

Cicatrising , diuretic, antimicrobial, appetizer, anti-inflammatory, wound, ascites, urinary disorders, hernia, cough, anorexia (75)

Apiaceae

Prangos ferulacea (L.) lindl.

Eşek cakşırı

Root, aerial parts

Aprodisiac, diabetes, antihypertensive (3)

Apiaceae

***Prangos meliocarpoides Boiss. var. arcis-romanae (Boiss. & Huet) Herrnst

Sultanteresi

Root

Aprodisiac (3)

Apiaceae

Sanicula europaea L.

Sanikel

Leaf

Constipant, stomachic, wound (4), abdominal pain, shortness of breath (50), diarrhoea, urinary, liver disorders, internal bleeding (74)

Apiaceae

Scandix pecten-veneris L.

Zühretarağı

Aerial parts

Bad breath (3)

Apiaceae

Smyrnium olusatrum L.

Deli kereviz

Root, leaf

Abortive (3), dyspnoea, diuretic (4)

Apiaceae

Sison amomum L.

Kara maydanoz

Fruit

Diuretic, carminative, stomachic (4)

Apiaceae

Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link

Dercikotu

Aerial parts

Abdominal pain for children (3)

Apiaceae

Torilis leptophylla (L.) Rchb.f.

İnce dercikotu

Leaf, aerial parts

Bad breath, asthma, toothache (3)

Apiaceae

Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm.

Karaheci

Aerial parts

Rheumatism (3)

Apiaceae

Zosima absinthifolia (Vent.) Link

Peynirotu

Leaf

Diabetes (2), stomach ailments, restlessness, dysentery, diarrhoea, tonsilitis, loss of voice (115)

Apocynaceae

Cynanchum acutum L. subsp. acutum

Bacırgan

Root, leaf

Emetic (4), vulnerary (74)

Apocynaceae

Periploca graeca L. var. graeca

Gariplerurganı

Bark

Stimulant (4)

Apocynaceae

Vinca major L. subsp. hirsuta (boiss.) Stearn

Pervane çiçeği

Leaf

Constipation, diuretic, antipyretic, appetizer (4), astringent, menstrual regulator, ulcer, sore throat (74)

Apocynaceae

Vincetoxicum canescens (Willd.) Decne subsp. canescens

Zilasur

Aerial parts

Scabies, fungal infection (2)

Apocynaceae

Vincetoxicum tmoleum Boiss.

Hıyaluk

Aerial parts

Scabies (2)

Araceae

Arum italicum Mill.

Domuz lahanası

Tuber, flower

Vesicant (1), laxative (1,4), haemorrhoids (4,56), wound (27), pain in the waist (48), women’s diseases (56)

Araliacaee

Hedera colchica (K.Koch) K.Koch

Kara sarmaşık

Leaf, fruit

Ddiaphoretic (4), laxative (4,91), intestinal parasites, constipation, diarrhoea (91)

Araliacaee

Hedera helix L.

Duvar sarmaşığı

Leaf, fruit

Vesicant (1), diaphoretic (4), laxative (4,90), wound (27), stomachache (50), menstrual regulator, anthelmintic, exudative (90)

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia clematitis L.

Lohusaotu

Rhizome

Skin diseases (4), anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, analgesic, cytostatic, rheumatism, leucorrhoea, digestive (75), haemorrhoids (77)

Aristolochiaceae

Asarum europaeum L.

Afşarotu

Root

Mucolytic, anti-inflammatory, laxative, emmenagogue (1), emetic, diuretic (1,4), expectorant (4,75), antitussive, sedative (75)

Asparagaceae

Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.

Arapüzümü

Fruit

Rheumatism (43), rheumatism (57)

Asparagaceae

Ornithogalum sigmoideum Freyn & Sint.

Sakarca

Bulb

Appetizer, nerve tonic, laxative (5,57), stomachic (57)

Asparagaceae

Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.

Mührüsüleyman

Root

Antidiarrhoeal, analgesic (1), antidiabetes (1,4), constipant, rheumatism, gout, aphrodisiach (4)

Asparagaceae

Ruscus aculeatus L.

Tavşanmemesi

Root, leaf, stem

Diuretic, diaphoretic, stomachic (1), cholesterol (6), asthma, (30), varix (56)

Asparagaceae

Ruscus colchicus Yeo

Zermek

Rhizome

Lactogenic (118)

Asparagaceae

Scilla bifolia L.

Orman sümbülü

Bulbus

Wound, lumbago (100)

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium adianthum-nigrum L.

Kara şaçakotu

Whole plant

Analgesic (49)

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium ceterach L.

Dalakotu

Aerial parts

Diuretic, constipant (4), diarrhoea, cystitis, hemostatic (30), kidney stone (51)

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium scolopendrium L.

Geyikdili

Aerial parts

Diuretic, constipation (4)

Asteraceae

Achillea arabica Kotschy

Hanzabel

Flower

Diuretic, asthma, cardiotonic, stomachic, carminative, orexigenic, tonic, nephralgia (2)

Asteraceae

Achillea millefolium L.

Civanperçemi

Aerial parts

Antidermatosic, anti haemorrhoids (1,6,88), diuretic (4,54), wound (11,76), antianemic (6,71), inflammation, wound (109)

Asteraceae

Achillea santolinoides Lag. subsp. wilhelmsii (K.Koch) Greuter

Kardeşkınası

Aerial parts

Migraine, anorexia, gynaecological (68)

Asteraceae

Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertner

Kediayağı

Aerial parts

Constipant, cough (4), digestive (88)

Asteraceae

Anthemis cretica L.

Dağ papatyası

Flower

Painkiller (49)

Asteraceae

Arctium platylepis (Boiss. & Balansa) Sosn. ex Grossh.

Hanımyaması

Root, basal leaf

Edema, inflamed wound, calcification (knee), backache, snakebites (2)

Asteraceae

Artemisia absinthium L.

Acı pelin

Flower, leaf

Antihaemorrhoidal (1), diuretic (2,4), stomachic (2,4,54,72,83), anti-hypertensive (6,88), malaria (17), wound (27), cold (43), diabetes (65), ulcer (71)

Asteraceae

Bellis perennis L.

Koyungözü

Flowers

Purgative (2), stomachache, cold, bronchitis, tonsilitis, eye diseases (7,87), haemorrhoids (43), headache (97)

Asteraceae

*Bidens tripartita L.

Üç suketeni

Aerial parts

Anti-inflammatory, cicatrising, vermifuge, wound (75)

Asteraceae

Carduus acanthoides L. subsp. sintenisii Kazmi

Saka dikeni

Flower

Gynaecological disease (50)

Asteraceae

Cyanus segetum Hill.

Gelintacı

Flower

Nervine, stomachic (1), antidiarrhoeal (1,4), appetiser (4)

Asteraceae

Cenaturea glastifolia L.

Kotankıran

Flower, leaf

Orexigenic, astringent (2)

Asteraceae

Centaurea iberica Trev.

Deligözdikeni

Leaf

Vulnerary (2,74)

Asteraceae

Cichorium intybus L.

Hindiba

Aerial parts

Nervine (1), diuretic, laxative, diaphoretic (1,4), asthma (2), icterus disease, galactagogue (14), stomachache, gastritis, ulcer (30,41), epistaxis, hyperlipidemia (93)

Asteraceae

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Köygöçerten

Whole plant

Orexigenic, tonic, antihaemorrhoidal, cough, bronchitis (2), tonic, appetiser (4), diabetes (50)

Asteraceae

Cirsium hypoleucum DC.

Vişne kangalı

Leaf

Cardio-vascular complaints (35)

Asteraceae

Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay ex Guss.

Boyacı papatyası

Flower

Stomache pain, cough, intestinal disorders, hair care (2), gingivitis (36), gynaecological disease (50), cold, flu (103)

Asteraceae

Crepis foetida L.

Kohum

Aerial part

Cardiovascular diseases (2,74)

Asteraceae

Doronicum orientale Hoffm.

Kaplanotu

Aerial parts

Against infertility (4), diuretic (43)

Asteraceae

Eupatorium cannabinum L.

Koyuntırpağı

Aerial parts

Diaphoretic, emetic (4), diuretic (4,60), choleretic, laxative, hypocholesterolemic (60)

Asteraceae

Helichrysum pallasii (Spreng.) Ledeb.

Kocamançiçeği

Aerial parts

Diuretic, cough, kidney stones, nephralgia (2)

Asteraceae

Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum

Mantuvar

Aerial parts

Kidney stones, nephralgia, diabetes, cough, diarrhoea, diuretic, stomachic, antideppessant (2)

Asteraceae

Inula helenium L.

Andızotu

Root

Nervine (1), diuretic, antitussive (1,2), anthelmintic, tonic, backache (2)

Asteraceae

Jurinalle moschus (Habl.) Bobrov subsp. pinnatisecta (Boiss.) Danin & P.H.Davis

Yayla dedegülü

Aerial parts

Diabetes, diarrhoea (2)

Asteraceae

**Lactuca sativa L.

Marul

Aerial parts

Analgesic, galactagogue, diuretic (1), laxative (1,4)

Asteraceae

Lactuca serriola L.

