Abstract
Northeast Anatolia is rich in a variety of ecosystems, habitats, and unique vascular plant diversity. A remarkable number of vascular plants have been used for several purposes such as food, medicine, etc. by the local people. This region is characterized by dune, riparian, wetland, pseudomacchie, forest (both deciduous and conifer) and subalpine-alpine vegetation types of which the last one is the richest zone in terms of both plant diversity and medicinal plants. This chapter provides scientific information about both native and non-native vascular medicinal plants and their uses, parts used and local names depending on literature and field observations available in this region of Turkey. A total of 510 medicinal vascular plants including 10 endemics are distributed in this region investigated by us
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Appendix 11.1: Vascular Medicinal Plants Distributed in Northeast Anatolia According to Literature Survey
Appendix 11.1: Vascular Medicinal Plants Distributed in Northeast Anatolia According to Literature Survey
Family | Plant name | Local name | Plant part(s) used | Local usages (*Literatures) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aceraceae | Acer campestre L. subsp. campestre | Ova akçaağacı | Bark | Inflamed wound (56) |
Aceraceae | Acer monpessulanum L. | Fransız akçaağacı | Leaf | Antihelmintic (87), food pain (93) |
Aceraceae | Acer platanoides L. | Çınar akçaağacı | Leaf, flower | Gingival diseases (68), astringent, diarrhoea (75) |
Adoxaceae | Sambucus ebulus L. | Mürver otu | Aerial parts | Laxative, diuretic, diaphoretic (4), colds (42), rheumatic pain (84), diarrhoea, intestines (109) |
Adoxaceae | Sambucus nigra L. | Ağaç mürver | Leaf, flower | Abscess, asthma (2), diuretic, diaphoretic, laxative (4), antitussive (30), bronchitis (30,86), anticatarrhal (79), common colds (86), fungal itches, eczema (111) |
Adoxaceae | Viburnum lantana L. | Germeşe | Fruit | Diabetes, diarrhoea (2), blood pressure, cold, hypertension, inflammation (110) |
Adoxaceae | Viburnum opulus L. | Gilaburu | Fruit | Diuretic, sedative, laxative (1,4), antitussive, nephralgia (2), cough, heart (109) |
Adoxaceae | Viburnum orientale Pall. | Katkat çalısı | Fruit | Antibacterial (119), diuretic (119,121) |
Alismataceae | Alisma plantago-aquatica L. subsp. plantago-aquatica | Çobandüdüğü | Root, seed | Constipation, diuretic (4) |
Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus retroflexus L. | Tilkikuyruğu | Leaf | Sterility (2), digestive, stomachache, diarrhoea (55) |
Amaranthaceae | Beta trigyna Waldst. & Kit. | Kır pazısı | Flowering branch | Asthma, bronchitis (66) |
Amaranthaceae | Chenopodium album L. | Aksirken | Aerial parts | Diuretic (2,4), laxative (4), women’ sterility (2,74), anaemia (74) |
Amaranthaceae | Chenopodium foliosum Asch. | Cülek | Seed | Jaundice (93) |
Amaranthaceae | **Spinachia oleracea L. | Ispanak | Leaf | Diuretic, laxative (4), wound (27) |
Amaryllidaceae | **Allium cepa L. | Soğan | Bulb, seed | Abscess, rheumatism (6), cicatrizant (6,103), otitis, anuria (30), whitlow (38), sprain, bruise, oedema, wound (100) |
Amaryllidaceae | **Allium ampeloprasum L. | Pırasa | Aerial parts | Sore throat (38) |
Amaryllidaceae | **Allium sativum L. | Sarımsak | Bulb | Antihypertensive (6), alopecia areata, appetizer, anthelmintic (30), influenza, headache (34), froncle (45), cold, flu (110), hypertension, taeniafuge, wound (123) |
Amaryllidaceae | Allium scorodoprassum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) Stearn | İt soğanı | Bulb, seed | Orexigenic, hypertension, anthelmintic, diuretic, antiseptic, goiter (2), hepatitis, tonic (46), antihypertensive, high cholesterol (103) |
Amaryllidaceae | Galanthus rizehensis Stearn | Rize kardeleni | Bulb | Alzheimer (61) |
Amaryllidaceae | Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. | Akçabardak | Bulb | Poliomyelitis (4,54) |
Anacardiaceae | Cotinus coggygria Scop. | Boyacı sumağı | Powdered wood | Anticancer (30), analgesic (49), stomachache, burns, swelling, goiter, diabetes, haemorrhoids, asthma, mushroom poisoning (82) |
Anacardiaceae | Pistacia terebinthus L. | Menengiç | Fruit | Antiseptic (1), colds, flu, urinary system, cough (2), diuretic (2,39), expectorant (30), stomachache (72,80,84), asthma (80) |
Anacardiaceae | Rhus coriaria L. | Sumak | Fruit, leaf | Antiseptic (2,4,39), constipant (4), liver diseases, diarrhoea, urinary system (6), ulcer, kidney stones (43) |
Apiaceae | Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. | Hıltan | Fruit | Cough, kidney stones, intestinal diseases, dental diseases, atherosclerosis (3), diuretic (4), tonic, gingivitis, digestive, carminative, appetizer (113) |
Apiaceae | **Anethum graveolens L. | Dereotu | Aerial parts | Gynaecological disorders, goiter, dyspepsia, kidney ailments, against hiccup (3), digestive (3,4,113), galactagogue, antihyperlipidemia, carminative, diabetes, infertility (113) |
Apiaceae | ***Angelica sylvestris L. var. stenoptera Avé-Lall. | Kekire | Root | Antidiarrhoeal, sedative (1), asthma (4) |
Apiaceae | Anthriscus nemorosa (M. Bieb.) Spreng. | Peçek | Fruit | Digestive (3) |
Apiaceae | Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. | Bendik | Aerial parts | Appetizer, antihypertensive (3,74) |
Apiaceae | Bifora radians M. Bieb | Gısbana | Aerial parts | Digestive (3) |
Apiaceae | Bupleurum falcatum L. | Çataltavşan | Leaf, seed | Fever, dermal wound, Joint pain, inflammations (113) |
Apiaceae | Carum carvi L. | Kimyon | Fruit | Kidney stones (2), appetizer, digestive, aphrodisiac (3) |
Apiaceae | Caucalis platycarpos L. | Kavkal | Aerial parts, root | Hemorrhoids, rheumatism, wound, eczema (3) |
Apiaceae | Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. | Hondak | Rhizome, leaves | Appetizer, diabetes, high cholesterol, antihypertensive (3) |
Apiaceae | Conium maculatum L. | Baldıran | Fruit, aerial parts | Analgesic, sedative, aphrodisiac (1), rheumatism (3), analgesic (4) |
Apiaceae | **Coriandrum sativumL. | Kişniş | Leaf, fruit, seed | Carminative (1), digestive (1,3), stomachic (1,30), dizziness (3), gastritis, ulcer (30) |
Apiaceae | Daucus carota L. | Yabani havuç | Whole plant | Carminative, antihelminthic (1), diuretic (1,4), diabetes (3), eye disorders (22) |
Apiaceae | Eryngium billardierei F. Delaroche | Hıyarok | Root, aerial parts | Wound, cold, sinusitis, haemorrhoids, toothache, aphrodisiac (3), bronchitis, stomachache (65), constipation (93) |
Apiaceae | Eryngium campestre L. | Kırsenet | Aerial parts, root | Antitussive, stomachic (1), diuretic, aphrodisiac (1,4), vulnerary, jaundice (2), leucemi (3) |
Apiaceae | Eryngium giganteum M. Bieb. | Boğadikeni | Aerial parts | Wound (3) |
Apiaceae | Eryngium maritimum L. | Kum boğadikeni | Aerial parts | Diuretic, antiscorbutic, cytotonic, urethritis remedy, stone inhibitor, aphrodisiac, expectorant, anthelmintic (74) |
Apiaceae | Ferulago cassia Boiss. | Şeytan kişnişi | Fruit | Eye diseases, increasing milk secretion (3) |
Apiaceae | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Rezene | Fruit, leaf, aerial parts | Carminative (1,30), insomnia, dyspepsia, bronchitis (3), abdominal pain (36), blood glucose (38), stomachache (65), analgesic, antispasmodic, rheumatism, lactation (117) |
Apiaceae | Heracleum antasiaticum Manden | Kamşam | Leaf | Wound (3) |
Apiaceae | Heracleum pastinacifolium K. Koch subsp. incanum (Boiss. & A.Huet) P.H. Davis | Kuru öğrek | Leaf | Rheumatism (3) |
Apiaceae | Laser trilobum(L.) Borkh. | Kefe kimyonu | Fruit | Digestive, abdominal pain (3,84) |
Apiaceae | Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. | Deli maydanoz | Aerial parts | Burned, antihypertensive, analgesic (74) |
Apiaceae | Pastinaca sativa L. | Şeker havucu | Aerial parts | Diuretic, carminative, calmative (4) |
Apiaceae | **Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill | Maydanoz | Aerial parts | Diabetes, anaemia, eczema, diuretic, haemorrhoids, cholesterol (3,66), stomach ailments (3,30) |
Apiaceae | Peucedanum longifolium Waldst. & Kit. | Domuz rezenesi | Aerial parts | Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia (2), menstrual, stomachic, diuretic, diaphoretic (4) |
Apiaceae | Pimpinella saxifraga L. | Taş anasonu | Root | Cicatrising , diuretic, antimicrobial, appetizer, anti-inflammatory, wound, ascites, urinary disorders, hernia, cough, anorexia (75) |
Apiaceae | Prangos ferulacea (L.) lindl. | Eşek cakşırı | Root, aerial parts | Aprodisiac, diabetes, antihypertensive (3) |
Apiaceae | ***Prangos meliocarpoides Boiss. var. arcis-romanae (Boiss. & Huet) Herrnst | Sultanteresi | Root | Aprodisiac (3) |
Apiaceae | Sanicula europaea L. | Sanikel | Leaf | Constipant, stomachic, wound (4), abdominal pain, shortness of breath (50), diarrhoea, urinary, liver disorders, internal bleeding (74) |
Apiaceae | Scandix pecten-veneris L. | Zühretarağı | Aerial parts | Bad breath (3) |
