Abstract
The chapter discusses, at length, the taxonomy of cardamom, types, varieties, etc. It further discusses growth, flowering, and fruit set. Additionally, it discusses palynology and pollination biology, including physiology of cardamom and effect of growth regulators.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abheywickrama BA (1959) A provisional checklist of the flowering plants of Ceylon. Ceylon J Sci (Biol Sec) 2:119–240
Abraham P, Thulasidas G (1958) South Indian cardamom and their agricultural value. Indian Council of Agricultural Research Bulletin, vol 79. ICAR, New Delhi, pp 1–27
Anon (1958) South Indian cardamoms: their evolution and natural relationships Tech Bull 57. ICAR, New Delhi.
Anon (1986a) Annual report 1986. ICRI, Myladumpara, pp 51–53
Anon (1986b) Annual report. ICRI, Spices Board, India
Anon (1986c) Cardamom cultivation. Cardamom Board, Cochin, p 11
Anon (1987) Annual report. ICRI, Spices Board, India
Bajaj YPS, Furmanova M, Olszowska O (1988) Biotechnology of the micro-propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants, vol I. Springer, Berlin, pp 60–103
Bavappa, K.V.A., 1986. Research at CPCRI. Tech Bull, CPCRI, Kasaragod. p. 34
Belavadi VV, Parvathi C (1998) Estimation of honey bee colonies required for effective pollination in cardamom. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on diversity of social insects and other anthropods and the functioning ecosystems. III Congress of IUSSI, Mudigere, p 30
Belavadi VV, Chandrappa HM, Shadakshari YG, Parvathi C (1993) Isolation distance for seed gardens of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton). In: Veeresh GK, Umashanker R, Ganeshan KN (eds) Pollination in tropics, pp 241–243
Belavadi VV, Venkateshalu VV, Vivek HR (1997) Significance of style in cardamom corolla tubes for honeybee pollination. Curr Sci 73:287–290
Belavadi VV, Parvathi C, Raju B (1998) Optimal foraging by honey bees on cardamom. In Proceedings of XIII plantation crops symposium, December 16–18, Coimbatore, India (abstract)
Bernhard RA, Wijesekera ROB, Chichester CO (1971) Terpenoids of cardamom oil and their comparative distribution among varieties. Phytochemistry 10:177–184
Burtt BL (1980) Cardamom and other Zingiberaceae in Hortus Malabaricus. In: Manilal KS (ed) Botany and history of Hortus Malabaricus. Oxford/IBH, New Delhi, pp 139–148
Burtt BL, Smith RM (1983) Dassanayake, M.D. A revised hand book to the flora of Ceylon, vol IV. Amerind Pub, New Delhi
Chandran K, Raja P, Joseph D, Suryanarayana MC (1983) Studies on the role of honeybees in the pollination of cardamom. In: Proceedings of 2nd international conference on apiculture tropical climates, pp 497–504
Chandrappa HM, Shadakshari YG, Sudharsan MR, Raju B (1997) Preliminary yield trial of tissue cultured cardamom selections. In: Edison S, Ramana KV, Sasikumar B, Nirmal Babu K, Eapen SJ (eds) Biotechnology of spices, medicinal and aromatic plants. Indian Society of Spices, Calicut, pp 102–105
Chandrappa HM, Shadakshari YG, Dushyandhakumar BM, Edison S, Shivashankar KT (1998) Breeding studies in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton). In: Mathew NM, Jacob CK (eds) Developments in plantation crops research. Allied Pub., New Delhi, pp 20–27
Chaudhary R, Chandel KPS (1995) Studies on germination and cryopreservation of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.) seeds. Seed Sci Biotechnol 23:235–240
Dandin SB, Madhusoodanan KJ, George KV (1981) Cardamom descriptor. In: Proceedings of 1Vth symposium plantation crops (Placrosym–1V), CPCRI, Kasaragod, India, pp 401–406
Gaertner (1791) Quoted from Abheywickrama (1959)
Geetha SP, Manjula C, Sajina A (1995) In vitro conservation of genetic resources of spices. In: Proceedings of the Kerala Science Congress, Palakkad, pp 12–16