Eşekhelvası

Latex

Diuretic (4), itching, scabies, eczema (30), demulcent (39)

Asteraceae

Lapsana communis L.

Şebrek

Leaf

Vulnerary (4,81)

Asteraceae

Petasites albus (l.) P. Gaertn.

Lapaza çiçeği

Rhizome

Expectorant, wound (121)

Asteraceae

Petasites hybridus (L.) P. Gaertn.

Kabalak

Leaf

Diuretic, diaphoretic, constipation (4), analgesic, aphthae (56)

Asteraceae

Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.

Yaraotu

Root, leaf

Constipation, diuretic, dysentery (4)

Asteraceae

Scorzonera cana (C.A.Mey.) Griseb. var. cana

Tekesakalı

Latex

Backache (72)

Asteraceae

Scorzonera latifolia (Fish. & C.A.Mey) DC.

Dağsakızı

Root

Analgesic (1,65), backache, sterility (2)

Asteraceae

Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit.

Kanaryaotu

Aerial parts

Anti-inflammatory (2), emmenagogue, menstrual regulator (30), menstrual pain (72)

Asteraceae

Senecio vulgaris L.

Taşakcılotu

Whole plant

Expectorant (4)

Asteraceae

Solidago virgaurea L.

Altıbnaşak çiçeği

Flower

Diuretic, carminative, antiseptic (4), inflammation (50)

Asteraceae

Sonchus oleraceus L.

Kuzugevreği

Leaf

Galactagogue, tonic, diuretic, antipyretic (4)

Asteraceae

Tanacetum balsamita L.

Gümüşdüğme

Aerial parts

Tonic, stimulant, antipyretic, headache, diuretic, stomachic, gall bladder, vulnerary, abscess (2)

Asteraceae

Tanacetum coccineum (Willd.) Grierson

Pireotu

Aerial parts

Against parasites (4)

Asteraceae

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.

Beyaz papatya

Flower, leaves

Tonic, stimulant, antipyretic, headache, diuretic, stomachic, gall stone (2,74), antipyretic (4)

Asteraceae

Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip

Yedi pireotu

Flower

Pulmonic disorders, colds, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory (2)

Asteraceae

Taraxacum bithynicum DC.

Zincirotu

Flower, leaf

Stomachache, toothache (72)

Asteraceae

Taraxacum stevenii DC.

Gelingöbeği

Latex

Eye diseases (2), liver fat, appetizer (71)

Asteraceae

Tragopogon buphthalmoides (DC.) Boiss. var. buphthalmoides

Tarla yemliği

Aeria parts

Stomach and intestinal disorders (2), constipation, warts (93)

Asteraceae

Tragopogon coloratus C.A.Mey.

Katır yemliği

Aerial parts

Stomach ache (2)

Asteraceae

Tragopogon porrifolius L. subsp. abbreviatus (Boiss.) Coşkunçelebi & M.Gültepe

Çayır yemliği

Aerial parts

Intestinal disorders, vulnerary (2)

Asteraceae

Tragopogon pratensis L. subsp. orientalis (L.) Čelak.

Sarı salsifin

Aerial parts

Stomach ache (2)

Asteraceae

***Tripleurospermum monticolum (Boiss. & A. Huet) Bornm.

Kırpapatyası

Flowers

Haircare, colds, cough, antipyretic, stomach ache (2)

Asteraceae

Tripleurospermum sevanense (Manden.) Pobed.

Hanım gödesi

Flower

Haircare (2)

Asteraceae

Tussilago farfara L.

Öksürükotu

Stem, petiole

Antitussive (1,2), cough (2,4,6,109), expectorant (2), asthma, bronchitis (6)

Asteraceae

Xanthium spinosum L.

Pıtrak

Leaf

Diuretic, sedative, diaphoretic (1)

Asteraceae

Xanthium strumarium L.

Koca pıtrak

Root

Alopecia, scurf (68), kidney pain (72)

Asteraceae

Xeranthemum annuum L.

Kağıt çiçeği

Laeaf

Toothache (2), wart (36)

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens noli-tangere L.

Kınaçiçeği

Aerial parts

Diuretic, laxative, emetic (4)

Berberidaceae

Berberis vulgaris L.

Kızılkaramuk

Fruit

Colds, diabetes (2), appetizer, antipyretic (4)

Berberidaceae

Epimedium pubigerum (DC.) C.Morren & Decne.

Tekeotu

Troot

Diaphoretic (4)

Betulaceae

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner

Sakallı kızılağaç

Seed, stem, flower

Stomachdisorders (6), haemorrhoids (6,56,82), sore throat (27), diarrhoea (44), eczema (56,82), exudative (90)

Betulaceae

Betula litwinowii Doluch.

Düzük

Leaf, bark

Cold, dandruff, hair loss, panacea, toothache (109)

Betulaceae

Betula pendula Roth

Huş ağacı

Leaf

Diuretic, rheumatism pain (4), antibacterial for gout, antirheumatic, kidney stones (74)

Betulaceae

Carpinus betulus L.

Gürgen

Leaf

Blood regulator, wound healing, astringent (4,104), cholesterol (8)

Betulaceae

Corylus avellana L. var. avellana

Fındık

Seed

Diuretic, aphrodisiac (4), cough, high cholesterol (6), anaemia (8)

Betulaceae

**Corylus maxima Mill.

Tombul fındık

Leaf, seed

Aphrodisiac (4), diuretic (4,90), burn (7), aphrodisiac, tonic (90)

Boraginaceae

Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.

Sarı sormuk

Root, leaf, flower

Vulnerary , laxative, intestinal disorders (2), gynaecological (4)

Boraginaceae

Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea

Sığırdili

Root, basal leaf

Vulnerary, women’ sterility (2), wound healing (6,84), hemostatic (30)

Boraginaceae

Echium italicum L.

Kurtkuyruğu

Leaf, root

Wound, anti-inflammatory (2)

Boraginaceae

Echium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare

Engerekotu

Root

Vulnerary (2), diuretic, expectorant (4)

Boraginaceae

Lithospermum arvense L.

Taşkesen

Fruit

Enuresis (56)

Boraginaceae

Myosotis lazica Popov

Kuşgözü

Aerial parts

Dried and boiled for eyes (8)

Boraginaceae

Rindera lanata (Lam.) Bunge var. lanata

Yünlgelin

Root

Anti-inflammatory (2)

Boraginaceae

Symphytum asperum Lepech.

Kaba kafesotu

Root

Cough (50)

Boraginaceae

Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don

Kaldirik, tomara

Stem, root

Diaphoretic, antipyretic (4), diuretic (4,5), digestive (6), intestinal, inflammation (8)

Brassicaceae

Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavana & Grande

Sarımsak otu

Stem

Diuretic, diaphoretic (4), tension (64), expectorant, antiseptic, stimulant, antiasthmatic, expels worms (74), gingivitis, appetiser (76)

Brassicaceae

**Brassica oleracea L.

Lahana

Whole plant

Digestive, expectorant (4), meal (8)

Brassicaceae

Bunias oriantalis L.

Çırşalgamı

Stem

Orexigenic (2)

Brassicaceae

Cakile maritima Scop.

Kumteresi

Aerial parts

Diuretic, appetizer (4)

Brassicaceae

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

Çobançantası

Aerial parts

Kidney stones, astringent (2), diuretic (24), diabetes (7), intestine (8), hemostatic (30,111), Internal bleeding (111)

Brassicaceae

Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz

Dişlikök

Root

Constipant (4)

Brassicaceae

Cardamine impatiens L.

Sultan kodimotu

Whole plant

Abdominal pain (53)

Brassicaceae

Cardamine raphanifolia Pourr. subsp. acris (Griseb.) O.E:Schulz.

Çeykodim

Whole plant

Abdominal pain (53)

Brassicaceae

Lepidium draba L.

Diğnik

Root

Sedative, anorexia, sleep disorder (68)

Brassicaceae

Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.

Roka

Laeaf, seed

Cough, stimulant (4)

Brassicaceae

Hesperis matronalis L. subsp. matronalis

Akşamyıldızı

Aerial parts

Diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant (4)

Brassicaceae

Isatis tinctoria L.

Çivitotu

Flower, leaf

Antidiarrhoeal, antidermatosic (1), arthralgia (2), wound healing (2,4,90), constipant (4), laxative (90)

Brassicaceae

Lepidium latifolium L.

Nujdar

Leaf

Vulnerary (2)

Brassicaceae

**Lepidium sativum L. subsp. sativum

Tere

Fruit

Goiter (2)

Brassicaceae

Nasturtium officinale R.Br.

Suteresi

Aerial parts

Nervine, nutritive, stomachic (1), diuretic (1,4), abdominal pain (28), sterility (43), kidney stone (73), appetizer, kidney gravels (111)

Brassicaceae

Raphanus raphanistrum L. subsp. raphanistrum

Eşek turpu

Aerial parts, roots

Orexigenic, diuretic (2), depilatory, weaken hairs (30)

Brassicaceae

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.

Ergelen hardalı

Aerial parts

Diuretic, stimulant (4), expectorant (4,30)

Brassicaceae

***Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss.

Allıgelin

Root

Vulnerary (2)

Buxaceae

Buxus sempervirens L. subsp. sempervirens

Şimşir

Leaf, root bark

Diuretic, antipyretic, intestine (4), headache (97)

Campanulaceae

Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek

Yumak çanı

Aerial parts

Internal medicine (74)

Campanulaceae

Campanula rapunculus L.