Apiaceae | Smyrnium olusatrum L. | Deli kereviz | Root, leaf | Abortive (3), dyspnoea, diuretic (4) |
Apiaceae | Sison amomum L. | Kara maydanoz | Fruit | Diuretic, carminative, stomachic (4) |
Apiaceae | Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link | Dercikotu | Aerial parts | Abdominal pain for children (3) |
Apiaceae | Torilis leptophylla (L.) Rchb.f. | İnce dercikotu | Leaf, aerial parts | Bad breath, asthma, toothache (3) |
Apiaceae | Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. | Karaheci | Aerial parts | Rheumatism (3) |
Apiaceae | Zosima absinthifolia (Vent.) Link | Peynirotu | Leaf | Diabetes (2), stomach ailments, restlessness, dysentery, diarrhoea, tonsilitis, loss of voice (115) |
Apocynaceae | Cynanchum acutum L. subsp. acutum | Bacırgan | Root, leaf | Emetic (4), vulnerary (74) |
Apocynaceae | Periploca graeca L. var. graeca | Gariplerurganı | Bark | Stimulant (4) |
Apocynaceae | Vinca major L. subsp. hirsuta (boiss.) Stearn | Pervane çiçeği | Leaf | Constipation, diuretic, antipyretic, appetizer (4), astringent, menstrual regulator, ulcer, sore throat (74) |
Apocynaceae | Vincetoxicum canescens (Willd.) Decne subsp. canescens | Zilasur | Aerial parts | Scabies, fungal infection (2) |
Apocynaceae | Vincetoxicum tmoleum Boiss. | Hıyaluk | Aerial parts | Scabies (2) |
Araceae | Arum italicum Mill. | Domuz lahanası | Tuber, flower | Vesicant (1), laxative (1,4), haemorrhoids (4,56), wound (27), pain in the waist (48), women’s diseases (56) |
Araliacaee | Hedera colchica (K.Koch) K.Koch | Kara sarmaşık | Leaf, fruit | Ddiaphoretic (4), laxative (4,91), intestinal parasites, constipation, diarrhoea (91) |
Araliacaee | Hedera helix L. | Duvar sarmaşığı | Leaf, fruit | Vesicant (1), diaphoretic (4), laxative (4,90), wound (27), stomachache (50), menstrual regulator, anthelmintic, exudative (90) |
Aristolochiaceae | Aristolochia clematitis L. | Lohusaotu | Rhizome | Skin diseases (4), anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, analgesic, cytostatic, rheumatism, leucorrhoea, digestive (75), haemorrhoids (77) |
Aristolochiaceae | Asarum europaeum L. | Afşarotu | Root | Mucolytic, anti-inflammatory, laxative, emmenagogue (1), emetic, diuretic (1,4), expectorant (4,75), antitussive, sedative (75) |
Asparagaceae | Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. | Arapüzümü | Fruit | Rheumatism (43), rheumatism (57) |
Asparagaceae | Ornithogalum sigmoideum Freyn & Sint. | Sakarca | Bulb | Appetizer, nerve tonic, laxative (5,57), stomachic (57) |
Asparagaceae | Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. | Mührüsüleyman | Root | Antidiarrhoeal, analgesic (1), antidiabetes (1,4), constipant, rheumatism, gout, aphrodisiach (4) |
Asparagaceae | Ruscus aculeatus L. | Tavşanmemesi | Root, leaf, stem | Diuretic, diaphoretic, stomachic (1), cholesterol (6), asthma, (30), varix (56) |
Asparagaceae | Ruscus colchicus Yeo | Zermek | Rhizome | Lactogenic (118) |
Asparagaceae | Scilla bifolia L. | Orman sümbülü | Bulbus | Wound, lumbago (100) |
Aspleniaceae | Asplenium adianthum-nigrum L. | Kara şaçakotu | Whole plant | Analgesic (49) |
Aspleniaceae | Asplenium ceterach L. | Dalakotu | Aerial parts | Diuretic, constipant (4), diarrhoea, cystitis, hemostatic (30), kidney stone (51) |
Aspleniaceae | Asplenium scolopendrium L. | Geyikdili | Aerial parts | Diuretic, constipation (4) |
Asteraceae | Achillea arabica Kotschy | Hanzabel | Flower | Diuretic, asthma, cardiotonic, stomachic, carminative, orexigenic, tonic, nephralgia (2) |
Asteraceae | Achillea millefolium L. | Civanperçemi | Aerial parts | Antidermatosic, anti haemorrhoids (1,6,88), diuretic (4,54), wound (11,76), antianemic (6,71), inflammation, wound (109) |
Asteraceae | Achillea santolinoides Lag. subsp. wilhelmsii (K.Koch) Greuter | Kardeşkınası | Aerial parts | Migraine, anorexia, gynaecological (68) |
Asteraceae | Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertner | Kediayağı | Aerial parts | Constipant, cough (4), digestive (88) |
Asteraceae | Anthemis cretica L. | Dağ papatyası | Flower | Painkiller (49) |
Asteraceae | Arctium platylepis (Boiss. & Balansa) Sosn. ex Grossh. | Hanımyaması | Root, basal leaf | Edema, inflamed wound, calcification (knee), backache, snakebites (2) |
Asteraceae | Artemisia absinthium L. | Acı pelin | Flower, leaf | Antihaemorrhoidal (1), diuretic (2,4), stomachic (2,4,54,72,83), anti-hypertensive (6,88), malaria (17), wound (27), cold (43), diabetes (65), ulcer (71) |
Asteraceae | Bellis perennis L. | Koyungözü | Flowers | Purgative (2), stomachache, cold, bronchitis, tonsilitis, eye diseases (7,87), haemorrhoids (43), headache (97) |
Asteraceae | *Bidens tripartita L. | Üç suketeni | Aerial parts | Anti-inflammatory, cicatrising, vermifuge, wound (75) |
Asteraceae | Carduus acanthoides L. subsp. sintenisii Kazmi | Saka dikeni | Flower | Gynaecological disease (50) |
Asteraceae | Cyanus segetum Hill. | Gelintacı | Flower | Nervine, stomachic (1), antidiarrhoeal (1,4), appetiser (4) |
Asteraceae | Cenaturea glastifolia L. | Kotankıran | Flower, leaf | Orexigenic, astringent (2) |
Asteraceae | Centaurea iberica Trev. | Deligözdikeni | Leaf | Vulnerary (2,74) |
Asteraceae | Cichorium intybus L. | Hindiba | Aerial parts | Nervine (1), diuretic, laxative, diaphoretic (1,4), asthma (2), icterus disease, galactagogue (14), stomachache, gastritis, ulcer (30,41), epistaxis, hyperlipidemia (93) |
Asteraceae | Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | Köygöçerten | Whole plant | Orexigenic, tonic, antihaemorrhoidal, cough, bronchitis (2), tonic, appetiser (4), diabetes (50) |
Asteraceae | Cirsium hypoleucum DC. | Vişne kangalı | Leaf | Cardio-vascular complaints (35) |
Asteraceae | Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay ex Guss. | Boyacı papatyası | Flower | Stomache pain, cough, intestinal disorders, hair care (2), gingivitis (36), gynaecological disease (50), cold, flu (103) |
Asteraceae | Crepis foetida L. | Kohum | Aerial part | Cardiovascular diseases (2,74) |
Asteraceae | Doronicum orientale Hoffm. | Kaplanotu | Aerial parts | Against infertility (4), diuretic (43) |
Asteraceae | Eupatorium cannabinum L. | Koyuntırpağı | Aerial parts | Diaphoretic, emetic (4), diuretic (4,60), choleretic, laxative, hypocholesterolemic (60) |
Asteraceae | Helichrysum pallasii (Spreng.) Ledeb. | Kocamançiçeği | Aerial parts | Diuretic, cough, kidney stones, nephralgia (2) |
Asteraceae | Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum | Mantuvar | Aerial parts | Kidney stones, nephralgia, diabetes, cough, diarrhoea, diuretic, stomachic, antideppessant (2) |
Asteraceae | Inula helenium L. | Andızotu | Root | Nervine (1), diuretic, antitussive (1,2), anthelmintic, tonic, backache (2) |
Asteraceae | Jurinalle moschus (Habl.) Bobrov subsp. pinnatisecta (Boiss.) Danin & P.H.Davis | Yayla dedegülü | Aerial parts | Diabetes, diarrhoea (2) |
Asteraceae | **Lactuca sativa L. | Marul | Aerial parts | Analgesic, galactagogue, diuretic (1), laxative (1,4) |
Asteraceae | Lactuca serriola L. | Eşekhelvası | Latex | Diuretic (4), itching, scabies, eczema (30), demulcent (39) |
Asteraceae | Lapsana communis L. | Şebrek | Leaf | Vulnerary (4,81) |
Asteraceae | Petasites albus (l.) P. Gaertn. | Lapaza çiçeği | Rhizome | Expectorant, wound (121) |
Asteraceae | Petasites hybridus (L.) P. Gaertn. | Kabalak | Leaf | Diuretic, diaphoretic, constipation (4), analgesic, aphthae (56) |
Asteraceae | Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. | Yaraotu | Root, leaf | Constipation, diuretic, dysentery (4) |
Asteraceae | Scorzonera cana (C.A.Mey.) Griseb. var. cana | Tekesakalı | Latex | Backache (72) |
Asteraceae | Scorzonera latifolia (Fish. & C.A.Mey) DC. | Dağsakızı | Root | Analgesic (1,65), backache, sterility (2) |
Asteraceae | Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit. | Kanaryaotu | Aerial parts | Anti-inflammatory (2), emmenagogue, menstrual regulator (30), menstrual pain (72) |
Asteraceae | Senecio vulgaris L. | Taşakcılotu | Whole plant | Expectorant (4) |
Asteraceae | Solidago virgaurea L. | Altıbnaşak çiçeği | Flower | Diuretic, carminative, antiseptic (4), inflammation (50) |
Asteraceae | Sonchus oleraceus L. | Kuzugevreği | Leaf | Galactagogue, tonic, diuretic, antipyretic (4) |
Asteraceae | Tanacetum balsamita L. | Gümüşdüğme | Aerial parts | Tonic, stimulant, antipyretic, headache, diuretic, stomachic, gall bladder, vulnerary, abscess (2) |
Asteraceae | Tanacetum coccineum (Willd.) Grierson | Pireotu | Aerial parts | Against parasites (4) |
Asteraceae | Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. | Beyaz papatya | Flower, leaves | Tonic, stimulant, antipyretic, headache, diuretic, stomachic, gall stone (2,74), antipyretic (4) |
Asteraceae | Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip | Yedi pireotu | Flower | Pulmonic disorders, colds, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory (2) |
