Abstract
The ice content of permafrost soils has a large impact on processes that occur when permafrost thaws; exposed ground ice is the primary cause of destructive abrupt thaw processes. This chapter presents the origin of common forms of ground ice: segregation ice, ice wedges and larger ground ice bodies. The presence of ground ice is expressed at the surface as geomorphological features such as ice wedge polygon networks, palsas and pingos. A processes that is important for transfer of carbon in permafrost soils is cryoturbation; it is also linked to micro-relief at the soil surface in the shape of various forms of patterned ground. The processes and landforms that result from thawing ground ice are discussed: erosional forms such as cryogenic landslides. Next, permafrost has a profound effect on the hydrology; a frozen subsurface acts as a barrier to groundwater movement. This affects also runoff and river discharge, which are further determined by water storage as snow in winter, and its sudden release in spring during snowmelt. Permafrost thaw results in hydrological changes: the development of thaw lakes and increased groundwater flow. The chapter concludes with a short presentation of geophysical methods to detect and map ground ice and permafrost in the subsurface.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbott BW, Jones JB (2015) Permafrost collapse alters soil carbon stocks, respiration, CH4, and N2O in upland tundra. Glob Chang Biol 21(12):4570–4587
Abnizova A, Young KL (2008) Hillslope hydrological linkages: importance to ponds within a polar desert high Arctic wetland. Hydrol Res 39(4):309–321
Arp CD, Jones BM, Lu Z, Whitman MS (2012) Shifting balance of thermokarst lake ice regimes across the Arctic coastal plain of northern Alaska. Geophys Res Lett 39(16):L16503. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052518
Arp CD, Jones BM, Grosse G, Bondurant AC, Romanovsky VE, Hinkel KM, Parsekian AD (2016) Threshold sensitivity of shallow Arctic lakes and sublake permafrost to changing winter climate. Geophys Res Lett 43(12):6358–6365
Bense V, Ferguson G, Kooi H (2009) Evolution of shallow groundwater flow systems in areas of degrading permafrost. Geophys Res Lett 36(22):L22041. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039225
Beylich AA, Molau U, Luthbom K, Gintz D (2005) Rates of chemical and mechanical fluvial denudation in an arctic oceanic periglacial environment, Latnjavagge drainage basin, northernmost Swedish Lapland. Arct Antarct Alp Res 37(1):75–87
Billings W, Peterson K (1980) Vegetational change and ice-wedge polygons through the thaw-lake cycle in Arctic Alaska. Arct Alp Res 12(4):413–432
Bockheim JG, Tarnocai C (1998) Recognition of cryoturbation for classifying permafrost-affected soils. Geoderma 81(3–4):281–293
Boike J, Roth K, Overduin PP (1998) Thermal and hydrologic dynamics of the active layer at a continuous permafrost site (Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia). Water Resour Res 34(3):355–363
Boike J, Wille C, Abnizova A (2008a) Climatology and summer energy and water balance of polygonal tundra in the Lena River Delta, Siberia. J Geophys Res 113(G3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jg000540
Boike J, Ippisch O, Overduin PP, Hagedorn B, Roth K (2008b) Water, heat and solute dynamics of a mud boil, Spitsbergen. Geomorphology 95(1–2):61–73
Boike J, Langer M, Lantuit H, Muster S, Roth K, Sachs T, Overduin P, Westermann S, McGuire AD (2012) Permafrost–physical aspects, carbon cycling, databases and uncertainties. In: Recarbonization of the biosphere. Springer, pp 159–185
Boike J, Georgi C, Kirilin G, Muster S, Abramova K, Fedorova I, Chetverova A, Grigoriev M, Bornemann N, Langer M (2015) Thermal processes of thermokarst lakes in the continuous permafrost zone of northern Siberia – observations and modeling (Lena River Delta, Siberia). Biogeosciences 12(20):5941–5965. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5941-2015
Brewer M, Carter, LD, Glenn, R (1993) Sudden drainage of a thaw lake on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain. In: Sixth International Conference on Permafrost, 1993. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Permafrost. South China University of Technology Press, Beijing, pp 48–53
Briggs MA, Walvoord MA, McKenzie JM, Voss CI, Day-Lewis FD, Lane JW (2014) New permafrost is forming around shrinking Arctic lakes, but will it last? Geophys Res Lett 41(5):1585–1592
Broll G, Tarnocai C, Mueller G (1999) Interactions between vegetation, nutrients and moisture in soils in the Pangnirtung pass area, Baffin Island, Canada. Permafr Periglac Process 10(3):265–277