Geetha SP, Nirmal Babu K, Rema J, Ravindran PN, Peter KV (2000) Isolation of protoplasts from cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). J Spices Aroma Crops 9:23–30
George KV, Dandin SB, Madhusoodanan KJ, Koshy J (1981) Natural variations in the yield parameters of cardamom (Elettaria cardamocmum). In: Visveshwara S (ed) Proceedings of PLACROSYM 1981. ISPS, Kasaragod, pp 216–231
Gopal R, Chandraswamy DW, Nayar NK (1990) Correlation and path analysis in cardamom. Indian J Agric Sci 60:240–242
Gopal R, Chandraswamy DW, Nayar NK (1992) Genetic basis of yield and yield components in cardamom. J Plant Crop 20(Suppl):230–232
Holttum RE (1950) The zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Garden’s Bull Singapore 13:236–239
IISR (1996) Annual report for 1995–1996. Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, pp 66–67
IISR (NRCS) (1997–1998) Annual report (1997–1998). Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, India
Jackson BP, Snowdon DW (1990) Atlas of microscopy of medicinal plants. Culinary herbs and spices. Belhaven Press
Korikanthimath VS, Mulge R (1998) Assessment of elite cardamom lines for dry matter distribution and harvest index. J Med Aroma Plant 20:28–31
Korikanthimath VS, Rao GS (1993) Leaf area determination in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). J Plant Crop 11:151–153
Krishnamurthy K, Khan MM, Avadhani KK, Venkatesh J, Siddaramaiah AL, Chakravarthy AK, Gurumurthy SR (1989a) Three decades of cardamom research at regional research station, Mudigere (1958–1988). Technical Bulletin No. 2. Regional Research Station, Mudigere, Karnataka, India, p 94
Krishnamurthy K, Khan MM, Avadhani KK, Venkatesh J, Siddaramaiah AL, Chakravarthy AK, Gurumurthy BR (1989b) The decades of cardamom research at R. R. S. Mudigere. Technical Bulletin. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
Kulandaivelu G, Ravindran KC (1982) Physiological changes in cardamom genotypes exposed to warm climate. J Plant Crop 20(Suppl):294–296
Kumar KB, Kumar PP, Balachandran SM, Iyer RD (1985) Development of clonal plantlets in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). J Plant Crop 13:31–34
Kuruvilla KM, Madhusoodanan KJ (1988) Effective pollination for better fruit set in cardamom. Spice India 1(6):19–21
Kuruvilla KM, Sudharshan MR, Madhusoodanan KJ, Priyadarshan PM, Radhakrishnan VV, Naidu R (1992) Phenology of tiller and panicle in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.). J Plant Crop 20(Suppl):162–165
Kuttappa KM (1969) Capsule shedding in cardamom. Cardamom News 3(5):2–3
Lukose R, Saji KV, Venugopal MN, Korikanthimath VS (1993) Comparative field performance of micropropagated plants of cardamom. (Elettaria cardamomum). Indian J Agric Sci 63:417–418
Mabberley DJ (1987) The plant book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Madhusoodanan KJ, Radhakrishnan VV (1996) Cardamom breeding in Kerala. Breeding of crop plants in Kerala. University of Kerala, Trivandrum, pp 73–81
Madhusoodanan KJ, Sudharshan MR, Priyadarshan PM, Radhakrishnan VV (1990) Small cardamom: botany and crop improvement. In: Cardamom production technology. ICRI, Spices Board, India, pp 7–13
Madhusoodanan KJ, Kuruvilla KM, Potty SN (1998) Cardamom hybrids for higher yield and better quality capsule. Spice India 11(3):6–7
Madhusoodanan KJ, Radhakrishnan VV, Kuruvilla KM (1999) Genetic resources and diversity in cardamom. In: Sasikumar B, Krishnamoorthy B, Rema J, Ravindran PN, Peter KV (eds) Biodiversity, conservation, and utilization of spices, medicinal and aromatic plants. IISR, Calicut, pp 68–72
Mayne WW (1951) Report on cardamom cultivation in South India. ICAR Tech Bull 50. ICAR Publication, New Delhi, p 62
Melgode E (1938) Cardamom I Ceylon-Part 1. Trop Agric 91:325–328
Nadgauda R, Mascarenhas AF, Madhusoodanan KJ (1983) Clonal multiplication of cardamom (E. cardamomum Maton.) by tissue culture. J Plant Crop 11:60–64