Asteraceae | Taraxacum bithynicum DC. | Zincirotu | Flower, leaf | Stomachache, toothache (72) |
Asteraceae | Taraxacum stevenii DC. | Gelingöbeği | Latex | Eye diseases (2), liver fat, appetizer (71) |
Asteraceae | Tragopogon buphthalmoides (DC.) Boiss. var. buphthalmoides | Tarla yemliği | Aeria parts | Stomach and intestinal disorders (2), constipation, warts (93) |
Asteraceae | Tragopogon coloratus C.A.Mey. | Katır yemliği | Aerial parts | Stomach ache (2) |
Asteraceae | Tragopogon porrifolius L. subsp. abbreviatus (Boiss.) Coşkunçelebi & M.Gültepe | Çayır yemliği | Aerial parts | Intestinal disorders, vulnerary (2) |
Asteraceae | Tragopogon pratensis L. subsp. orientalis (L.) Čelak. | Sarı salsifin | Aerial parts | Stomach ache (2) |
Asteraceae | ***Tripleurospermum monticolum (Boiss. & A. Huet) Bornm. | Kırpapatyası | Flowers | Haircare, colds, cough, antipyretic, stomach ache (2) |
Asteraceae | Tripleurospermum sevanense (Manden.) Pobed. | Hanım gödesi | Flower | Haircare (2) |
Asteraceae | Tussilago farfara L. | Öksürükotu | Stem, petiole | Antitussive (1,2), cough (2,4,6,109), expectorant (2), asthma, bronchitis (6) |
Asteraceae | Xanthium spinosum L. | Pıtrak | Leaf | Diuretic, sedative, diaphoretic (1) |
Asteraceae | Xanthium strumarium L. | Koca pıtrak | Root | Alopecia, scurf (68), kidney pain (72) |
Asteraceae | Xeranthemum annuum L. | Kağıt çiçeği | Laeaf | Toothache (2), wart (36) |
Balsaminaceae | Impatiens noli-tangere L. | Kınaçiçeği | Aerial parts | Diuretic, laxative, emetic (4) |
Berberidaceae | Berberis vulgaris L. | Kızılkaramuk | Fruit | Colds, diabetes (2), appetizer, antipyretic (4) |
Berberidaceae | Epimedium pubigerum (DC.) C.Morren & Decne. | Tekeotu | Troot | Diaphoretic (4) |
Betulaceae | Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner | Sakallı kızılağaç | Seed, stem, flower | Stomachdisorders (6), haemorrhoids (6,56,82), sore throat (27), diarrhoea (44), eczema (56,82), exudative (90) |
Betulaceae | Betula litwinowii Doluch. | Düzük | Leaf, bark | Cold, dandruff, hair loss, panacea, toothache (109) |
Betulaceae | Betula pendula Roth | Huş ağacı | Leaf | Diuretic, rheumatism pain (4), antibacterial for gout, antirheumatic, kidney stones (74) |
Betulaceae | Carpinus betulus L. | Gürgen | Leaf | Blood regulator, wound healing, astringent (4,104), cholesterol (8) |
Betulaceae | Corylus avellana L. var. avellana | Fındık | Seed | Diuretic, aphrodisiac (4), cough, high cholesterol (6), anaemia (8) |
Betulaceae | **Corylus maxima Mill. | Tombul fındık | Leaf, seed | Aphrodisiac (4), diuretic (4,90), burn (7), aphrodisiac, tonic (90) |
Boraginaceae | Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss. | Sarı sormuk | Root, leaf, flower | Vulnerary , laxative, intestinal disorders (2), gynaecological (4) |
Boraginaceae | Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea | Sığırdili | Root, basal leaf | Vulnerary, women’ sterility (2), wound healing (6,84), hemostatic (30) |
Boraginaceae | Echium italicum L. | Kurtkuyruğu | Leaf, root | Wound, anti-inflammatory (2) |
Boraginaceae | Echium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare | Engerekotu | Root | Vulnerary (2), diuretic, expectorant (4) |
Boraginaceae | Lithospermum arvense L. | Taşkesen | Fruit | Enuresis (56) |
Boraginaceae | Myosotis lazica Popov | Kuşgözü | Aerial parts | Dried and boiled for eyes (8) |
Boraginaceae | Rindera lanata (Lam.) Bunge var. lanata | Yünlgelin | Root | Anti-inflammatory (2) |
Boraginaceae | Symphytum asperum Lepech. | Kaba kafesotu | Root | Cough (50) |
Boraginaceae | Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don | Kaldirik, tomara | Stem, root | Diaphoretic, antipyretic (4), diuretic (4,5), digestive (6), intestinal, inflammation (8) |
Brassicaceae | Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavana & Grande | Sarımsak otu | Stem | Diuretic, diaphoretic (4), tension (64), expectorant, antiseptic, stimulant, antiasthmatic, expels worms (74), gingivitis, appetiser (76) |
Brassicaceae | **Brassica oleracea L. | Lahana | Whole plant | Digestive, expectorant (4), meal (8) |
Brassicaceae | Bunias oriantalis L. | Çırşalgamı | Stem | Orexigenic (2) |
Brassicaceae | Cakile maritima Scop. | Kumteresi | Aerial parts | Diuretic, appetizer (4) |
Brassicaceae | Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | Çobançantası | Aerial parts | Kidney stones, astringent (2), diuretic (24), diabetes (7), intestine (8), hemostatic (30,111), Internal bleeding (111) |
Brassicaceae | Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz | Dişlikök | Root | Constipant (4) |
Brassicaceae | Cardamine impatiens L. | Sultan kodimotu | Whole plant | Abdominal pain (53) |
Brassicaceae | Cardamine raphanifolia Pourr. subsp. acris (Griseb.) O.E:Schulz. | Çeykodim | Whole plant | Abdominal pain (53) |
Brassicaceae | Lepidium draba L. | Diğnik | Root | Sedative, anorexia, sleep disorder (68) |
Brassicaceae | Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. | Roka | Laeaf, seed | Cough, stimulant (4) |
Brassicaceae | Hesperis matronalis L. subsp. matronalis | Akşamyıldızı | Aerial parts | Diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant (4) |
Brassicaceae | Isatis tinctoria L. | Çivitotu | Flower, leaf | Antidiarrhoeal, antidermatosic (1), arthralgia (2), wound healing (2,4,90), constipant (4), laxative (90) |
Brassicaceae | Lepidium latifolium L. | Nujdar | Leaf | Vulnerary (2) |
Brassicaceae | **Lepidium sativum L. subsp. sativum | Tere | Fruit | Goiter (2) |
Brassicaceae | Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Suteresi | Aerial parts | Nervine, nutritive, stomachic (1), diuretic (1,4), abdominal pain (28), sterility (43), kidney stone (73), appetizer, kidney gravels (111) |
Brassicaceae | Raphanus raphanistrum L. subsp. raphanistrum | Eşek turpu | Aerial parts, roots | Orexigenic, diuretic (2), depilatory, weaken hairs (30) |
Brassicaceae | Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. | Ergelen hardalı | Aerial parts | Diuretic, stimulant (4), expectorant (4,30) |
Brassicaceae | ***Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss. | Allıgelin | Root | Vulnerary (2) |
Buxaceae | Buxus sempervirens L. subsp. sempervirens | Şimşir | Leaf, root bark | Diuretic, antipyretic, intestine (4), headache (97) |
Campanulaceae | Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek | Yumak çanı | Aerial parts | Internal medicine (74) |
Campanulaceae | Campanula rapunculus L. | Firenk salatası | Aerial parts | Constipant (4), wound (4,27) |
Cannabaceae | Celtis australis L. | Çitlenbik | Bark | Constipant (4), itching, scabies (30) |
Cannabaceae | Celtis planchoniana K.I.Chr. | Dahum | Fruit | Stomach ache (51) |
Cannabaceae | Humulus lupulus L. | Şerbetçiotu | Flower | Stomachic, diuretic (1), neuroleptic, insomnia, headache, migraine (71), digestive (83) |
Capparaceae | Capparis sicula Veill. | Delikarpuzu | Flowers, leaves | Anti-rheumatic (2), female infertility, deafness (15) |
Caprifoliaceae | Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov | Dev pelemir | Flower | Cold, uretic, menstruation regulator, rheumatism, lung diseases, cardiac diseases (64) |
Caprifoliaceae | Centranthus longiflorus Steven | Mahmuzçiçeği | Whole plant | Drug, sedative (4) |
Caprifoliaceae | Dipsacus laciniatus L. | Fesçitarağı | Stem, root | Vulnerary, astringent, cancer, diabetes (2) |
Caprifoliaceae | Scabiosa columbaria L. | Uyuzotu | Aerial parts | Constipant, diuretic, wound (4) |
Caprifoliaceae | Valeriana alliariifolia Adams | Pisot | Root | Sedative, antispasmodic, cardiostimulant (2), anti-parasite (10) |
Caryophyllaceae | Agrostemma githago L. | Buğday karamuğu | Seed | Anthelmintic, diuretic, expectorant (2,74) |
Caryophyllaceae | Gypsophila bicolor (Freyn. & Sint.) Grossh. | Alaca çöven | Rhizome | Diuretic, expectorate (4) |
Caryophyllaceae | Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. eriocalycinae (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet | Gıcıme | Aerial parts | Eczema (2) |
Caryophyllaceae | Silene saxalitis Sims. | Simotu | Leaf | Vulnerary (2) |
Caryophyllaceae | Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke var. vulgaris | Gıcıgıcı | Aerial parts | Excretory or genitourinary system diseases (1,4) |
Caryophyllaceae | Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | Kuşotu | Aerial parts | Mucolytic (1), diuretic (1,4), wound (4), inflamed skin, itching eczema, psoriasis (74), headache (97) |
Celastraceae | Euonymus europaeus L. | İğcik ağacı | Seed, fruit | Diuretic, laxative (4), emetic (4,59), anti-ectoparasitic, anticancer, purgative (59) |
Celastraceae | Parnassia palustris L. | Yürekyaprağı | Aerial parts | Constipation, diuretic, tonic (4) |
Cistaceae | Cistus creticus L. | Laden | Flower, leaf | Constipant (4), stomachache, gastritis, ulcer, cystitis, acne (30), diabetes (36), urethra inflammation (41), diarrhoea (68), headache (97) |
Cistaceae | Cistus salviifolius L. | Kartli | Leaf | Sedative, expectorant (4), urethra inflammation and sterility (41), diabetes, hemostatic (94), rheumatic pain (96) |