Brouchkov A, Fukuda M, Fedorov A, Konstantinov P, Iwahana G (2004) Thermokarst as a short-term permafrost disturbance, Central Yakutia. Permafr Periglac Process 15(1):81–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.473
Brown J, Ferrians O, Heginbottom JA, Melnikov E (2002) Circum-Arctic map of permafrost and ground-ice conditions, version 2. NSIDC. National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder
Burn C (1990) Implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of recent ice-wedge development at Mayo, Yukon Territory. Permafr Periglac Process 1(1):3–14
Burn C (2000) The thermal regime of a retrogressive thaw slump near Mayo, Yukon Territory. Can J Earth Sci 37(7):967–981
Burn C (2002) Tundra lakes and permafrost, Richards Island, western Arctic coast, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 39(8):1281–1298
Burn CR (2005) Lake-bottom thermal regimes, western Arctic coast, Canada. Permafr Periglac Process 16(4):355–367
Calmels F, Allard M (2008) Segregated ice structures in various heaved permafrost landforms through CT Scan. Earth Surf Process Landf 33(2):209–225
Carson CE, Hussey KM (1962) The oriented lakes of Arctic Alaska. J Geol 70(4):417–439
Chen J, Blume H-P, Beyer L (2000) Weathering of rocks induced by lichen colonization—a review. Catena 39(2):121–146
Cheng G (1983) The mechanism of repeated-segregation for the formation of thick layered ground ice. Cold Reg Sci Technol 8(1):57–66
Christiansen HH (2005) Thermal regime of ice-wedge cracking in Adventdalen, Svalbard. Permafr Periglac Process 16(1):87–98
Church M (1988) Floods in cold climates. Flood geomorphology. Wiley, New York, pp 205–229
Costard F, Gautier E, Fedorov A, Konstantinov P, Dupeyrat L (2014) An assessment of the erosion potential of the fluvial thermal process during ice breakups of the Lena River (Siberia). Permafr Periglac Process 25(3):162–171
Dash J, Rempel A, Wettlaufer J (2006) The physics of premelted ice and its geophysical consequences. Rev Mod Phys 78(3):695
De Klerk P, Donner N, Karpov NS, Minke M, Joosten H (2011) Short-term dynamics of a low-centred ice-wedge polygon near Chokurdakh (NE Yakutia, NE Siberia) and climate change during the last ca 1250 years. Quat Sci Rev 30(21–22):3013–3031
De Leffingwell E (1915) Ground-ice wedges: the dominant form of ground-ice on the north coast of Alaska. J Geol 23(7):635–654
Dixon JC, Thorn CE, Darmody RG (2008) Spatial scale and chemical weathering in Kärkevagge: influences on landscape evolution. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 52(1):27–49
Elliott G (1996) Microfabric evidence for podzolic soil inversion by solifluction processes. Earth Surf Process Landf 21(5):467–476
Ellis CJ, Rochefort L (2004) Century-scale development of polygon-patterned tundra wetland, Bylot Island (73° N, 80° W). Ecology 85(4):963–978
Etienne S (2002) The role of biological weathering in periglacial areas: a study of weathering rinds in South Iceland. Geomorphology 47(1):75–86
Etzelmüller B, Hagen JO (2005) Glacier-permafrost interaction in Arctic and alpine mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard. Geol Soc Lond, Spec Publ 242(1):11–27
Farquharson L, Anthony KW, Bigelow N, Edwards M, Grosse G (2016) Facies analysis of yedoma thermokarst lakes on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Sediment Geol 340:25–37
Fedorov A, Gavriliev P, Konstantinov P, Hiyama T, Iijima Y, Iwahana G (2014) Estimating the water balance of a thermokarst lake in the middle of the Lena River basin, eastern Siberia. Ecohydrology 7(2):188–196
Fortier D, Allard M, Shur Y (2007) Observation of rapid drainage system development by thermal erosion of ice wedges on Bylot Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Permafr Periglac Process 18(3):229–243
French HM (2018) The periglacial environment. Wiley, Hoboken, p 515
French H, Harry D (1983) Ground ice conditions and thaw lakes, Sachs River lowlands, Banks Island, Canada. Mesoformen des Reliefs im heutigen Periglazialraum:70–81
French H, Shur Y (2010) The principles of cryostratigraphy. Earth Sci Rev 101(3–4):190–206
Frey KE, McClelland JW (2009) Impacts of permafrost degradation on arctic river biogeochemistry. Hydrol Process 23(1):169–182
Fuchs M, Kuhry P, Hugelius G (2015) Low below-ground organic carbon storage in a subarctic alpine permafrost environment. Cryosphere 9(2):427–438
Gooseff MN, Balser A, Bowden WB, Jones JB (2009) Effects of hillslope thermokarst in northern Alaska. EOS Trans Am Geophys Union 90(4):29–30