Firenk salatası

Aerial parts

Constipant (4), wound (4,27)

Cannabaceae

Celtis australis L.

Çitlenbik

Bark

Constipant (4), itching, scabies (30)

Cannabaceae

Celtis planchoniana K.I.Chr.

Dahum

Fruit

Stomach ache (51)

Cannabaceae

Humulus lupulus L.

Şerbetçiotu

Flower

Stomachic, diuretic (1), neuroleptic, insomnia, headache, migraine (71), digestive (83)

Capparaceae

Capparis sicula Veill.

Delikarpuzu

Flowers, leaves

Anti-rheumatic (2), female infertility, deafness (15)

Caprifoliaceae

Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov

Dev pelemir

Flower

Cold, uretic, menstruation regulator, rheumatism, lung diseases, cardiac diseases (64)

Caprifoliaceae

Centranthus longiflorus Steven

Mahmuzçiçeği

Whole plant

Drug, sedative (4)

Caprifoliaceae

Dipsacus laciniatus L.

Fesçitarağı

Stem, root

Vulnerary, astringent, cancer, diabetes (2)

Caprifoliaceae

Scabiosa columbaria L.

Uyuzotu

Aerial parts

Constipant, diuretic, wound (4)

Caprifoliaceae

Valeriana alliariifolia Adams

Pisot

Root

Sedative, antispasmodic, cardiostimulant (2), anti-parasite (10)

Caryophyllaceae

Agrostemma githago L.

Buğday karamuğu

Seed

Anthelmintic, diuretic, expectorant (2,74)

Caryophyllaceae

Gypsophila bicolor (Freyn. & Sint.) Grossh.

Alaca çöven

Rhizome

Diuretic, expectorate (4)

Caryophyllaceae

Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. eriocalycinae (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet

Gıcıme

Aerial parts

Eczema (2)

Caryophyllaceae

Silene saxalitis Sims.

Simotu

Leaf

Vulnerary (2)

Caryophyllaceae

Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke var. vulgaris

Gıcıgıcı

Aerial parts

Excretory or genitourinary system diseases (1,4)

Caryophyllaceae

Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

Kuşotu

Aerial parts

Mucolytic (1), diuretic (1,4), wound (4), inflamed skin, itching eczema, psoriasis (74), headache (97)

Celastraceae

Euonymus europaeus L.

İğcik ağacı

Seed, fruit

Diuretic, laxative (4), emetic (4,59), anti-ectoparasitic, anticancer, purgative (59)

Celastraceae

Parnassia palustris L.

Yürekyaprağı

Aerial parts

Constipation, diuretic, tonic (4)

Cistaceae

Cistus creticus L.

Laden

Flower, leaf

Constipant (4), stomachache, gastritis, ulcer, cystitis, acne (30), diabetes (36), urethra inflammation (41), diarrhoea (68), headache (97)

Cistaceae

Cistus salviifolius L.

Kartli

Leaf

Sedative, expectorant (4), urethra inflammation and sterility (41), diabetes, hemostatic (94), rheumatic pain (96)

Cistaceae

Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill.

Güngülü

Aerial parts

Constipant, blood coagulant (4)

Colchicaceae

Colchicum speciosum Steven

Şepart

Whole plant

Germicide (53), rheumatic pain (96)

Commelinaceae

**Tradescantia fluminenesis Vell.

Ak Telgrafçiçeği

Aerial parts

Wound (27)

Convolvulaceae

Calystegia sylvatica (kit.) Griseb.

Bürük

Leaf

Wound (6,104)

Convolvulaceae

Convolvulus arvensis L.

Tarla sarmaşığı

Root, leaf

Laxative (1), stomachic (2,102), rheumatic pain, headache (72)

Convolvulaceae

Cuscuta europaea L.

Bostanbozan

Aerial parts

Diuretic, laxative (4)

Cornaceae

Cornus mas L.

Kızılcık

Fruit

Antidiarrhoeal (1,11,41), diarrhoea (2,47), diabetes (6), cold, bronchitis (9), sunstroke (66)

Crassulaceae

Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H.Ohba

Mandakulağı

Leaf

Wound (2,4), constipation (4)

Crassulaceae

Phedimus spurius (M. Bieb.)’t Hart

Al pisikulağı

Aerial parts

Wound (8)

Crassulaceae

Prometheum sempervivoides (Fischer ex M.Bieb.) H.Ohba

Horozlelesi

Aerial parts

Piles, callus (68)

Crassulaceae

Sedum acre L. subsp. acre

Acı damkoruğu

Aerial parts

Diuretic, laxative (4)

Crassulaceae

Sedum album L.

Çobankavurgası

Leaf

Wound (4,91)

Crassulaceae

Sedum pallidum M. Bieb.

Koyunörmece

Leaf

Wound (38)

Crassulaceae

Sempervivum sp.

Ömürçiçeği

Leaf

Earache (9)

Cucurbitaceae

Bryonia alba L.

Akhaylin

Root

Diuretic, laxative, rheumatism pain, haemorrhoids (4)

Cucurbitaceae

**Cucurbita maxima Lam.

Helvacı kabağı

Raw seed

Prostate disorders, anti-helminthic (30)

Cucurbitaceae

Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rch.

Eşek hıyarı

Fruit

Diuretic (1,2), sinusitis (2,6,30,43,101,102), haemorrhoids (30,36), hepatitis (43,56), anaemia (95)

Cupressaceae

Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall.

Adi ardıç

Cone

Diaphoretic, antiseptic (1), diuretic (1,75), rheumatic pain (4,48), anti-inflammatory, antiseptic (75)

Cupressaceae

Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb.

Boz ardıç

Cone

Antihaemorrhoidal (2), cough, diabetes, asthma (107), pneumonitis (111)

Cupressaceae

Juniperus foetidissima willd.

Kokar ardıç

Cone

Stomach ache, diabetes, arthrosis (43), gastrointestinal pains (111)

Cupressaceae

Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus

Katran ardıcı

Cone

Scabies (4), cystitis (30), stomachache, ulcer (43), cold (43,74), asthma (43,77), bronchitis (43,84), antiparasitic (74), diabetes melitus (101)

Cupressaceae

Juniperus sabina L.

Sabin ardıcı

Resin, cone, shoot

Expectorant, diuretic (4,110), wound (28), urinary system (53,110), detoxicant, gallbladder, prostate (110)

Cyperaceae

Cyperus rotundus L.

Topalak

Root

Diuretic (2,4), expectorant, diphoretic, constipant (4)

Datiscaceae

Datisca cannabina L.

Renkotu

Leaf, flower

Laxative, diuretic (91)

Dennstaedtiaceae

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Eğrelti

Root, aerial parts

Intestinal parasites (68), rheumatism (100)

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin

Dolanbaç

Tuber

Diuretic, laxative, emetic (1,4), muscle joint pains, anti-diabetic (30)

Droceraceae

Drocera rotundifolia L.

Güneşgülü

Aerial parts

Diuretic, diaphoretic, calmative (4)

Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott

Erkek eğrelti

Fronds

Intestinal parasites (4,50,74), stomachache (50),

Ebenaceae

**Diospyros kaki Thunb.

Trabzon hurması

Fruit

Anemia (95), antioxidative, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, cardiovascular disease, hemostasis, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory (108)

Ebenaceae

Diospyros lotus L.

Hırnık

Fruit, leaf

Constipant (4,50), gastritis (50), hiccups, hiatal hernia, hypertension (74)

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. var. angustifolia

İğde

Flower, seed, leaf

Diarrhoea, constipant, sunstroke (2), aphrodisiac (56), kidney stone (84)

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson

Çıçırgan

Fruit

Cough (2), constipant, antiseptic (4)

Ephedraceae

Ephedra major Host subsp. major

Hum

Shoot, berry

Tooth cleaner, headache (2), diaphoretic, rheumatic pain (4)

Equisetaceae

Equisetum fluviatile L.

Kırkbayır

Aerial parts

Antihypertensive, kidney disorders (65)

Equisetaceae

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.

Deredoruk

Whole plant

Urethra inflammation, constipant (4), diuretic (4,79), kidney stones (42), prostatic hypertrophy (56)

Ericaceae

Arbutus andrachne L.

Sandal

Leaf, fruit, wood

Antidiarrhoeal, antiseptic (1), laxative, prostate disorders, eczema, fungal diseases (30)

Ericaceae

Arbutus unedo L.

Kocayemiş

Leaf, fruit

Antidiarrhoeal (1), antiseptic, diuretic (1,4), constipant, antiseptic, urethral diseases (4), jaundice (80), cold sore, vitamin support, tonic (111)

Ericaceae

Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull

Süpürge çalısı

Aerial parts

Urethra inflammation, constipant (4), diuretic (4,71), colds, cough (50), accelerate metabolism (71), analgesic (111)

Ericaceae

Empetrum nigrum L. subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Böcher

Kargaüzümü

Aerial parts

Diuretic (4)

Ericaceae

Erica arborea L.