Cistaceae | Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. | Güngülü | Aerial parts | Constipant, blood coagulant (4) |
Colchicaceae | Colchicum speciosum Steven | Şepart | Whole plant | Germicide (53), rheumatic pain (96) |
Commelinaceae | **Tradescantia fluminenesis Vell. | Ak Telgrafçiçeği | Aerial parts | Wound (27) |
Convolvulaceae | Calystegia sylvatica (kit.) Griseb. | Bürük | Leaf | Wound (6,104) |
Convolvulaceae | Convolvulus arvensis L. | Tarla sarmaşığı | Root, leaf | Laxative (1), stomachic (2,102), rheumatic pain, headache (72) |
Convolvulaceae | Cuscuta europaea L. | Bostanbozan | Aerial parts | Diuretic, laxative (4) |
Cornaceae | Cornus mas L. | Kızılcık | Fruit | Antidiarrhoeal (1,11,41), diarrhoea (2,47), diabetes (6), cold, bronchitis (9), sunstroke (66) |
Crassulaceae | Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H.Ohba | Mandakulağı | Leaf | Wound (2,4), constipation (4) |
Crassulaceae | Phedimus spurius (M. Bieb.)’t Hart | Al pisikulağı | Aerial parts | Wound (8) |
Crassulaceae | Prometheum sempervivoides (Fischer ex M.Bieb.) H.Ohba | Horozlelesi | Aerial parts | Piles, callus (68) |
Crassulaceae | Sedum acre L. subsp. acre | Acı damkoruğu | Aerial parts | Diuretic, laxative (4) |
Crassulaceae | Sedum album L. | Çobankavurgası | Leaf | Wound (4,91) |
Crassulaceae | Sedum pallidum M. Bieb. | Koyunörmece | Leaf | Wound (38) |
Crassulaceae | Sempervivum sp. | Ömürçiçeği | Leaf | Earache (9) |
Cucurbitaceae | Bryonia alba L. | Akhaylin | Root | Diuretic, laxative, rheumatism pain, haemorrhoids (4) |
Cucurbitaceae | **Cucurbita maxima Lam. | Helvacı kabağı | Raw seed | Prostate disorders, anti-helminthic (30) |
Cucurbitaceae | Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rch. | Eşek hıyarı | Fruit | Diuretic (1,2), sinusitis (2,6,30,43,101,102), haemorrhoids (30,36), hepatitis (43,56), anaemia (95) |
Cupressaceae | Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. | Adi ardıç | Cone | Diaphoretic, antiseptic (1), diuretic (1,75), rheumatic pain (4,48), anti-inflammatory, antiseptic (75) |
Cupressaceae | Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb. | Boz ardıç | Cone | Antihaemorrhoidal (2), cough, diabetes, asthma (107), pneumonitis (111) |
Cupressaceae | Juniperus foetidissima willd. | Kokar ardıç | Cone | Stomach ache, diabetes, arthrosis (43), gastrointestinal pains (111) |
Cupressaceae | Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus | Katran ardıcı | Cone | Scabies (4), cystitis (30), stomachache, ulcer (43), cold (43,74), asthma (43,77), bronchitis (43,84), antiparasitic (74), diabetes melitus (101) |
Cupressaceae | Juniperus sabina L. | Sabin ardıcı | Resin, cone, shoot | Expectorant, diuretic (4,110), wound (28), urinary system (53,110), detoxicant, gallbladder, prostate (110) |
Cyperaceae | Cyperus rotundus L. | Topalak | Root | Diuretic (2,4), expectorant, diphoretic, constipant (4) |
Datiscaceae | Datisca cannabina L. | Renkotu | Leaf, flower | Laxative, diuretic (91) |
Dennstaedtiaceae | Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn | Eğrelti | Root, aerial parts | Intestinal parasites (68), rheumatism (100) |
Dioscoreaceae | Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin | Dolanbaç | Tuber | Diuretic, laxative, emetic (1,4), muscle joint pains, anti-diabetic (30) |
Droceraceae | Drocera rotundifolia L. | Güneşgülü | Aerial parts | Diuretic, diaphoretic, calmative (4) |
Dryopteridaceae | Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott | Erkek eğrelti | Fronds | Intestinal parasites (4,50,74), stomachache (50), |
Ebenaceae | **Diospyros kaki Thunb. | Trabzon hurması | Fruit | Anemia (95), antioxidative, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, cardiovascular disease, hemostasis, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory (108) |
Ebenaceae | Diospyros lotus L. | Hırnık | Fruit, leaf | Constipant (4,50), gastritis (50), hiccups, hiatal hernia, hypertension (74) |
Elaeagnaceae | Elaeagnus angustifolia L. var. angustifolia | İğde | Flower, seed, leaf | Diarrhoea, constipant, sunstroke (2), aphrodisiac (56), kidney stone (84) |
Elaeagnaceae | Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson | Çıçırgan | Fruit | Cough (2), constipant, antiseptic (4) |
Ephedraceae | Ephedra major Host subsp. major | Hum | Shoot, berry | Tooth cleaner, headache (2), diaphoretic, rheumatic pain (4) |
Equisetaceae | Equisetum fluviatile L. | Kırkbayır | Aerial parts | Antihypertensive, kidney disorders (65) |
Equisetaceae | Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. | Deredoruk | Whole plant | Urethra inflammation, constipant (4), diuretic (4,79), kidney stones (42), prostatic hypertrophy (56) |
Ericaceae | Arbutus andrachne L. | Sandal | Leaf, fruit, wood | Antidiarrhoeal, antiseptic (1), laxative, prostate disorders, eczema, fungal diseases (30) |
Ericaceae | Arbutus unedo L. | Kocayemiş | Leaf, fruit | Antidiarrhoeal (1), antiseptic, diuretic (1,4), constipant, antiseptic, urethral diseases (4), jaundice (80), cold sore, vitamin support, tonic (111) |
Ericaceae | Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull | Süpürge çalısı | Aerial parts | Urethra inflammation, constipant (4), diuretic (4,71), colds, cough (50), accelerate metabolism (71), analgesic (111) |
Ericaceae | Empetrum nigrum L. subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Böcher | Kargaüzümü | Aerial parts | Diuretic (4) |
Ericaceae | Erica arborea L. | Funda | Aerial parts | Asthma (94) |
Ericaceae | Orthilia secunda (L.) House | Keklikdüğmesi | Whole plant | Diuretic, constipation (4), wound (4,91) |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron caucasicum Pall. | Dağ kumarı | Leaf | Anticancer, dyspnoea (50), anti-inflammatory, intestines (109) |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron luteum Sweet | Zifin | Flower | Chlorothiazide (10) |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron ponticum L. subsp. ponticum | Mor çiçekli Orman gülü | Leaf | Analgesic, diuretic (1), headache (6,97), pruritus (8), cold (9) |
Ericaceae | Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. | Likarpa | Leaf | Constipant (4), laxative (90) |
Ericaceae | Vaccinium myrtillus L. | Ayıüzümü | Fruit, leaf | Constipant (4), diabetes (4,50,53,90,116), bronchitis (50), astringent, diarrhoea (83), laxative, antiseptic (90), cold (109), menstruation, contraceptive, diaphoretic (116) |
Ericaceae | Vaccinium uliginosum L. | Avcıüzümü | Fruit, leaf | Diabetes (53), catarrh, cystitis, enteritis, gastritis, intestine, liqueur, narcotic, stomachic (116) |
Ericaceae | Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. | Çalıçilek | Leaf | Diuretic, antiseptic (1,4), rheumatism, urinary inflammation (4) |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia helioscopia L. | Feribanotu | Root | Anthelmintic, laxative, rheumatism (90) |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia oblongifolia (K.Koch) K. Koch | Haladiza | Aerial parts | Wound, papilloma cancer (89) |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia orientalis L. | Gezer sütleğen | Root | Anthelmintic, laxative, rheumatism (90) |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia paralias L. | Kum sütleğeni | Root | Anthelmintic, laxative, rheumatism (90) |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia peplis L. | Kıyı sütleğeni | Aerial parts | Laxative, anticancer (91) |
Euphorbiaceae | Mercurialis annua L. | Parşen | Aerial parts | Laxative, diuretic (4), anti-inflammatory, purgative, diuretic, depurative, heumatism, constipation, urinary disorders (75) |
Euphorbiaceae | Mercurialis perennis L. | Köpekmarulu | Aerial parts | Laxative, diuretic (4) |
Euphorbiaceae | **Ricinus communis L. | Hintyağı | Seed | Laxative (4,6), hair loss (30), rheumatism (93) |
Fabaceae | Antyllis vulneraria L. | Çobangülü | Aerial parts | Constipant, wound (4) |
Fabaceae | Astragalus microcephalus Willd. | Anadolu kitresi | Gum | Sore throat, wound (4) |
Fabaceae | Bituminaria acaulis (Hoffm.) C.H.Stirt. | Alacüer | Leaf | Antipyretic, menstrual, calmative (4) |
Fabaceae | Colutea cilicica Boiss. & Balansa | Patlangaç | Fruit | Gingival disease (2), constipant (51) |
Fabaceae | Genista tinctoria L. | Boyacı Katırtırnağı | Aerial parts | Diaphoretic (4), diuretic, laxative (4,90), exudative (90) |
Fabaceae | Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd. subsp. miniatus (M.Bieb. ex Steven) P.H. Davis | Hırıgürü | Leaf, aerial parts | Goiter, antirheumatic (2) |
Fabaceae | Lathyrus sativus L. | Mürdümük | Seed | Sedative, nervine, aphrodisiac (1), diuretic (1,4), analgesic (2), aphrodisiac, jaundice (4) |
Fabaceae | Lotus corniculatus L. | Gazalboynuzu | Aerial parts | Antihaemorrhoidal, abdominal, pain, diuretic, stomach pain, nephralgia (2), sedative (2,4) |
Fabaceae | Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa | Karayonca | Leaf | Wound, hemostatic, astringent (2), skin bleeding (65) |