Nair KC, Vijayan PK (1973) A study on the influences of plant hormones on the reproductive behaviour of cardamom. Agric Res J Kerala 11:85
Nirmal Babu K, Geetha SP, Manjula C, Ravindran PN, Peter KV (1994) Medium term conservation of cardamom germplasm: an in vitro approach. In: Proceedings of II Asia-Pacific conference on agricultural biotechnology, Madras, India, p 51. (abstract)
Nirmal Babu K, Ravindran PN, Peter KV (1997) Protocols for micropropagation of spices and aromatic crops. Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut
Owen TC (1901) Notes on cardamom cultivation
Padmini K, Venugopal MN, Korikanthimath VS (1999) Biodiversity and conservation of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.). In: Sasikumar B, Krishnamoorthy B, Rema J, Ravindran PN, Peter KV (eds) Biodiversity, conservation and utilization of spices, medicinal and aromatic plants. IISR, Calicut, pp 73–78
Padmini K, Venugopal MN, Korikanthimath VS, Anke Gowda SJ (2000) Studies on compound panicle type in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.). In: Rajkumar R (ed) Recent advances in plantation crops research. Allied Pub., New Delhi, pp 97–99
Panchaksharappa MG (1966) Embryological studies in some members of Zingiberaceae II. Eleattaria cardamomum, Hitchenia, Caulna and Zingiber macrostachyum. Phytomorphology 16:412–417
Parameshwar NS, Venugopal R (1974) Capsule setting studies in Elettaria cardamomum. Maton Curr Res 3(5):57–58
Parameswar NS (1973) Floral biology of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.). Mysore J Agric Sci 7:205–213
Parameswar NS (1977) Intergeneric hybridization between cardamom and related genera. Curr Sci 6:10
Parry JW (1969) Spices, vol II. Chemical Pub. Co., New York
Parvathi C, Shadakshari YG, Belavadi VV, Chandrappa HM (1993) Foraging behaviour of honeybees on cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.). In: Veeresh GK, Umashanker R, Ganesan KN (eds) Pollination in tropics. IUSSI, Bangalore, pp 99–103
Patel DV, Kuruvilla KM, Madhusoodanan KJ, Potty SN (1997) Regression analysis in small cardamom. In: Proceedings of symposium on tropical crop research and development, Trichur, India. (in press)
Patel DV, Kuruvilla KM, Madhusoodanan KJ (1998) Correlation studies in small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.). In: Mathew NM, Jacob CK (eds) Developments in plantation crops research. Allied Pub., New Delhi, pp 16–19
Pattanshetty HV, Prasad ABN (1976) Blossom biology, pollination and fruit set in cardamom. In: Chadha KL (ed) Proceedings of international symposium on subtropical and tropical horticulture, vol 1. Today and Tomorrow’s Publishers, New Delhi
Pillai PK, Santha Kumari S (1965) Studies on the effect of growth regulators on fruit setting in cardamom. Agric Res J Kerala 3:5–15
Pradip Kumar K, Mary Mathew K, Rao YS, Madhusoodanan KJ, Potty SN (1997) Rapid propagation of cardamom through in vitro techniques. In: Proceedings of 9th Kerala Science Congress Trivandrum, Kerala, India, p 185
Priyadarshan PM, Zachariah PK (1986) Studies on in vitro culture on cardamom (Elettaria cardamom Maton, Zingiberaceae): progress and limitations. In: Proceedings of international congress plant tissue and cell culture, Minnesota, USA, p 107. (abstract)
Priyadarshan PM, Kuruvilla KM, Madhusoodanan KJ (1988) Tissue culture technology: impacts and limitations. Spice India 1(6):31–35
Priyadarshan PM, Kuruvilla KM, Madhusodanan KJ, Naidu R (1992) Effect of various media protocols and genotype specificity on micropropagation of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.). In: Subba Rao NS, Rajagopalan C, Ramakrishna SV (eds) New trends in biotechnology. Oxford and IBH Publications, New Delhi, pp 109–117
Rajapakse LS (1979) G.L.C Study of the essential oil of wild cardamom oil of Sri Lanka. J Sci Food Agric 30:521–527
Ranjithakumari BD, Kuriachan PM, Madhusoodanan KJ, Naidu R (1993) Studies on light requirements of cardamom nursery. J Plant Crop 21(Suppl):360–362