Funda

Aerial parts

Asthma (94)

Ericaceae

Orthilia secunda (L.) House

Keklikdüğmesi

Whole plant

Diuretic, constipation (4), wound (4,91)

Ericaceae

Rhododendron caucasicum Pall.

Dağ kumarı

Leaf

Anticancer, dyspnoea (50), anti-inflammatory, intestines (109)

Ericaceae

Rhododendron luteum Sweet

Zifin

Flower

Chlorothiazide (10)

Ericaceae

Rhododendron ponticum L. subsp. ponticum

Mor çiçekli Orman gülü

Leaf

Analgesic, diuretic (1), headache (6,97), pruritus (8), cold (9)

Ericaceae

Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.

Likarpa

Leaf

Constipant (4), laxative (90)

Ericaceae

Vaccinium myrtillus L.

Ayıüzümü

Fruit, leaf

Constipant (4), diabetes (4,50,53,90,116), bronchitis (50), astringent, diarrhoea (83), laxative, antiseptic (90), cold (109), menstruation, contraceptive, diaphoretic (116)

Ericaceae

Vaccinium uliginosum L.

Avcıüzümü

Fruit, leaf

Diabetes (53), catarrh, cystitis, enteritis, gastritis, intestine, liqueur, narcotic, stomachic (116)

Ericaceae

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.

Çalıçilek

Leaf

Diuretic, antiseptic (1,4), rheumatism, urinary inflammation (4)

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia helioscopia L.

Feribanotu

Root

Anthelmintic, laxative, rheumatism (90)

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia oblongifolia (K.Koch) K. Koch

Haladiza

Aerial parts

Wound, papilloma cancer (89)

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia orientalis L.

Gezer sütleğen

Root

Anthelmintic, laxative, rheumatism (90)

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia paralias L.

Kum sütleğeni

Root

Anthelmintic, laxative, rheumatism (90)

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia peplis L.

Kıyı sütleğeni

Aerial parts

Laxative, anticancer (91)

Euphorbiaceae

Mercurialis annua L.

Parşen

Aerial parts

Laxative, diuretic (4), anti-inflammatory, purgative, diuretic, depurative, heumatism, constipation, urinary disorders (75)

Euphorbiaceae

Mercurialis perennis L.

Köpekmarulu

Aerial parts

Laxative, diuretic (4)

Euphorbiaceae

**Ricinus communis L.

Hintyağı

Seed

Laxative (4,6), hair loss (30), rheumatism (93)

Fabaceae

Antyllis vulneraria L.

Çobangülü

Aerial parts

Constipant, wound (4)

Fabaceae

Astragalus microcephalus Willd.

Anadolu kitresi

Gum

Sore throat, wound (4)

Fabaceae

Bituminaria acaulis (Hoffm.) C.H.Stirt.

Alacüer

Leaf

Antipyretic, menstrual, calmative (4)

Fabaceae

Colutea cilicica Boiss. & Balansa

Patlangaç

Fruit

Gingival disease (2), constipant (51)

Fabaceae

Genista tinctoria L.

Boyacı Katırtırnağı

Aerial parts

Diaphoretic (4), diuretic, laxative (4,90), exudative (90)

Fabaceae

Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd. subsp. miniatus (M.Bieb. ex Steven) P.H. Davis

Hırıgürü

Leaf, aerial parts

Goiter, antirheumatic (2)

Fabaceae

Lathyrus sativus L.

Mürdümük

Seed

Sedative, nervine, aphrodisiac (1), diuretic (1,4), analgesic (2), aphrodisiac, jaundice (4)

Fabaceae

Lotus corniculatus L.

Gazalboynuzu

Aerial parts

Antihaemorrhoidal, abdominal, pain, diuretic, stomach pain, nephralgia (2), sedative (2,4)

Fabaceae

Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa

Karayonca

Leaf

Wound, hemostatic, astringent (2), skin bleeding (65)

Fabaceae

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr.

Kokulu yonca

Çiçek

Anemia, sedative, antirheumatic (2), constipant (2,4), calmative (4), joint pain (39), respiratory (112)

Fabaceae

Onobrychis transcaucasica Grossh.

Kaf korungası

Aerial parts

Diuretic (2)

Fabaceae

Ononis spinosa L.

Kayışkıran

Root

Lithontriptic (1), diuretic (1,4), kidney stone, eczema (4), burns (56), headache (97)

Fabaceae

**Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Fasulye

Fruit

Wound (28), anti-diabetic (30)

Fabaceae

**Robinia pseudoacacia L.

Yalancı akasya

Flower

Antidiarrhoeal (1), sedative (1,4), constipant (4,50), asthma (56),

Fabaceae

Securigera orientalis (Mill.) Lassen

Ala körigen

Leaf

Nephralgia (2)

Fabaceae

Spartium junceum L.

Katırtırnağı

Flower, seed

Anesthetic (1), diuretic (1,4,90)

Fabaceae

Trifolium arvense L.

Tavşanayağı

Aerial parts

Constipation (4)

Fabaceae

Trifolium campestre Schreb.

Üçgül

Leaf

Swelling (33)

Fabaceae

Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense

Çayır üçgülü

Leaf

Vulnerary (2), expectorant, antiseptic, calmative (4)

Fabaceae

Trifolium repens L. var. repens

Ak üçgül

Aerial parts

Tonic, antirheumatic (2,74), tonic, rheumatism pain (4)

Fabaceae

Trifolium repens L. var. giganteum Lag.-Foss.

Ak üçgül

Aerial parts

Stomachic (2)

Fabaceae

**Ulex europaeus L.

Dikenli Katırtırnağı

Aerial parts

Diuretic (4)

Fabaceae

Vicia cracca L. subsp. cracca

Kuş fiği

Seed

Stomach ache, headache (2)

Fabaceae

Vicia sativa L.

Fiğ

Aerial parts

Diuretic, urinary diseases, aphrodisiac, tonic (91)

Fagaceae

Castanea sativa Miller

Anadolu kestanesi

Leaf, bark, shoot

Antidiarrhoeal (1), hypotensive (4,45), constipant (4,90), skin rubbing, bee culture, hair dye, chlorothiazide (45)

Fagaceae

Fagus orientalis Lipsky

Doğu kayını

Cortex

Constipant, antipyretic (4), analgesic (49), stomachache, intestinal worm (50)

Fagaceae

Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.

Meşe

Fruit

Wound, inflammation (55), haemostatic (79)

Gentianaceae

Centaurium erythraea Rafn.

Kırmızı kantaron

Flower

Digestive, appetizer, antipyretic (4), analgesic (49), haemorrhoids (50), stomachache (56,72), waist pain (72), influenza (79)

Gentianaceae

Cenataurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce

Pembe tukul

Flower

Diarrhoea (42)

Gentianaceae

Gentiana asclepiadea L.

Sütlü güşad

Aerial parts

Appetizer, antipyretic (4), orexigenic (4,104)

Geraniaceae

Geranium robertianum L.

Dağ itırı

Leaf and root

Constipant, blood coagulant, tonic, stomachic, diabetes (4)

Geraniaceae

Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl

Solucanotu

Flower

Against intestinal parasite (4)

Geraniaceae

Geranium sanguineum L.

Ece itırı

Aerial parts

Constipant, blood coagulant (4)

Grossulariaceae

Ribes alpinum L.

Çalıçileği

Fruit

Diuretic, diaphoretic, antifebrile (45)

Grossulariaceae

Ribes orientale Desf.

Çeçem

Fruit

Diuretic, diaphoretic, constipation, rheumatism (91)

Grossulariaceae

Ribes uva-crispa L.

Bektaşi üzümü

Fruit

Laxative, diuretic, stomachic, appetizer (4)

Hypericaceae

Hypericum calycinum L.

Koyunkıran

Aerial parts

Antispas-modic, laxative, anthelmintic, antiseptic (90)

Hypericaceae

Hypericum lydium Boiss.

Cayesancıyan

Aerial parts

Menstrual disorders, stomachic (2)

Hypericaceae

Hypericum montbretii Spach

Çay kantaronu

Aerial parts

Kidney stones, ulcer, antihaemorrhoidal (2), stomachache (2,47)

Hypericaceae

Hypericum orientale L.

Sandık çiçeği

Flower

Sedative (66)

Hypericaceae

Hypericum perforatum L.

Binbirdelik, kantaron

Aerial parts

Antiseptic (1,4), antidiarrhoeal, sedative, antihelminthic (1), stomach pains (2,30), neoplastic disease (35), diabetes (47), digestive (112), cancer (124)

Iridaceae

Iris caucasica Hoffm. subsp. turcica B. Mathew

Türk navruzu

Whole plant

Cold (2)

Iridaceae

Iris pseudocorus L.

Bataksüseni

Seed, rhizome

Carminative, antidiarrhoeal (1), stomachic (1,4), diuretic, emetic, constipant (4), tooth-ache, menstrual regulator (74)

Iridaceae

Iris sari Schott ex Baker

Ana kurtkulağı

Whole plant

Cold (2)

Juglandaceae

Juglans regia L.

Ceviz

Leaf, fruit

Anti-diabetic (1,6,30,80), eczema (2,30), antiseptic (4), appetizer (4,30), goiter (43), cholesterol (102)

Juncaceae

Juncus effusus L. subsp. effusus

Has kofa

Root

Urinary diseases (99)

Lamiaceae

Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb.