Fabaceae | Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. | Kokulu yonca | Çiçek | Anemia, sedative, antirheumatic (2), constipant (2,4), calmative (4), joint pain (39), respiratory (112) |
Fabaceae | Onobrychis transcaucasica Grossh. | Kaf korungası | Aerial parts | Diuretic (2) |
Fabaceae | Ononis spinosa L. | Kayışkıran | Root | Lithontriptic (1), diuretic (1,4), kidney stone, eczema (4), burns (56), headache (97) |
Fabaceae | **Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Fasulye | Fruit | Wound (28), anti-diabetic (30) |
Fabaceae | **Robinia pseudoacacia L. | Yalancı akasya | Flower | Antidiarrhoeal (1), sedative (1,4), constipant (4,50), asthma (56), |
Fabaceae | Securigera orientalis (Mill.) Lassen | Ala körigen | Leaf | Nephralgia (2) |
Fabaceae | Spartium junceum L. | Katırtırnağı | Flower, seed | Anesthetic (1), diuretic (1,4,90) |
Fabaceae | Trifolium arvense L. | Tavşanayağı | Aerial parts | Constipation (4) |
Fabaceae | Trifolium campestre Schreb. | Üçgül | Leaf | Swelling (33) |
Fabaceae | Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense | Çayır üçgülü | Leaf | Vulnerary (2), expectorant, antiseptic, calmative (4) |
Fabaceae | Trifolium repens L. var. repens | Ak üçgül | Aerial parts | Tonic, antirheumatic (2,74), tonic, rheumatism pain (4) |
Fabaceae | Trifolium repens L. var. giganteum Lag.-Foss. | Ak üçgül | Aerial parts | Stomachic (2) |
Fabaceae | **Ulex europaeus L. | Dikenli Katırtırnağı | Aerial parts | Diuretic (4) |
Fabaceae | Vicia cracca L. subsp. cracca | Kuş fiği | Seed | Stomach ache, headache (2) |
Fabaceae | Vicia sativa L. | Fiğ | Aerial parts | Diuretic, urinary diseases, aphrodisiac, tonic (91) |
Fagaceae | Castanea sativa Miller | Anadolu kestanesi | Leaf, bark, shoot | Antidiarrhoeal (1), hypotensive (4,45), constipant (4,90), skin rubbing, bee culture, hair dye, chlorothiazide (45) |
Fagaceae | Fagus orientalis Lipsky | Doğu kayını | Cortex | Constipant, antipyretic (4), analgesic (49), stomachache, intestinal worm (50) |
Fagaceae | Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. | Meşe | Fruit | Wound, inflammation (55), haemostatic (79) |
Gentianaceae | Centaurium erythraea Rafn. | Kırmızı kantaron | Flower | Digestive, appetizer, antipyretic (4), analgesic (49), haemorrhoids (50), stomachache (56,72), waist pain (72), influenza (79) |
Gentianaceae | Cenataurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce | Pembe tukul | Flower | Diarrhoea (42) |
Gentianaceae | Gentiana asclepiadea L. | Sütlü güşad | Aerial parts | Appetizer, antipyretic (4), orexigenic (4,104) |
Geraniaceae | Geranium robertianum L. | Dağ itırı | Leaf and root | Constipant, blood coagulant, tonic, stomachic, diabetes (4) |
Geraniaceae | Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl | Solucanotu | Flower | Against intestinal parasite (4) |
Geraniaceae | Geranium sanguineum L. | Ece itırı | Aerial parts | Constipant, blood coagulant (4) |
Grossulariaceae | Ribes alpinum L. | Çalıçileği | Fruit | Diuretic, diaphoretic, antifebrile (45) |
Grossulariaceae | Ribes orientale Desf. | Çeçem | Fruit | Diuretic, diaphoretic, constipation, rheumatism (91) |
Grossulariaceae | Ribes uva-crispa L. | Bektaşi üzümü | Fruit | Laxative, diuretic, stomachic, appetizer (4) |
Hypericaceae | Hypericum calycinum L. | Koyunkıran | Aerial parts | Antispas-modic, laxative, anthelmintic, antiseptic (90) |
Hypericaceae | Hypericum lydium Boiss. | Cayesancıyan | Aerial parts | Menstrual disorders, stomachic (2) |
Hypericaceae | Hypericum montbretii Spach | Çay kantaronu | Aerial parts | Kidney stones, ulcer, antihaemorrhoidal (2), stomachache (2,47) |
Hypericaceae | Hypericum orientale L. | Sandık çiçeği | Flower | Sedative (66) |
Hypericaceae | Hypericum perforatum L. | Binbirdelik, kantaron | Aerial parts | Antiseptic (1,4), antidiarrhoeal, sedative, antihelminthic (1), stomach pains (2,30), neoplastic disease (35), diabetes (47), digestive (112), cancer (124) |
Iridaceae | Iris caucasica Hoffm. subsp. turcica B. Mathew | Türk navruzu | Whole plant | Cold (2) |
Iridaceae | Iris pseudocorus L. | Bataksüseni | Seed, rhizome | Carminative, antidiarrhoeal (1), stomachic (1,4), diuretic, emetic, constipant (4), tooth-ache, menstrual regulator (74) |
Iridaceae | Iris sari Schott ex Baker | Ana kurtkulağı | Whole plant | Cold (2) |
Juglandaceae | Juglans regia L. | Ceviz | Leaf, fruit | Anti-diabetic (1,6,30,80), eczema (2,30), antiseptic (4), appetizer (4,30), goiter (43), cholesterol (102) |
Juncaceae | Juncus effusus L. subsp. effusus | Has kofa | Root | Urinary diseases (99) |
Lamiaceae | Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. | Acıgıcı | Aerial parts | Tonic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, antihaemorrhoidal, diuretic, tonic, vulnerary (2), painkiller (72) |
Lamiaceae | Ajuga orientalis L. | Dağ mayasılı | Aerial parts | Skin diseases (105) |
Lamiaceae | Ballota nigra L. | Yalancı isırgan | Aerial parts | Jaundice (2), diuretic, digestive, against intestinal parasites, expectorant (4) |
Lamiaceae | Calamintha nepeta (L.) Kuntze subsp. glandulosum (Req.) Govaerts | Sümüklü fesleğen | Root, aerial parts | Snakebites (56,82), insect bites, appetizer (76) |
Lamiaceae | Clinopodium vulgare L. | Yabani fesleğen | Leaf | Hypertension (110) |
Lamiaceae | Glechoma hederacea L. | Yernanesi | Leaf | Wound, tonic (4), blood cleanser, diuretic, anti-inflammatory (74) |
Lamiaceae | Hyssopus officinalis L. | Zufaotu | Aerial parts | Purgative (2), stomachic, stimulant, carminative (4) |
Lamiaceae | Lamium album L. | Balıcak | Aerial parts | Constipant (4), rheumatism, arthritis (48) |
Lamiaceae | Lamium garganicum L. | Bol balıcak | Aerial parts | Laxative, emmenagogue, menstrual regulator (30) |
Lamiaceae | Lamium purpureum L. var. purpureum | Ballıbaba | Aerial parts | Constipant, tonic (45), cholesterol (50) |
Lamiaceae | Lycopus europaeus L. | Kurtayağı | Whole plant | Constipant, antipyretic, blood coagulant (4), thyroid (90) |
Lamiaceae | Marrubium astracanicum Jacq. subsp. astracanicum | Mor yayotu | Aerial parts | Colds, antipyretic (2) |
Lamiaceae | Mentha aquatica L. | Su nanesi | Aerial parts | Stomachic, gastritis (50) |
Lamiaceae | Mentha longifolia (L.) L. | Pünk | Aerial parts | Colds, cough, catarrh, stomachic (2), flu (2,30), nausea, colic spasm, colds, antitussive (30) |
Lamiaceae | Mentha pulegium L. | Yarpuz | Aerial parts | Vulnerary, gall bladder (2), cystitis, muscle joint pains, colic spasms (30), asthma (51), stomachache (72,124), qualm (124) |
Lamiaceae | ***Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietsw. | Zemul | Aerial parts | Abdominal pain (2) |
Lamiaceae | Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile (K.Koch.) Ietsw. | Karakınık | Flower | Vulnerary, stomach pains, hypertension, epilepsy, headache, asthma (2), digestive (31) |
Lamiaceae | Prunella vulgaris L. | Gelinciklemeotu | Whole plant | Expectorate, diuretic, diaphoretic, eye diseases (4), wound (42), abdominal pain (65) |
Lamiaceae | Salvia divaricata Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. | Saplı şalba | Leaf | Constipation, stomachic, calmatine (92) |
Lamiaceae | Salvia forskahlei L. | Dolma yaprağı | Leaf | Influenza (38), constipant, stomach, calmative (123) |
Lamiaceae | Salvia glutinosa L. | Oklu şalba | Leaf | Wound (50,75), antimicrobial, immunostimulant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, vermifuge, cicatrising, mouth disease (75) |
Lamiaceae | Salvia multicaulis Vahl | Adaçayı | Leaf | Wound (90) |
Lamiaceae | Salvia nemorosa Vahl. | Gehareş | Aerial parts | Hemostatic, cold, catarrh (2) |
Lamiaceae | Salvia sclarea L. | Paskulak | Leaf | Colds (2), stomachic, constipant (4), treatment of sunstroke (28), sore throat (72) |
Lamiaceae | Salvia verticillata L. | Dadırak | Aerial parts | Catarrah, laxative, nausea (2), colds (2,105), stomachache (105) |
Lamiaceae | Salvia virgata Jacq. | Fatmanaotu | Aerial parts | Wound (4,27), haemorrhoids (66) |
Lamiaceae | Salvia viridis L. | Zarif şalba | Aerial parts | Stomachic, constipant (4) |
Lamiaceae | Satureja hortensis L. | Çibriska | Aerial parts | Immunostimulant (2) |
Lamiaceae | Satureja spicigera (K.Koch.) Boiss. | Çorba kekiği | Aerial parts | Antihypertensive, abdominal pains (6), inflammation (89), diabetes (110) |
Lamiaceae | Scutellaria orientalis L. | Sarı kaside | Aerial parts | Blood coagulant, wound, tonic (4) |
Lamiaceae | Stachys annua (L.) L. subsp. annua | Hacıosmanotu | Aerial parts | Colds, antipyretic (2) |
Lamiaceae | Stachys byzantina K.Koch | Boz karabaş | Aerial parts | Common cold (105) |
Lamiaceae | Stachys iberica M. Bieb. subsp. stenostacya(Boiss.) Rech.f | Benli deliçay | Aerial parts | Colds, antipyretic, stomach ache (2) |
Lamiaceae | Stachys macrantha (K.Koch) Stearn | Koca soğulcan | Aerial parts | Stomachic (50) |