Rao NSK, Narayana Swamy S, Chacko EK, Doreswamy ME (1982) Regeneration of plantlets from callus of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. Proc Indian Acad Sci 91(B):37–41
Ravindran PN, Rema J, Nirmal Babu K, Peter KV (1997) Tissue culture and in vitro conservation of spices: an overview. In: Edison S, Ramana KV, Sasikumar B, Nirmal Babu K, Eapen SJ (eds) Biotechnology of spices, medicinal and aromatic plants. Indian Society for Spices, Calicut, pp 1–12
Reghunath BR (1989) In vitro studies on the propagation of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton). Ph.D. thesis, Kerala Agric. University, Trichur, India
Reghunath BR, Bajaj YPS (1992) Micropropagation of cardamom. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry: high-tech and micropropagation III. Springer, Berlin, pp 175–198
Reghunath BR, Gopalakrishnan PK (1991) Successful exploitation of in vitro culture techniques for rapid clonal multiplication and crop improvement in cardamom. In: Proc Kerala Sci Cong Kozhikode, pp 70–71.
Ridley HN (1912) Spices. McMillan & Co. Ltd., London
Rijekbusch PAH, Allen DJ (1971) Cardamom in Tanzania. Acta Hortic 21:144–150
Rubido JF (1967) Prospects of cardamom growing Gautemala. Revista Cafeteria Gautemala 71:10–13
Sajina A, Minoo D, Geetha SP, Samsudheen K, Rema J, Nirmal Babu K et al (1997) Production of synthetic seeds in a few spices crops. In: Edison S, Ramana KV, Sasikumar B, Nirmal Babu K, Eapen SJ (eds) Biotechnology of spices, medicinal and aromatic plants. Indian Society of Spices, Calicut, pp 65–69
Sakai S, Nagamasu H (2000) Systematic studies of Bornean Zingiberaceae. II. Elettaria of Sarawak. Edinb J Bot 57:227–243
Sastri BN (1952) The wealth of India: raw materials, (D-E), 150–160
Siddagangaih, Krishnakumar V, Naidu R (1993) Effect of chloremquat, daminozide, ethephon and maleic hydrazide on certain vegetative characters of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.) seedlings. Spices Aroma Crops 2:53–59
Stone GN, Willmer PG (1989) Pollination of cardamom in Papua New Guinea. J Agric Res 28(4):228
Sudarshan MR, Kuruvilla KM, Madhusoodanan KJ (1988) Productivity phenomenon in cardamom and its importance in plantation management. Spice India 1(6):14–21
Sudarshan MR, Kuruvilla KM, Madhusoodanan KJ (1991) AS key to the identification of types in cardamom. J Plant Crop 18:52–55
Sudarshan MR, Bhatt SS, Narayanaswamy M (1997) Variability in the tissue cultured cardamom plants. In: Edison S, Ramana KV, Sasikumar B, Nirmal Babu K, Eapen SJ (eds) Biotechnology of spices, medicinal and aromatic plants. Indian Society for Spices, Calicut, pp 98–101
Trease GE, Evans WC (1983) Pharmacognosy, 12th edn. Baillere Tindall, London
Vasanthakumar K, Mohanakumaran N (1998) Synthesis and translocation of photosynthates in cardamom. J Plant Crop 17:96–100
Vasanthakumar K, Mohanakumaran N, Narayanan CS (1989) Quality evaluation of three selected cardamom genotypes at different seed maturity stages. Spice India 2:25
Vatsya B, Duiesh K, Kundapurkar AR, Bhaskaran S (1987) Large scale plant formation of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) by shoot tip cultures. Plant Physiol Biochem 14:14–19
Wallis TE (1967) Textbook of pharmacognosy, 4th edn. J&A Churchill, London
Willis JC (1967) A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, 7th edn. Cambridge University Press
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nair, K.P. (2020). Cardamom Botany. In: The Geography of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum M.) . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54474-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54474-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-54473-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-54474-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)