Acıgıcı

Aerial parts

Tonic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, antihaemorrhoidal, diuretic, tonic, vulnerary (2), painkiller (72)

Lamiaceae

Ajuga orientalis L.

Dağ mayasılı

Aerial parts

Skin diseases (105)

Lamiaceae

Ballota nigra L.

Yalancı isırgan

Aerial parts

Jaundice (2), diuretic, digestive, against intestinal parasites, expectorant (4)

Lamiaceae

Calamintha nepeta (L.) Kuntze subsp. glandulosum (Req.) Govaerts

Sümüklü fesleğen

Root, aerial parts

Snakebites (56,82), insect bites, appetizer (76)

Lamiaceae

Clinopodium vulgare L.

Yabani fesleğen

Leaf

Hypertension (110)

Lamiaceae

Glechoma hederacea L.

Yernanesi

Leaf

Wound, tonic (4), blood cleanser, diuretic, anti-inflammatory (74)

Lamiaceae

Hyssopus officinalis L.

Zufaotu

Aerial parts

Purgative (2), stomachic, stimulant, carminative (4)

Lamiaceae

Lamium album L.

Balıcak

Aerial parts

Constipant (4), rheumatism, arthritis (48)

Lamiaceae

Lamium garganicum L.

Bol balıcak

Aerial parts

Laxative, emmenagogue, menstrual regulator (30)

Lamiaceae

Lamium purpureum L. var. purpureum

Ballıbaba

Aerial parts

Constipant, tonic (45), cholesterol (50)

Lamiaceae

Lycopus europaeus L.

Kurtayağı

Whole plant

Constipant, antipyretic, blood coagulant (4), thyroid (90)

Lamiaceae

Marrubium astracanicum Jacq. subsp. astracanicum

Mor yayotu

Aerial parts

Colds, antipyretic (2)

Lamiaceae

Mentha aquatica L.

Su nanesi

Aerial parts

Stomachic, gastritis (50)

Lamiaceae

Mentha longifolia (L.) L.

Pünk

Aerial parts

Colds, cough, catarrh, stomachic (2), flu (2,30), nausea, colic spasm, colds, antitussive (30)

Lamiaceae

Mentha pulegium L.

Yarpuz

Aerial parts

Vulnerary, gall bladder (2), cystitis, muscle joint pains, colic spasms (30), asthma (51), stomachache (72,124), qualm (124)

Lamiaceae

***Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietsw.

Zemul

Aerial parts

Abdominal pain (2)

Lamiaceae

Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile (K.Koch.) Ietsw.

Karakınık

Flower

Vulnerary, stomach pains, hypertension, epilepsy, headache, asthma (2), digestive (31)

Lamiaceae

Prunella vulgaris L.

Gelinciklemeotu

Whole plant

Expectorate, diuretic, diaphoretic, eye diseases (4), wound (42), abdominal pain (65)

Lamiaceae

Salvia divaricata Montbret & Aucher ex Benth.

Saplı şalba

Leaf

Constipation, stomachic, calmatine (92)

Lamiaceae

Salvia forskahlei L.

Dolma yaprağı

Leaf

Influenza (38), constipant, stomach, calmative (123)

Lamiaceae

Salvia glutinosa L.

Oklu şalba

Leaf

Wound (50,75), antimicrobial, immunostimulant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, vermifuge, cicatrising, mouth disease (75)

Lamiaceae

Salvia multicaulis Vahl

Adaçayı

Leaf

Wound (90)

Lamiaceae

Salvia nemorosa Vahl.

Gehareş

Aerial parts

Hemostatic, cold, catarrh (2)

Lamiaceae

Salvia sclarea L.

Paskulak

Leaf

Colds (2), stomachic, constipant (4), treatment of sunstroke (28), sore throat (72)

Lamiaceae

Salvia verticillata L.

Dadırak

Aerial parts

Catarrah, laxative, nausea (2), colds (2,105), stomachache (105)

Lamiaceae

Salvia virgata Jacq.

Fatmanaotu

Aerial parts

Wound (4,27), haemorrhoids (66)

Lamiaceae

Salvia viridis L.

Zarif şalba

Aerial parts

Stomachic, constipant (4)

Lamiaceae

Satureja hortensis L.

Çibriska

Aerial parts

Immunostimulant (2)

Lamiaceae

Satureja spicigera (K.Koch.) Boiss.

Çorba kekiği

Aerial parts

Antihypertensive, abdominal pains (6), inflammation (89), diabetes (110)

Lamiaceae

Scutellaria orientalis L.

Sarı kaside

Aerial parts

Blood coagulant, wound, tonic (4)

Lamiaceae

Stachys annua (L.) L. subsp. annua

Hacıosmanotu

Aerial parts

Colds, antipyretic (2)

Lamiaceae

Stachys byzantina K.Koch

Boz karabaş

Aerial parts

Common cold (105)

Lamiaceae

Stachys iberica M. Bieb. subsp. stenostacya(Boiss.) Rech.f

Benli deliçay

Aerial parts

Colds, antipyretic, stomach ache (2)

Lamiaceae

Stachys macrantha (K.Koch) Stearn

Koca soğulcan

Aerial parts

Stomachic (50)

Lamiaceae

Teucrium chamaedrys L.

Kısamahmut

Aerial parts

Toothache, (2), stomachache (2,6, 43,124), intestine pain, jaundice (29), anti-diabetic (30), abdominal pain, haemorrhoids (124)

Lamiaceae

Teucrium polium L. subsp. polium

Acıyavşan

Aerial parts

Diabetes (2,6), kidney, stomachache, inflammation (6), appetizer (30), headache, cold (43), abortion, gynaecological, carminative, toothache (93), wound (117)

Lamiaceae

Thymus nummularius M.Bieb.

Limon kekiği

Laef, flower

Stomach diseases, bronchial, antitussive (45)

Lamiaceae

Thymus praecox Opiz. subsp. grossheimii (Ronniger) Jalas var. grossheimii

Yayla kekiği

Aerial parts

Hypertension, enteralgia, anti-inflammatory, cancer, vermifuge, colds (2)

Lamiaceae

Thymus sipyleus Boiss.

Sipil kekiği

Aerial parts

Diabetes, colds, abdominal ailments (2), stomachache (66)

Lamiaceae

Vitex agnus-castusL.

Hayıt

Seed, flower, fruit

Carminative (1), sedative, diuretic (1,4), abdominal pains (22), arteriosclerosis, depilatory (30), headache (97)

Lamiaceae

Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam.

Dağ reyhanı

Aerial parts

Stomach ache, carminative, orexigenic, colds (2)

Lauraceae

Laurus nobilis L.

Defne

Leaf

Diaphoretic (4), analgesic, anti-diabetic, haemorrhoids, itching (30), appetizer (31), dyspnoea (45), sweaty, enteritis, antiseptic (123)

Lentibulariaceae

Pinguicula balcanica Casper

Deliyağotu

Whole plant

Calmative, laxative, emetic (4)

Liliaceae

Lilium monadelphum M.Bieb.

Beyzambağı

Bulb

Sedative, expectorant, menstrual regulator (83)

Lycopodiaceae

Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. Ex Schrank & Mart.

Dik kibritotu

Aerial parts

Diuretic, calmative, rheumatism pain (91)

Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium clavatum L.

Göbektozu

Spore

Diuretic, sedative, rheumatism pain (4), dermatologic (50)

Lythraceae

Lythrum salicaria L.

Hevhulma

Leaf

Constipant, haemorrhoids, eczema, blood coagulant (4)

Lythraceae

**Punica granatum L.

Nar

Flower, fruit

Antidiabetic, hypotensive, colds, flu (30), cardiovascular diseases, constipant (45), anti-diarrhoeal (87)

Malvaceae

Alcea hohenackeri (Boiss. & Huet) Boiss.

Hevur

Leaf, flower

Diuretic, kidney pain (64), gynaecological disease, wound (93)

Malvaceae

Malva neglecta Wallr.

Çobançöreği

Whole plant

Asthma, abdominal, pain, ulcer, colds, stomachic, digestive, sore, constipant (2), throat ache (72)

Malvaceae

Malva sylvestris L.

Ebegümeci

Whole plant

Gargle (1), sore throat, skin disorders, wound, maturation, abscess, abortive (2), colds, flu (30), cough (101)

Malvaceae

Tilia platyphyllos Scop. subsp. platyphyllos

Yaz ihlamuru

Leaf, flower

Malaria, sweaty, calmatine, colds (22,45,47), hypnotic (45,62), throat ache (72), sedative (79)

Malvaceae

Tilia rubra DC. subsp. caucasica (Rupr.) V. Engl.

Kafkas ihlamuru

Leaf, flower

Diuretic, diaphoretic, cough, asthma (50), common cold (62,107), tachycardia, liver disease, sedative, digestive (71), sore throat (73)

Melanthiaceae

Veratrum album L.