Lamiaceae | Teucrium chamaedrys L. | Kısamahmut | Aerial parts | Toothache, (2), stomachache (2,6, 43,124), intestine pain, jaundice (29), anti-diabetic (30), abdominal pain, haemorrhoids (124) |
Lamiaceae | Teucrium polium L. subsp. polium | Acıyavşan | Aerial parts | Diabetes (2,6), kidney, stomachache, inflammation (6), appetizer (30), headache, cold (43), abortion, gynaecological, carminative, toothache (93), wound (117) |
Lamiaceae | Thymus nummularius M.Bieb. | Limon kekiği | Laef, flower | Stomach diseases, bronchial, antitussive (45) |
Lamiaceae | Thymus praecox Opiz. subsp. grossheimii (Ronniger) Jalas var. grossheimii | Yayla kekiği | Aerial parts | Hypertension, enteralgia, anti-inflammatory, cancer, vermifuge, colds (2) |
Lamiaceae | Thymus sipyleus Boiss. | Sipil kekiği | Aerial parts | Diabetes, colds, abdominal ailments (2), stomachache (66) |
Lamiaceae | Vitex agnus-castusL. | Hayıt | Seed, flower, fruit | Carminative (1), sedative, diuretic (1,4), abdominal pains (22), arteriosclerosis, depilatory (30), headache (97) |
Lamiaceae | Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. | Dağ reyhanı | Aerial parts | Stomach ache, carminative, orexigenic, colds (2) |
Lauraceae | Laurus nobilis L. | Defne | Leaf | Diaphoretic (4), analgesic, anti-diabetic, haemorrhoids, itching (30), appetizer (31), dyspnoea (45), sweaty, enteritis, antiseptic (123) |
Lentibulariaceae | Pinguicula balcanica Casper | Deliyağotu | Whole plant | Calmative, laxative, emetic (4) |
Liliaceae | Lilium monadelphum M.Bieb. | Beyzambağı | Bulb | Sedative, expectorant, menstrual regulator (83) |
Lycopodiaceae | Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. Ex Schrank & Mart. | Dik kibritotu | Aerial parts | Diuretic, calmative, rheumatism pain (91) |
Lycopodiaceae | Lycopodium clavatum L. | Göbektozu | Spore | Diuretic, sedative, rheumatism pain (4), dermatologic (50) |
Lythraceae | Lythrum salicaria L. | Hevhulma | Leaf | Constipant, haemorrhoids, eczema, blood coagulant (4) |
Lythraceae | **Punica granatum L. | Nar | Flower, fruit | Antidiabetic, hypotensive, colds, flu (30), cardiovascular diseases, constipant (45), anti-diarrhoeal (87) |
Malvaceae | Alcea hohenackeri (Boiss. & Huet) Boiss. | Hevur | Leaf, flower | Diuretic, kidney pain (64), gynaecological disease, wound (93) |
Malvaceae | Malva neglecta Wallr. | Çobançöreği | Whole plant | Asthma, abdominal, pain, ulcer, colds, stomachic, digestive, sore, constipant (2), throat ache (72) |
Malvaceae | Malva sylvestris L. | Ebegümeci | Whole plant | Gargle (1), sore throat, skin disorders, wound, maturation, abscess, abortive (2), colds, flu (30), cough (101) |
Malvaceae | Tilia platyphyllos Scop. subsp. platyphyllos | Yaz ihlamuru | Leaf, flower | Malaria, sweaty, calmatine, colds (22,45,47), hypnotic (45,62), throat ache (72), sedative (79) |
Malvaceae | Tilia rubra DC. subsp. caucasica (Rupr.) V. Engl. | Kafkas ihlamuru | Leaf, flower | Diuretic, diaphoretic, cough, asthma (50), common cold (62,107), tachycardia, liver disease, sedative, digestive (71), sore throat (73) |
Melanthiaceae | Veratrum album L. | Dokuztepeli | Rhizome | Diarrhoea, scabies, cold (4), laxative, skin diseases (91), epilepsy, blood pressure (98) |
Moraceae | Ficus carica L. subsp. carica | İncir | Stem, fruit, latex | Ulcer, inflamed wound (2), laxative (4,30), warts (26,30,67), analgesic (30), cough, cold (31), anaemia (95) |
Moraceae | **Morus alba L. | Akdut | Leaf | Diuretic, anti-inflammatory (1), stomachic, gastritis, ulcer (2), anthelmintic (30), aphthae (56) |
Moraceae | **Morus nigra L. | Karadut | Leaf, stem and fruit | Gargle (1), oral wound (2), diabetes (6,12,56), odour (30), gingival disease (124) |
Moraceae | **Morus rubra L. | Mordut | Fruit | Anthelmintic, diuretic, anti-edemic (30), aphtha, mouth wound, throat disorder (90) |
Nitrariaceae | Peganum harmala L. | Üzerlik | Root, seed | Anti-rheumatic, anti-hemorrhoidal (2,26), rheumatic pain (62), neuroexcitatory, expectorant, stomachache (71), toothache, gynaecological infections, menstruation (93) |
Oleaceae | Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. subsp. oxycarpa (Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso | Anadolu dişbudağı | Leaf, fruit | Hepatitis (7) |
Oleaceae | Fraxinus excelsior L. | Dişbudak | Leaf, bark | Diuretic, laxative, constipant, antipyretic (4) |
Oleaceae | Ligustrum vulgare L. | Kurtbağrı | Leaf, fruit | Constipant, wound, laxative (4) |
Oleaceae | Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea | Zeytin | Leaf, fruit, bark | Diabetes (107), lowering cholesterol (30), bronchitis, toothache (33) |
Oleaceae | Phillyrea latifolia L. | Akçakesme | Leaf | Diuretic, menstrual (4) |
Onagraceae | Epilobium angustifolium L. | Yakıotu | Whole plants | Constipation (4), prostate, gastrointestinal, menstrual disorders, analgesic, anti-inflammatory (58) |
Orchidaceae | Orchis spp ., Ophyrys spp ., Dactylorhiza spp ., Spiranthes spp. | Salep, orkide | Tuber | Aphrodisiac, antidiarrhoeal (1,4,91), warts (56), tonic (91) |
Orobanchaceae | Euphrasia pectinata Ten. | Gözotu | Aerial parts | Wound (4) |
Orobanchaceae | Lathraea squamaria L. | Gizliot | Whole plant | Sedative, calmative (4) |
Osmundaceae | Osmunda regalis L. | Kıral eğreltisi | Rhizome | Diuretic, constipant (4) |
Oxalidaceae | Oxalis acetoslla L. | Ekşiyonca | Aerial parts | Diuretic (4), wounding closure (89) |
Oxalidaceae | Oxalis corniculata L. | Sarıekşiyonca | Aerial parts | Constipant (50) |
Paeoniaceae | Paeonia arietina G. Anderson | Şakayık | Root | Sedative, antidiarrhoeal (1), diabetes (2) |
Papaveraceae | Chelidonium majus L. | Kırlangıçotu | Aerial parts | Diuretic, laxative, sedative (1), eczema, acne (50), warts (50,86), hepatitis (87) |
Papaveraceae | Fumaria asepala Boiss. | Akşahtere | Aerial parts | Abdominal pain, headache, itching antiseptic (2) |
Papaveraceae | Glaucium flavum Crantz | Gündürmelâlesi | Leaf, seed | Sedative, cough, drug (4) |
Papaveraceae | ***Papaver lateritium K.Koch subsp. lateritium | Potot | Flower | Calmative, antitussive, bronchial, hypnotic (123) |
Papaveraceae | Papaver macrostomum Boiss. & A. Huet | Minimitçe | Flower | Cough (2) |
Papaveraceae | Papaver rhoeas L. | Gelincik | Flower, root | Sedative, (1,2), antitussive (1,43), anti-pyretic (30), antihelmintic (43), haemorrhoids (56) |
Phytolaccaceae | **Phytolacca americana L. | Şekerciboyası | Root, fruit | Stomachic, laxative, constipant (4) |
Pinaceae | Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach subsp. nordmanniana | Doğu karadeniz Göknarı | Tar, leaf | Vulnerary (2,91), antiseptic, expectorant, constipation (91) |
Pinaceae | Picea orientalis (L.) Peterm. | Doğu ladini | Resin, leaf | Lung tuberculosis, pneumonia, eczema (7), skin diseases, diabetes, gastric ulcer, intestinal, disorder, kindling (45), bronchitis, wound (109) |
Pinaceae | Pinus sylvestris L. | Sarıçam | Shoot, tar | Vulnerary, snake bites, panacea, tuberculosis (2), expectorant (4,91), antitussive, pertussis (30), calmative, antiseptic (91) |
Pinaceae | Pinus pinea L. | Fıstık çamı | Seed, gum | Nervine (1), tonic (4,106), wound (26), semen enhancer (30) |
Plantaginaceae | Digitalis ferruginea L. subsp. schischkinii (Ivanina) Werner | Ayımısırı | Leaf | Urinary system (50), wounding closure (89) |
Plantaginaceae | **Digitalis lamarckii Ivanina | Yüksükotu | Aerial parts | Diuretic, cardiotonic (81) |
Plantaginaceae | Plantago lanceolata L. | Damarlıca | Aerial parts | Gynaecological diseases, stomachic, ulcer (2), wound, antiseptic, acne, mouth sores odour (30), appetizer, digestive (88) |
Plantaginaceae | Plantago major L. | Sinirotu | Aerial parts | Vulnerary, inflamed (2), abscess, wound (2,43,65,86), antiseptic, acne (30), rheumatism (43), stomachache, cough, acne (86) |
Plantaginaceae | Plantago maritima L. | Yılandili | Leaf | Cancerous uterus (2) |
Plantaginaceae | Plantago media L. | Şimşekyaprağı | Leaf | Astringent, anti-inflammatory (2), expectorant, antitussive, emollient, anti-inflammatory, astringent, antimicrobial, cicatrising (75) |
Plantaginaceae | Veronica beccabunga L. | Atteresi | Aerial parts | Constipation, antipyretic, stimuşant, tonic (4) |
Plantaginaceae | Veronica officinalis L. | Oropaçayı | Aerial parts | Diuretic, vulnerary (4) |
Plantaginaceae | Veronica orientalis Mill. | Gözmumcuğu | Aerial parts | Kidney stones, pulmonic disorders (2) |
Platanaceae | Platanus orientalis L. | Çınar | Leaf, fruit, bark | Constipant (4), antipyretic (4,67), oedema (26), wound (27), diuretic (43), mouthwash (52), diabetes (56), rheumatic pain (96) |
Poaceae | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Köpekdişi | Aerial parts, rhizome | Rheumatism pains, calcification, invigorating, anticancer, antipyretic (30), diuretic (31), kidney stone, prostate cancer, rheumatism (99) |
Poaceae | Hordeum vulgare L. | Arpa | Fruit | Antirheumatic, diuretic, against itching (2), maturation abscess (2,28) |
Poaceae | Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. | Kamış | Rhizome | Diuretic, diaphoretic, antiseptic, gout, rheumatism (4) |
Poaceae | Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. var. halepense | Ekin süpürgesi | Aerial parts, rhizome | Cystitis, colic spasms (30), diuretic (43) |
Poaceae | **Triticum aestivum L. | Ekmeklik buğday | Shoot | Cancer (6) |
Poaceae | **Zea mays L. subsp. mays | Mısır | Kernel and fiber | Urinary system, kidney stones, blood pressure, prostate cancer (6), pyelonephritis (7), diuretic (30,43,87), gonorrhoea (45) |
Polygonaceae | Polygonum alpinum All. | Elayaz | Aerial parts | Rheumatic pain (48) |
Polygonaceae | Polygonum aviculare L. | Köyotu | Leaf, stem, flower | Anemia, cough (2), kidney stones, prostate disorders (30) |
Polygonaceae | Polygonium amphibium L. | Yerdeğiştiren | Aerial parts | Cold, flu (6) |
Polygonaceae | Polygonum bistorta L. subsp. carneum (Koch) Coode & Cullen. | Madımak | Root | Antidiarrhoeal, antiseptic, diuretic, mouth ulcers, antifibrinolytic (1), sore throat, expectorant (2), gingival disease (4) |
Polygonaceae | Polygonum hydropiper L. | Su biberi | Aerial parts | Astringent, cicatrising; gastric, pulmonary, uterine haemorrhages (75) |
Polygonaceae | Polygonum persicaria L. | Söğütotu | Aerial parts | Hemorrhoids, gingival disease (50), astringent, diuretic, antibacterial, cicatrising, metrorrhagia, leucorrhoea, wound (75) |
Polygonaceae | Rumex acetosella L. | Kuzukulağı | Whole plant | Anti-inflammatory, cholagogue/vesicant (1), diuretic (1,4), abscess, stomachic (2), sinusitis (50) |
Polygonaceae | Rumex alpinus L. | Şortah | Leaf | Hemorrhoids, against the skin redness (45) |
Polygonaceae | Rumex crispus L. | Labada | Leaf, fruit | Cough, colds, asthma, antihaemorrhoidal, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, goiter (2) |
Polygonaceae | Rumex scutatus L. | Ekşikulak | Root, leaf | Diuretic, antipyretic, orexigenic (2) |
Polygonaceae | Rumex tuberosus L. subsp. horizontalis (K.Koch.) Rec.f. | Kömeturşusu | Root, leaf | Antipyretic, orexigenic (2), diuretic (2,55,81), antihypertensive (55), wound healing (65), bile expectorant (81) |
Polypodiaceae | Polypodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare | Benli eğrelti | Root | Laxative, expectorant (4) |
Portulacaceae | Portulaca oleracea L. | Semizotu | Aerial parts, seed | Orexigenic, antihelmintic, diuretic (2), anaphrodisiac (30), anaemia (95) |
Primulaceae | Anagallis arvensis L. | Farekulağı | Aerial parts | Eye infections, crusty eye (30) |
Primulaceae | Androsace villosa L. | Catili | Aerial parts | Abdominal pain (2) |
Primulaceae | Cyclamen coum Lam. | Yersomunu | Tuber | Laxative, stimulant (1), emetic (1,4), sunburn, gout (54) |
Primulaceae | Lysimachia vulgaris L. | Kargaotu | Whole plant | Expectorant, antipyretic, wound (4) |
Primulaceae | Primula acaulis (L.) L. | Çuhaçiçeği | Root, aerial parts | Mucolytic, sedative (1), diuretic (1,50), expectorant (2), cough (50), headache (97) |
Primulaceae | Primula algida Adams | Dağtutyası | Aerial parts | Eye diseases, pulmonary disorders (2) |
Primulaceae | Primula auriculata Lam. | Felçotu | Aerial parts | Stomachic (2), flu (28) |
Primulaceae | Primula elatior (L.) L. | Yaylatutyası | Root, flower | Expectorate, diuretic, diaphoretic, eye diseases (4) |
Primulaceae | Primula veris L. | Tutya | Root, flower | Expectorate, diuretic, diaphoretic, eye diseases (4) |
Pteridaceae | Adianthum capillus-veneris L. | Baldırıkara | Aerial parts | Kidney stones, tonic, intestinal disorders, orexigenic (2), expectorant (4), diuretic (41,103), menstrual cramps, abdominal pain (78) |
Ranunculaceae | Aconitum orientale Mill. | Kurtboğan | Aerial parts | Analgesic (91) |
Ranunculaceae | Actaea spicata L. | Domuzüzümü | Leaf | Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antiparasitic; cutaneous disorders, scab (75) |
Ranunculaceae | Anemone blanda Schott & Kotschy | Dağlalesi | Whole plant | Rheumatic pain, toothache, diuretic, expectorant (4,121) |
Ranunculaceae | Anemone narcissiflora L. subsp. narcissiflora | Dağ lalesi | Aerial parts | Rheumatism (85) |
Ranunculaceae | Aquilegia olympica Boiss. | Haseki küpesi | Aerial parts | Diuretic (2,4,91), diaphoretic, xonstipation (4) |
Ranunculaceae | Caltha palustris L. | Lilpar | Petiole | Internal medicine (2), calmative (4), haemorrhoids, lung disease (64), diuretic, laxative, sedative, renal disorders (75) |
Ranunculaceae | Clematis vitalba L. | Akasma | Leaf, peeled bark | Rheumatism (4,96), toothache, (56) |
Ranunculaceae | Helleborus orientalis Lam. | Çöpleme | Rhizome | Sunstroke in veterinary medicine (41), toothache (42), ecchymosis, whitlow (56), antibiotic (89) |
Ranunculaceae | Nigella segetalis M.Bieb. | Kara çörekotu | Seed | Diabetes, ulcer (2) |
Ranunculaceae | Pulsatilla violacea Rupr. | Rüzgar gülü | Base leaf | Headache, sinusitis (64) |
Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus arvensis L. | Mustafaçiçeği | Whole plant | Swollen wound, antirheumatic (2) |
Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus caucasicus M.Bieb. subsp. subleiocarpus (Sommier & Levier) P.H.Davis | Sarı yaraotu | Whole plant | Swollen wound, antirheumatic (2) |
Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus costantinopolitanus (DC.) d’Urv. | Kağıthane çiçeği | Leaf | Rheumatism (14,81) |
Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus kotschyi Boiss. | Giritlâlesi | Leaf | Rheumatism (65) |
Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus ficaria L. subsp. bulbifera | Buğdaycık | Whole plant | Antihaemorrhoidal (1,30), constipant, wound, haemorrhoids (4,73), eczema (73) |
Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus repens L. | Tiktakdana | Aerial parts | Antirheumatic, oedema (2) |
Ranunculaceae | Thalictrum minus L. var. minus | Çayır Sedefi | Aerial parts | Eye diseases, diuretic, abscess (2) |
Resedaceae | Reseda lutea L. var. lutea | Muhabbet Çiçeği | Root | Stomach disorders (2), diuretic, laxative (4), psoriasis, skin diseases (68) |
Rhamnaceae | ***Frangula dodonei Ard. subsp. pontica (Boiss.) Soldano | Has barutağacı | Bark | Antirheumatic (2), laxative, stomachic (4) |
Rhamnaceae | Paliurus spina-christi P. Mill. | Karaçalı | Leaf, fruit | Antidiarrhoeal, lithontriptic (1), diuretic (1,2,4), wound, furuncle (26), stomachache (94) |
Rhamnaceae | Rhamnus alaternus L. | Geyikdikeni | Aerial parts | Nervous system disorders, hypoglycemic, cholesterol, dermatological problems, cancer, headache, liver diseases (117) |
Rhamnaceae | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. | Hünnap | Aerial parts, bark | Antidiarrhoeal (1), stomachic (1,4), diabetes, constipant (4), laxative (4,124), diuretic, diarrhoea (124) |
Rosaceae | Agrimonia eupatoria L. | Fıtıkotu | Root, aerial parts | Constipant, diuretic, hernia (2), respiratory diseases (63), emollient, expectorant (77) |
Rosaceae | Alchemilla pseudocartalinica Juz. | Kartal penşesi | Leaf | Anthelmintic, expectorant (2), diuretic (2,4), constipant (4), against breast, uterus, adenoid cancers (71) |
Rosaceae | Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill. | Mahlep | Seed | Diabetic, kidney stones (2), prostate cancer (2,123), expectorant, diuretic, asthma (2,4), aphrodisiac (2,4,123), tonic, dyspnea (123) |
Rosaceae | Cotoneaster integerrimus L. | Garagat | Bark | Jaundice, cough (2) |
Rosaceae | Cotoneaster nummularius Fisch. & C.A. Mey. | Dağ muşmulası | Fruit | Orexigenic, stomachic, expectorant (2) |
Rosaceae | Crataegus microphylla K. Koch | Kocakarı armudu | Fruit, leaf | Diabetes, cold (89) |
Rosaceae | Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | Yemişen | Leaf, flower | Hypotensive, antidiarrhoeal (1), diuretic (1,71), sedative (1,2,4,71), antispasmodic (2), palpitation (30), antihypertensive, toothache (36) |
Rosaceae | Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex M. Bieb. subsp. orientalis | Alıç | Fruit, root | Tonic, cardiotonic, oedema, antihypertensive, antirheumatic (2), stomach disorders (28) |
Rosaceae | **Cydonia oblonga Mill. | Ayva | Seed, leaf | Gargle (1), antidiarrhoeal (1,28,29), constipant (4), cough, haemorrhoids, influenza (56) |
Rosaceae | **Eriobotrya japonica L. | Yeni dünya | Leaf, flower | Antitussive (30), rheumatism (80) |
Rosaceae | Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. subsp. ulmaria | Çayırkraliçesi | Aerial parts | Diuretic, diaphoretic, constipation (4) |
Rosaceae | Filipendula vulgaris Moench | Çayırmelikesi | Aerial parts | Diaphoretic, constipation (4), diuretic (4,75), antitussive, astringent, antiseptic, asthma, oedema, diarrhoea, haemorrhoids (75) |
Rosaceae | Fragaria vesca L. | Dağ çileği | Root, aerial parts | Constipant, appetizing, diuretic (4), urinary and cardiovascular systems (63), anaemia (95) |
Rosaceae | Geum urbanum L. | Meryemotu | Root | Antidiarrhoeal, nervine, stomachic (1), cardiovascular system disorder (63) |