Dokuztepeli

Rhizome

Diarrhoea, scabies, cold (4), laxative, skin diseases (91), epilepsy, blood pressure (98)

Moraceae

Ficus carica L. subsp. carica

İncir

Stem, fruit, latex

Ulcer, inflamed wound (2), laxative (4,30), warts (26,30,67), analgesic (30), cough, cold (31), anaemia (95)

Moraceae

**Morus alba L.

Akdut

Leaf

Diuretic, anti-inflammatory (1), stomachic, gastritis, ulcer (2), anthelmintic (30), aphthae (56)

Moraceae

**Morus nigra L.

Karadut

Leaf, stem and fruit

Gargle (1), oral wound (2), diabetes (6,12,56), odour (30), gingival disease (124)

Moraceae

**Morus rubra L.

Mordut

Fruit

Anthelmintic, diuretic, anti-edemic (30), aphtha, mouth wound, throat disorder (90)

Nitrariaceae

Peganum harmala L.

Üzerlik

Root, seed

Anti-rheumatic, anti-hemorrhoidal (2,26), rheumatic pain (62), neuroexcitatory, expectorant, stomachache (71), toothache, gynaecological infections, menstruation (93)

Oleaceae

Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. subsp. oxycarpa (Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso

Anadolu dişbudağı

Leaf, fruit

Hepatitis (7)

Oleaceae

Fraxinus excelsior L.

Dişbudak

Leaf, bark

Diuretic, laxative, constipant, antipyretic (4)

Oleaceae

Ligustrum vulgare L.

Kurtbağrı

Leaf, fruit

Constipant, wound, laxative (4)

Oleaceae

Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea

Zeytin

Leaf, fruit, bark

Diabetes (107), lowering cholesterol (30), bronchitis, toothache (33)

Oleaceae

Phillyrea latifolia L.

Akçakesme

Leaf

Diuretic, menstrual (4)

Onagraceae

Epilobium angustifolium L.

Yakıotu

Whole plants

Constipation (4), prostate, gastrointestinal, menstrual disorders, analgesic, anti-inflammatory (58)

Orchidaceae

Orchis spp ., Ophyrys spp ., Dactylorhiza spp ., Spiranthes spp.

Salep, orkide

Tuber

Aphrodisiac, antidiarrhoeal (1,4,91), warts (56), tonic (91)

Orobanchaceae

Euphrasia pectinata Ten.

Gözotu

Aerial parts

Wound (4)

Orobanchaceae

Lathraea squamaria L.

Gizliot

Whole plant

Sedative, calmative (4)

Osmundaceae

Osmunda regalis L.

Kıral eğreltisi

Rhizome

Diuretic, constipant (4)

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis acetoslla L.

Ekşiyonca

Aerial parts

Diuretic (4), wounding closure (89)

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis corniculata L.

Sarıekşiyonca

Aerial parts

Constipant (50)

Paeoniaceae

Paeonia arietina G. Anderson

Şakayık

Root

Sedative, antidiarrhoeal (1), diabetes (2)

Papaveraceae

Chelidonium majus L.

Kırlangıçotu

Aerial parts

Diuretic, laxative, sedative (1), eczema, acne (50), warts (50,86), hepatitis (87)

Papaveraceae

Fumaria asepala Boiss.

Akşahtere

Aerial parts

Abdominal pain, headache, itching antiseptic (2)

Papaveraceae

Glaucium flavum Crantz

Gündürmelâlesi

Leaf, seed

Sedative, cough, drug (4)

Papaveraceae

***Papaver lateritium K.Koch subsp. lateritium

Potot

Flower

Calmative, antitussive, bronchial, hypnotic (123)

Papaveraceae

Papaver macrostomum Boiss. & A. Huet

Minimitçe

Flower

Cough (2)

Papaveraceae

Papaver rhoeas L.

Gelincik

Flower, root

Sedative, (1,2), antitussive (1,43), anti-pyretic (30), antihelmintic (43), haemorrhoids (56)

Phytolaccaceae

**Phytolacca americana L.

Şekerciboyası

Root, fruit

Stomachic, laxative, constipant (4)

Pinaceae

Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach subsp. nordmanniana

Doğu karadeniz Göknarı

Tar, leaf

Vulnerary (2,91), antiseptic, expectorant, constipation (91)

Pinaceae

Picea orientalis (L.) Peterm.

Doğu ladini

Resin, leaf

Lung tuberculosis, pneumonia, eczema (7), skin diseases, diabetes, gastric ulcer, intestinal, disorder, kindling (45), bronchitis, wound (109)

Pinaceae

Pinus sylvestris L.

Sarıçam

Shoot, tar

Vulnerary, snake bites, panacea, tuberculosis (2), expectorant (4,91), antitussive, pertussis (30), calmative, antiseptic (91)

Pinaceae

Pinus pinea L.

Fıstık çamı

Seed, gum

Nervine (1), tonic (4,106), wound (26), semen enhancer (30)

Plantaginaceae

Digitalis ferruginea L. subsp. schischkinii (Ivanina) Werner

Ayımısırı

Leaf

Urinary system (50), wounding closure (89)

Plantaginaceae

**Digitalis lamarckii Ivanina

Yüksükotu

Aerial parts

Diuretic, cardiotonic (81)

Plantaginaceae

Plantago lanceolata L.

Damarlıca

Aerial parts

Gynaecological diseases, stomachic, ulcer (2), wound, antiseptic, acne, mouth sores odour (30), appetizer, digestive (88)

Plantaginaceae

Plantago major L.

Sinirotu

Aerial parts

Vulnerary, inflamed (2), abscess, wound (2,43,65,86), antiseptic, acne (30), rheumatism (43), stomachache, cough, acne (86)

Plantaginaceae

Plantago maritima L.

Yılandili

Leaf

Cancerous uterus (2)

Plantaginaceae

Plantago media L.

Şimşekyaprağı

Leaf

Astringent, anti-inflammatory (2), expectorant, antitussive, emollient, anti-inflammatory, astringent, antimicrobial, cicatrising (75)

Plantaginaceae

Veronica beccabunga L.

Atteresi

Aerial parts

Constipation, antipyretic, stimuşant, tonic (4)

Plantaginaceae

Veronica officinalis L.

Oropaçayı

Aerial parts

Diuretic, vulnerary (4)

Plantaginaceae

Veronica orientalis Mill.

Gözmumcuğu

Aerial parts

Kidney stones, pulmonic disorders (2)

Platanaceae

Platanus orientalis L.

Çınar

Leaf, fruit, bark

Constipant (4), antipyretic (4,67), oedema (26), wound (27), diuretic (43), mouthwash (52), diabetes (56), rheumatic pain (96)

Poaceae

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Köpekdişi

Aerial parts, rhizome

Rheumatism pains, calcification, invigorating, anticancer, antipyretic (30), diuretic (31), kidney stone, prostate cancer, rheumatism (99)

Poaceae

Hordeum vulgare L.

Arpa

Fruit

Antirheumatic, diuretic, against itching (2), maturation abscess (2,28)

Poaceae

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

Kamış

Rhizome

Diuretic, diaphoretic, antiseptic, gout, rheumatism (4)

Poaceae

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. var. halepense

Ekin süpürgesi

Aerial parts, rhizome

Cystitis, colic spasms (30), diuretic (43)

Poaceae

**Triticum aestivum L.

Ekmeklik buğday

Shoot

Cancer (6)

Poaceae

**Zea mays L. subsp. mays

Mısır

Kernel and fiber

Urinary system, kidney stones, blood pressure, prostate cancer (6), pyelonephritis (7), diuretic (30,43,87), gonorrhoea (45)

Polygonaceae

Polygonum alpinum All.

Elayaz

Aerial parts

Rheumatic pain (48)

Polygonaceae

Polygonum aviculare L.

Köyotu

Leaf, stem, flower

Anemia, cough (2), kidney stones, prostate disorders (30)

Polygonaceae

Polygonium amphibium L.

Yerdeğiştiren

Aerial parts

Cold, flu (6)

Polygonaceae

Polygonum bistorta L. subsp. carneum (Koch) Coode & Cullen.

Madımak

Root

Antidiarrhoeal, antiseptic, diuretic, mouth ulcers, antifibrinolytic (1), sore throat, expectorant (2), gingival disease (4)

Polygonaceae

Polygonum hydropiper L.

Su biberi

Aerial parts

Astringent, cicatrising; gastric, pulmonary, uterine haemorrhages (75)

Polygonaceae

Polygonum persicaria L.

Söğütotu

Aerial parts

Hemorrhoids, gingival disease (50), astringent, diuretic, antibacterial, cicatrising, metrorrhagia, leucorrhoea, wound (75)

Polygonaceae

Rumex acetosella L.

Kuzukulağı

Whole plant

Anti-inflammatory, cholagogue/vesicant (1), diuretic (1,4), abscess, stomachic (2), sinusitis (50)

Polygonaceae

Rumex alpinus L.

Şortah

Leaf

Hemorrhoids, against the skin redness (45)

Polygonaceae

Rumex crispus L.

Labada

Leaf, fruit

Cough, colds, asthma, antihaemorrhoidal, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, goiter (2)

Polygonaceae

Rumex scutatus L.

Ekşikulak

Root, leaf

Diuretic, antipyretic, orexigenic (2)

Polygonaceae

Rumex tuberosus L. subsp. horizontalis (K.Koch.) Rec.f.

Kömeturşusu

Root, leaf

Antipyretic, orexigenic (2), diuretic (2,55,81), antihypertensive (55), wound healing (65), bile expectorant (81)

Polypodiaceae

Polypodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare

Benli eğrelti

Root

Laxative, expectorant (4)

Portulacaceae

Portulaca oleracea L.

Semizotu

Aerial parts, seed

Orexigenic, antihelmintic, diuretic (2), anaphrodisiac (30), anaemia (95)

Primulaceae

Anagallis arvensis L.

Farekulağı

Aerial parts

Eye infections, crusty eye (30)

Primulaceae

Androsace villosa L.

Catili

Aerial parts

Abdominal pain (2)

Primulaceae

Cyclamen coum Lam.

Yersomunu

Tuber

Laxative, stimulant (1), emetic (1,4), sunburn, gout (54)

Primulaceae

Lysimachia vulgaris L.

Kargaotu

Whole plant

Expectorant, antipyretic, wound (4)

Primulaceae

Primula acaulis (L.) L.

Çuhaçiçeği

Root, aerial parts

Mucolytic, sedative (1), diuretic (1,50), expectorant (2), cough (50), headache (97)

Primulaceae

Primula algida Adams

Dağtutyası

Aerial parts

Eye diseases, pulmonary disorders (2)

Primulaceae

Primula auriculata Lam.

Felçotu

Aerial parts

Stomachic (2), flu (28)

Primulaceae

Primula elatior (L.) L.

Yaylatutyası

Root, flower

Expectorate, diuretic, diaphoretic, eye diseases (4)

Primulaceae

Primula veris L.

Tutya

Root, flower

Expectorate, diuretic, diaphoretic, eye diseases (4)

Pteridaceae

Adianthum capillus-veneris L.

Baldırıkara

Aerial parts

Kidney stones, tonic, intestinal disorders, orexigenic (2), expectorant (4), diuretic (41,103), menstrual cramps, abdominal pain (78)

Ranunculaceae

Aconitum orientale Mill.

Kurtboğan

Aerial parts

Analgesic (91)

Ranunculaceae

Actaea spicata L.

Domuzüzümü

Leaf

Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antiparasitic; cutaneous disorders, scab (75)

Ranunculaceae

Anemone blanda Schott & Kotschy

Dağlalesi

Whole plant

Rheumatic pain, toothache, diuretic, expectorant (4,121)

Ranunculaceae

Anemone narcissiflora L. subsp. narcissiflora

Dağ lalesi

Aerial parts

Rheumatism (85)

Ranunculaceae

Aquilegia olympica Boiss.

Haseki küpesi

Aerial parts

Diuretic (2,4,91), diaphoretic, xonstipation (4)

Ranunculaceae

Caltha palustris L.

Lilpar

Petiole

Internal medicine (2), calmative (4), haemorrhoids, lung disease (64), diuretic, laxative, sedative, renal disorders (75)

Ranunculaceae

Clematis vitalba L.

Akasma

Leaf, peeled bark

Rheumatism (4,96), toothache, (56)

Ranunculaceae

Helleborus orientalis Lam.

Çöpleme

Rhizome

Sunstroke in veterinary medicine (41), toothache (42), ecchymosis, whitlow (56), antibiotic (89)

Ranunculaceae

Nigella segetalis M.Bieb.

Kara çörekotu

Seed

Diabetes, ulcer (2)

Ranunculaceae

Pulsatilla violacea Rupr.

Rüzgar gülü

Base leaf

Headache, sinusitis (64)

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus arvensis L.

Mustafaçiçeği

Whole plant

Swollen wound, antirheumatic (2)

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus caucasicus M.Bieb. subsp. subleiocarpus (Sommier & Levier) P.H.Davis

Sarı yaraotu

Whole plant

Swollen wound, antirheumatic (2)

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus costantinopolitanus (DC.) d’Urv.

Kağıthane çiçeği

Leaf

Rheumatism (14,81)

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus kotschyi Boiss.

Giritlâlesi

Leaf

Rheumatism (65)

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus ficaria L. subsp. bulbifera

Buğdaycık

Whole plant

Antihaemorrhoidal (1,30), constipant, wound, haemorrhoids (4,73), eczema (73)

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus repens L.

Tiktakdana

Aerial parts

Antirheumatic, oedema (2)

Ranunculaceae

Thalictrum minus L. var. minus

Çayır Sedefi

Aerial parts

Eye diseases, diuretic, abscess (2)

Resedaceae

Reseda lutea L. var. lutea

Muhabbet Çiçeği

Root

Stomach disorders (2), diuretic, laxative (4), psoriasis, skin diseases (68)

Rhamnaceae

***Frangula dodonei Ard. subsp. pontica (Boiss.) Soldano

Has barutağacı

Bark

Antirheumatic (2), laxative, stomachic (4)

Rhamnaceae

Paliurus spina-christi P. Mill.

Karaçalı

Leaf, fruit

Antidiarrhoeal, lithontriptic (1), diuretic (1,2,4), wound, furuncle (26), stomachache (94)

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus alaternus L.

Geyikdikeni

Aerial parts

Nervous system disorders, hypoglycemic, cholesterol, dermatological problems, cancer, headache, liver diseases (117)

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

Hünnap

Aerial parts, bark

Antidiarrhoeal (1), stomachic (1,4), diabetes, constipant (4), laxative (4,124), diuretic, diarrhoea (124)

Rosaceae

Agrimonia eupatoria L.

Fıtıkotu

Root, aerial parts

Constipant, diuretic, hernia (2), respiratory diseases (63), emollient, expectorant (77)

Rosaceae

Alchemilla pseudocartalinica Juz.

Kartal penşesi

Leaf

Anthelmintic, expectorant (2), diuretic (2,4), constipant (4), against breast, uterus, adenoid cancers (71)

Rosaceae

Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill.

Mahlep

Seed

Diabetic, kidney stones (2), prostate cancer (2,123), expectorant, diuretic, asthma (2,4), aphrodisiac (2,4,123), tonic, dyspnea (123)

Rosaceae

Cotoneaster integerrimus L.

Garagat

Bark

Jaundice, cough (2)

Rosaceae

Cotoneaster nummularius Fisch. & C.A. Mey.

Dağ muşmulası

Fruit

Orexigenic, stomachic, expectorant (2)

Rosaceae

Crataegus microphylla K. Koch

Kocakarı armudu

Fruit, leaf

Diabetes, cold (89)

Rosaceae

Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

Yemişen

Leaf, flower

Hypotensive, antidiarrhoeal (1), diuretic (1,71), sedative (1,2,4,71), antispasmodic (2), palpitation (30), antihypertensive, toothache (36)

Rosaceae

Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex M. Bieb. subsp. orientalis

Alıç

Fruit, root

Tonic, cardiotonic, oedema, antihypertensive, antirheumatic (2), stomach disorders (28)

Rosaceae

**Cydonia oblonga Mill.

Ayva

Seed, leaf

Gargle (1), antidiarrhoeal (1,28,29), constipant (4), cough, haemorrhoids, influenza (56)

Rosaceae

**Eriobotrya japonica L.

Yeni dünya

Leaf, flower

Antitussive (30), rheumatism (80)

Rosaceae

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. subsp. ulmaria

Çayırkraliçesi

Aerial parts

Diuretic, diaphoretic, constipation (4)

Rosaceae

Filipendula vulgaris Moench

Çayırmelikesi

Aerial parts

Diaphoretic, constipation (4), diuretic (4,75), antitussive, astringent, antiseptic, asthma, oedema, diarrhoea, haemorrhoids (75)

Rosaceae

Fragaria vesca L.

Dağ çileği

Root, aerial parts

Constipant, appetizing, diuretic (4), urinary and cardiovascular systems (63), anaemia (95)

Rosaceae

Geum urbanum L.

Meryemotu

Root

Antidiarrhoeal, nervine, stomachic (1), cardiovascular system disorder (63)

Rosaceae

Laurocerasus officinalis M.Roem.

Karayemiş

Leaf, fruit

Cough, abdominal pain (4), headache, hypertension (6), metabolic disease (35), expectorant, food, diabetes, ingrown, antitussive (45), anaemia (95)

Rosaceae

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. subsp. orientalis (Uglitzk.) Browicz var. orientalis

Acı Elma

Fruit

Colds (2), diabetes (2,29), earache (29), panacea (110)

Rosaceae

Mespilus germanica L.

Muşmula

Fruit, leaf

Antidiarrhoeal (1), abdominal pain (9), diarrhoea (38,73,114), asthma (47), gastric (73), diuretic, kidney stone, bladder stone, anti-hemorrhages (114)

Rosaceae

Potentilla reptans L.

Reşatınotu

Aerial parts

Constipant, tonic (2), antipyretic (2,4), haemorrhoids (4), cardiovascular disorder (63)

Rosaceae

Prunus avium L.

Kiraz

Flower, fruit, bark

Antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, laxative (1), expectorant, anti-edemic (30), diuretic (30,43)

Rosaceae

Prunus x domestica L.

Erik

Fruit

Laxative (1,4)

Rosaceae

Prunus spinosa L.