Rosaceae | Laurocerasus officinalis M.Roem. | Karayemiş | Leaf, fruit | Cough, abdominal pain (4), headache, hypertension (6), metabolic disease (35), expectorant, food, diabetes, ingrown, antitussive (45), anaemia (95) |
Rosaceae | Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. subsp. orientalis (Uglitzk.) Browicz var. orientalis | Acı Elma | Fruit | Colds (2), diabetes (2,29), earache (29), panacea (110) |
Rosaceae | Mespilus germanica L. | Muşmula | Fruit, leaf | Antidiarrhoeal (1), abdominal pain (9), diarrhoea (38,73,114), asthma (47), gastric (73), diuretic, kidney stone, bladder stone, anti-hemorrhages (114) |
Rosaceae | Potentilla reptans L. | Reşatınotu | Aerial parts | Constipant, tonic (2), antipyretic (2,4), haemorrhoids (4), cardiovascular disorder (63) |
Rosaceae | Prunus avium L. | Kiraz | Flower, fruit, bark | Antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, laxative (1), expectorant, anti-edemic (30), diuretic (30,43) |
Rosaceae | Prunus x domestica L. | Erik | Fruit | Laxative (1,4) |
Rosaceae | Prunus spinosa L. | Çakal eriği | Leaf, flower, fruit | Antidiarrhoeal, diuretic, antihelminthic (1), constipant (4), diabetes (42,56), asthma (56), pleurisy (77), anaemia (95) |
Rosaceae | Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. | Ateşdikeni | Fruit | Cardiotonic (4) |
Rosaceae | Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall. | Ahlat | Fruit | Diuretic (2), diarrhoea (28,102), diabetes, goitre (73), |
Rosaceae | Rosa boissieri Crép. | Has gül | Root | Antiseptic (2) |
Rosaceae | Rosa canina L. | Kuşburnu | Fruit, root | Antidiarrhoeal (1), antidiabetes (1,2), bronchitis (29), flu, haemorrhoids (30), colds (30,65), kidney stones (43), tonic, constipation, glycemia (92) |
Rosaceae | Rosa pulverulanta M.Bieb. | Bodur gül | Fruit | Colds, cough (2) |
Rosaceae | Rosa spinosissima L. | Karakuşburnu | Fruit, root | Colds, stomach pain, cardiotonic, antiseptic (2), antihaemorrhoidal (2,70) |
Rosaceae | Rubus canescens DC. | Çobankösteği | Root | Diuretic, diabetes, hypertension (2), gonorrhoea, haemorrhoids (6), treat infertility (9), stomachic, cough (29), haematopoietic (35) |
Rosaceae | Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit. | Tüntürük | Root | Diabetes (2) |
Rosaceae | Rubus idaeus L. subsp. idaeus | Ahududu | Fruits, leaf | Antidiarrhoeal, antidiabetes (1), diuretic (1,4), sterility (2), constipant (4), haematinic (10) |
Rosaceae | Rubus sanctus Schreb. | Böğürtlen | Leaf, flower, fruit | Colds (2), haemorrhoids (30), ulcer (43), asthma, liver diseases, tooth disease, cancer (56) |
Rosaceae | Sanguisorba minor L. | Çayırdüğmesi | Whole plant | Constipant, orexigenic (2), diuretic, stomachic (2,4), appetiser (4), ulcer (6), goiter (43) |
Rosaceae | Sorbus aucuparia L. | Kuşüvezi | Aerial parts | Laxative (4,91), respiratory diseases (63), diarrhoea, cough (101) |
Rosaceae | Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz var. torminalis | Pitlicen | Leaf, fruit | Expectorant, bronchitis, asthma (43), cardiac diseases (43,63), coughs, diarrhoea, fever, diuretic, kidney stone, bronchitis, colic (114) |
Rubiaceae | Galium aparine L. | Çobansüzgeci | Aerial parts | Appetiser, diuretic (4), rheumatic pain (96) |
Rubiaceae | Galium verum L. | Boyalık | Flower | Treating burns, cancer (2), constipant, calmative (4) |
Rutaceae | **Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f | Limon | Fruit | Stomachache, colds, cough (8), hypertension, food, qualm (45) |
Rutaceae | **Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Portakal | Leaf | Palpitation (30) |
Rutaceae | Dictamnus albus L. | Gazelotu | Root | Invigorating, antidote, plague, induce childbirth, worms, colds (32), antifebrile, tonic (45) |
Salicaceae | Populus tremula L. | Titrek kavak | Leaf, bark | Diabetes, analgesic (56), constipation, antipyretic (91), nephritis (100) |
Salicaceae | Salix alba L. | Ak söğüt | Leaf, bark | Sedative, analgesic, nervine, antidiarrhoeal (1), tonic (2), rheumatism (2,4,43), antifebrile (45), toothache (65), headache (70), flu (78) |
Salicaceae | Salix caprea L. | Sorgun | Bark | Calmative, tonic, antipyretic, constipation, rheumatism (91) |
Salicaceae | Salix triandra L. subsp. triandra | Bağ söğüdü | Stem bark, leaf | Remove warts, antipyretic (28) |
Santalaceae | Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M. Bieb. | Ardıç güveleği | Whole plant | Hemorrhoids (28,56), coughs, internal diseases, haemorrhoids, common cold (56,84), abdominal pain, bronchitis (84,85) |
Santalaceae | Viscum album L. | Ökseotu | Fruits, leaf | Analgesic (1), diabetes (2,51), diuretic (4), diarrhoea (28), bronchitis (43), hypotensive (66) |
Saxifragaceae | Saxifraga paniculata Mill. subsp. paniculata | Nasırlı taşkıran | Aerial parts | Constipant, diuretic, kidney stone (4) |
Scrophulariaceae | **Budleja davidii Franch | Kelebek çalısı | Aerial parts | Cancer, snakebite, infections, haemorrhoids, cardiac disease, kidney disorders, sedative, digestive, arthritis, rheumatism, skin (122) |
Scrophulariaceae | Scrophularia nodosa L. | Tavuk sıracası | Aerial parts | Diuretic, wound, haemorrhoids, antidermatosic (4) |
Scrophulariaceae | Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss. | Bozkulak | Aerial parts | Women’ sterility, arthralgia (2) |
Scrophulariaceae | Verbascum speciosum Schrad. | Zelve | Leaf | Mycodermatitis (2), rheumatism (65) |
Simaroubaceae | **Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle | Kokarağaç | Leaf | Constipation, sedative, antipyretic, emetic (121) |
Smilacaceae | Smilax excelsa L. | Dikenucu | Fruit | Digestive (6), acne, anti-wrinkle, facial blemishes (30), neurologic (50), eczema (50,62), rheumatic pain (96) |
Solanaceae | Atropa belladonna L. | Güzelavratotu | Leaf | Analgesic, antispasmodic (1,4) |
Solanaceae | Datura stramonium L. | Boru çiçeği | Seed, leaf | Toothache, antipyretic, antirheumatic, sedative (2), asthma, wound (56) |
Solanaceae | Hyoscyamus niger L. | Banotu | Leaf | Analgesic (1), sedative (1,114), against itching in the eyes, stomatitis (2), toohache (2,72,114), earache, headache (72), antitumour, febrifuge, neuralgia, rheumatic pain (114) |
Solanaceae | Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. | Kumacıkotu | Root, seed | Toothache (2) |
Solanaceae | Physalis alkekengi L. | Güveyfeneri | Fruit | Diuretic, antipyretic, sedative (4) |
Solanaceae | Solanum americanum Mill. | İtüzümü | Fruit, leaf | Analgesic, antidermatosic (1), antihaemorrhoidal (1,4), skin diseases (6) |
Solanaceae | Solanum dulcamara L. | Sofur | Aerial parts | Burn (2), expectorant (2,4), diuretic, analgesic, diaphoretic, laxative (4) |
Solanaceae | **Solanum tuberosum L. | Patates | Tuber | Skin lenitive (31) |
Tamaricaceae | Myricaria germanica(L.) Desv. | Harbakotu | Leaf, bark | Diuretic, appetizer, constipation (4) |
Tamaricaceae | Tamarix tetrandra Pall. | Gezik | Leaf, bark | Appetiser, diuretic, constipant (4) |
Taxaceae | Taxus baccata L. | Adi porsuk | Leaf, arillus | Sedative, carminative (1,4), expectorant, digestive (4), calmative (91) |
Theaceae | **Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze | Çay | Leaf | Eye diseases (46), strengthen the immune system, equalize cholesterol, anti-aging (71), prophylaxis (86) |
Thymelaeaceae | Daphne mezereum L. | Kirkat | Bark | Laxative, diaphoretic, diuretic (1,4) |
Thymelaeaceae | Daphne oleoides Schreb. | Gövçek | Bark | Abortion, treat bones (2), wound (36) |
Thymelaeaceae | Daphne pontica L. | Sırımağu | Aerial parts | Diuretic, diaphoretic, purgative, abortive, expectorant (83) |
Ulmaceae | Ulmus glabra Huds. | Dağ karaağacı | Bark | Soften blood vessels (28) |
Ulmaceae | Ulmus minor Mill. | Ova karaağacı | Root, bark, leaf | Anti-inflammatory, wound, cough, asthma (2), diuretic, diaphoretic, constipation, diabetes (4), haemostatic, depurative (75) |
Urticaceae | Parietaria judaica L. | Duvarfesleğeni | Foliage | Mouth wound (26), hemostatic (30) |
Urticaceae | Urtica dioica L. | Isırgan | Leaf, seed | Diuretic (1), stomachic (1,10), anticancer (2,22), measles (10), rheumatism (10,70), anti-dandruff (30), anaemia (77), diabetes (102) |
Verbenaceae | Verbena officinalis L. var. officinalis | Mineçiçeği | Foliage, root | Constipation, antipyretic, stimulant, tonic (4), liver diseases, stomach pain, menstrual cramps (6), emmenagogue (30), toothache (33) |
Violaceae | Viola odorataL. | Kokulu menekşe | Foliage | Gargle (1), diaphoretic (1,4), intestine inflammation (6), antitussive (30,75), expectorant, emollient, laxative, diuretic (75) |
Violaceae | Viola sieheana W. Becker | Çayır menekşesi | Flower | Cold, flu, cough (100) |
Vitaceae | **Vitis vinifera L. | Asma | Fruit, leaf | Menstrual cramps (6), anaemia (6,8,68,103,110), blood pressure (110) |
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Terzioğlu, S., Coşkunçelebi, K. (2021). Medicinal Plants of Northeast Anatolia. In: Öztürk, M., Altay, V., Efe, R. (eds) Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59928-7_11
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