Çakal eriği

Leaf, flower, fruit

Antidiarrhoeal, diuretic, antihelminthic (1), constipant (4), diabetes (42,56), asthma (56), pleurisy (77), anaemia (95)

Rosaceae

Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem.

Ateşdikeni

Fruit

Cardiotonic (4)

Rosaceae

Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall.

Ahlat

Fruit

Diuretic (2), diarrhoea (28,102), diabetes, goitre (73),

Rosaceae

Rosa boissieri Crép.

Has gül

Root

Antiseptic (2)

Rosaceae

Rosa canina L.

Kuşburnu

Fruit, root

Antidiarrhoeal (1), antidiabetes (1,2), bronchitis (29), flu, haemorrhoids (30), colds (30,65), kidney stones (43), tonic, constipation, glycemia (92)

Rosaceae

Rosa pulverulanta M.Bieb.

Bodur gül

Fruit

Colds, cough (2)

Rosaceae

Rosa spinosissima L.

Karakuşburnu

Fruit, root

Colds, stomach pain, cardiotonic, antiseptic (2), antihaemorrhoidal (2,70)

Rosaceae

Rubus canescens DC.

Çobankösteği

Root

Diuretic, diabetes, hypertension (2), gonorrhoea, haemorrhoids (6), treat infertility (9), stomachic, cough (29), haematopoietic (35)

Rosaceae

Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit.

Tüntürük

Root

Diabetes (2)

Rosaceae

Rubus idaeus L. subsp. idaeus

Ahududu

Fruits, leaf

Antidiarrhoeal, antidiabetes (1), diuretic (1,4), sterility (2), constipant (4), haematinic (10)

Rosaceae

Rubus sanctus Schreb.

Böğürtlen

Leaf, flower, fruit

Colds (2), haemorrhoids (30), ulcer (43), asthma, liver diseases, tooth disease, cancer (56)

Rosaceae

Sanguisorba minor L.

Çayırdüğmesi

Whole plant

Constipant, orexigenic (2), diuretic, stomachic (2,4), appetiser (4), ulcer (6), goiter (43)

Rosaceae

Sorbus aucuparia L.

Kuşüvezi

Aerial parts

Laxative (4,91), respiratory diseases (63), diarrhoea, cough (101)

Rosaceae

Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz var. torminalis

Pitlicen

Leaf, fruit

Expectorant, bronchitis, asthma (43), cardiac diseases (43,63), coughs, diarrhoea, fever, diuretic, kidney stone, bronchitis, colic (114)

Rubiaceae

Galium aparine L.

Çobansüzgeci

Aerial parts

Appetiser, diuretic (4), rheumatic pain (96)

Rubiaceae

Galium verum L.

Boyalık

Flower

Treating burns, cancer (2), constipant, calmative (4)

Rutaceae

**Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f

Limon

Fruit

Stomachache, colds, cough (8), hypertension, food, qualm (45)

Rutaceae

**Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Portakal

Leaf

Palpitation (30)

Rutaceae

Dictamnus albus L.

Gazelotu

Root

Invigorating, antidote, plague, induce childbirth, worms, colds (32), antifebrile, tonic (45)

Salicaceae

Populus tremula L.

Titrek kavak

Leaf, bark

Diabetes, analgesic (56), constipation, antipyretic (91), nephritis (100)

Salicaceae

Salix alba L.

Ak söğüt

Leaf, bark

Sedative, analgesic, nervine, antidiarrhoeal (1), tonic (2), rheumatism (2,4,43), antifebrile (45), toothache (65), headache (70), flu (78)

Salicaceae

Salix caprea L.

Sorgun

Bark

Calmative, tonic, antipyretic, constipation, rheumatism (91)

Salicaceae

Salix triandra L. subsp. triandra

Bağ söğüdü

Stem bark, leaf

Remove warts, antipyretic (28)

Santalaceae

Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M. Bieb.

Ardıç güveleği

Whole plant

Hemorrhoids (28,56), coughs, internal diseases, haemorrhoids, common cold (56,84), abdominal pain, bronchitis (84,85)

Santalaceae

Viscum album L.

Ökseotu

Fruits, leaf

Analgesic (1), diabetes (2,51), diuretic (4), diarrhoea (28), bronchitis (43), hypotensive (66)

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga paniculata Mill. subsp. paniculata

Nasırlı taşkıran

Aerial parts

Constipant, diuretic, kidney stone (4)

Scrophulariaceae

**Budleja davidii Franch

Kelebek çalısı

Aerial parts

Cancer, snakebite, infections, haemorrhoids, cardiac disease, kidney disorders, sedative, digestive, arthritis, rheumatism, skin (122)

Scrophulariaceae

Scrophularia nodosa L.

Tavuk sıracası

Aerial parts

Diuretic, wound, haemorrhoids, antidermatosic (4)

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss.

Bozkulak

Aerial parts

Women’ sterility, arthralgia (2)

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum speciosum Schrad.

Zelve

Leaf

Mycodermatitis (2), rheumatism (65)

Simaroubaceae

**Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

Kokarağaç

Leaf

Constipation, sedative, antipyretic, emetic (121)

Smilacaceae

Smilax excelsa L.

Dikenucu

Fruit

Digestive (6), acne, anti-wrinkle, facial blemishes (30), neurologic (50), eczema (50,62), rheumatic pain (96)

Solanaceae

Atropa belladonna L.

Güzelavratotu

Leaf

Analgesic, antispasmodic (1,4)

Solanaceae

Datura stramonium L.

Boru çiçeği

Seed, leaf

Toothache, antipyretic, antirheumatic, sedative (2), asthma, wound (56)

Solanaceae

Hyoscyamus niger L.

Banotu

Leaf

Analgesic (1), sedative (1,114), against itching in the eyes, stomatitis (2), toohache (2,72,114), earache, headache (72), antitumour, febrifuge, neuralgia, rheumatic pain (114)

Solanaceae

Hyoscyamus reticulatus L.

Kumacıkotu

Root, seed

Toothache (2)

Solanaceae

Physalis alkekengi L.

Güveyfeneri

Fruit

Diuretic, antipyretic, sedative (4)

Solanaceae

Solanum americanum Mill.

İtüzümü

Fruit, leaf

Analgesic, antidermatosic (1), antihaemorrhoidal (1,4), skin diseases (6)

Solanaceae

Solanum dulcamara L.

Sofur

Aerial parts

Burn (2), expectorant (2,4), diuretic, analgesic, diaphoretic, laxative (4)

Solanaceae

**Solanum tuberosum L.

Patates

Tuber

Skin lenitive (31)

Tamaricaceae

Myricaria germanica(L.) Desv.

Harbakotu

Leaf, bark

Diuretic, appetizer, constipation (4)

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix tetrandra Pall.

Gezik

Leaf, bark

Appetiser, diuretic, constipant (4)

Taxaceae

Taxus baccata L.

Adi porsuk

Leaf, arillus

Sedative, carminative (1,4), expectorant, digestive (4), calmative (91)

Theaceae

**Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze

Çay

Leaf

Eye diseases (46), strengthen the immune system, equalize cholesterol, anti-aging (71), prophylaxis (86)

Thymelaeaceae

Daphne mezereum L.

Kirkat

Bark

Laxative, diaphoretic, diuretic (1,4)

Thymelaeaceae

Daphne oleoides Schreb.

Gövçek

Bark

Abortion, treat bones (2), wound (36)

Thymelaeaceae

Daphne pontica L.

Sırımağu

Aerial parts

Diuretic, diaphoretic, purgative, abortive, expectorant (83)

Ulmaceae

Ulmus glabra Huds.

Dağ karaağacı

Bark

Soften blood vessels (28)

Ulmaceae

Ulmus minor Mill.

Ova karaağacı

Root, bark, leaf

Anti-inflammatory, wound, cough, asthma (2), diuretic, diaphoretic, constipation, diabetes (4), haemostatic, depurative (75)

Urticaceae

Parietaria judaica L.

Duvarfesleğeni

Foliage

Mouth wound (26), hemostatic (30)

Urticaceae

Urtica dioica L.

Isırgan

Leaf, seed

Diuretic (1), stomachic (1,10), anticancer (2,22), measles (10), rheumatism (10,70), anti-dandruff (30), anaemia (77), diabetes (102)

Verbenaceae

Verbena officinalis L. var. officinalis

Mineçiçeği

Foliage, root

Constipation, antipyretic, stimulant, tonic (4), liver diseases, stomach pain, menstrual cramps (6), emmenagogue (30), toothache (33)

Violaceae

Viola odorataL.

Kokulu menekşe

Foliage

Gargle (1), diaphoretic (1,4), intestine inflammation (6), antitussive (30,75), expectorant, emollient, laxative, diuretic (75)

Violaceae

Viola sieheana W. Becker

Çayır menekşesi

Flower

Cold, flu, cough (100)

Vitaceae

**Vitis vinifera L.

Asma

Fruit, leaf

Menstrual cramps (6), anaemia (6,8,68,103,110), blood pressure (110)

  1. *Cited references, **cultivated or naturalized taxa, ***taxa endemic to Turkey
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Terzioğlu, S., Coşkunçelebi, K. (2021). Medicinal Plants of Northeast Anatolia. In: Öztürk, M., Altay, V., Efe, R. (eds) Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59928-7_11

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