Grosse G, Jones B (2011) Spatial distribution of pingos in Northern Asia. Cryosphere 5(1):13
Grosse G, Harden J, Turetsky M, McGuire AD, Camill P, Tarnocai C, Frolking S, Schuur EAG, Jorgenson T, Marchenko S, Romanovsky V, Wickland KP, French N, Waldrop M, Bourgeau-Chavez L, Striegl RG (2011) Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance. J Geophys Res 116. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001507
Grosse G, Jones B, Arp C (2013) Thermokarst Lakes, drainage, and drained basins. In: Shroder J, Giardino, R,Harbor, J (ed) Glacial and periglacial geomorphology, vol 8. Treatise on Geomorphology. pp 325–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374739-6.00216-5
Guglielmin M, Cannone N, Strini A, Lewkowicz AG (2005) Biotic and abiotic processes on granite weathering landforms in a cryotic environment, Northern Victoria land, Antarctica. Permafr Periglac Process 16(1):69–85
Günther F, Grosse G, Wetterich S, Jones BM, Kunitsky VV, Kienast F, Schirrmeister L (2015) The Batagay mega thaw slump, Yana Uplands, Yakutia, Russia: permafrost thaw dynamics on decadal time scale. TERRA NOSTRA-Schriften der GeoUnion Alfred-Wegener-Stiftung 2015(1):45–46
Hall K, Thorn CE, Matsuoka N, Prick A (2002) Weathering in cold regions: some thoughts and perspectives. Prog Phys Geogr 26(4):577–603
Hallet B (2013) Stone circles: form and soil kinematics. Phil Trans R Soc A 371(2004):20120357. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0357
Hallet B, Walder J, Stubbs C (1991) Weathering by segregation ice growth in microcracks at sustained subzero temperatures: verification from an experimental study using acoustic emissions. Permafr Periglac Process 2(4):283–300
Harris SA, French HM, Heginbottom JA, Johnston GH, Ladanyi B, Sego DC, van Everdingen RO (1988) Glossary of permafrost and related ground-ice terms. Tech Memorandum Natl Res Counc Canada 142:157
Hauck C, Kneisel C (2008) Applied geophysics in Periglacial environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535628
Hillel D (1998) Environmental soil physics: fundamentals, applications, and environmental considerations. Elsevier, Burlington. 771 p
Hinkel K, Nelson F, Shur Y, Brown J, Everett K (1996) Temporal changes in moisture content of the active layer and near-surface permafrost at Barrow, Alaska, USA: 1962–1994. Arct Alp Res 28(3):300–310
Hinkel KM, Eisner WR, Bockheim JG, Nelson FE, Peterson KM, Dai X (2003) Spatial extent, age, and carbon stocks in drained thaw lake basins on the Barrow Peninsula, Alaska. Arct Antarct Alp Res 35(3):291–300
Hinkel KM, Jones BM, Eisner WR, Cuomo CJ, Beck RA, Frohn R (2007) Methods to assess natural and anthropogenic thaw lake drainage on the western Arctic coastal plain of northern Alaska. J Geophys Res Earth 112:F2
Hopkins DM (1949) Thaw lakes and thaw sinks in the Imuruk Lake area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. J Geol 57(2):119–131
Hopkins D, Kidd J (1988) Thaw lake sediments and sedimentary environments. In: Proceedings of the 5th international permafrost conference, 1988. pp 790–795
Iwahana G, Takano S, Petrov RE, Tei S, Shingubara R, Maximov TC, Fedorov AN, Desyatkin AR, Nikolaev AN, Desyatkin RV (2014) Geocryological characteristics of the upper permafrost in a tundra-forest transition of the Indigirka River Valley, Russia. Pol Sci 8(2):96–113
Jeffries MO, Zhang T, Frey K, Kozlenko N (1999) Estimating late-winter heat flow to the atmosphere from the lake-dominated Alaskan North Slope. J Glaciol 45(150):315–324
Jepsen SM, Voss CI, Walvoord MA, Minsley BJ, Rover J (2013) Linkages between lake shrinkage/expansion and sublacustrine permafrost distribution determined from remote sensing of interior Alaska, USA. Geophys Res Lett 40(5):882–887
Jones A, Stolbovay V, Tarnocai C, Broll G, Spaargaren O, Montanarella L (2010) Soil atlas of the northern circumpolar region. European Commission, Publications office of the European Union, Luxembourg, p 144
Jones BM, Grosse G, Hinkel KM, Arp CD, Walker S, Beck RA, Galloway JP (2012) Assessment of pingo distribution and morphometry using an IfSAR derived digital surface model, western Arctic coastal plain, Northern Alaska. Geomorphology 138(1):1–14
Jorgenson MT, Shur Y (2007) Evolution of lakes and basins in northern Alaska and discussion of the thaw lake cycle. J Geophys Res Earth Surface 112(F2):F02S17. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000531
Jorgenson MT, Romanovsky V, Harden J, Shur Y, O’Donnell J, Schuur EA, Kanevskiy M, Marchenko S (2010) Resilience and vulnerability of permafrost to climate change. Can J For Res 40(7):1219–1236
Jorgenson MT, Kanevskiy M, Shur Y, Moskalenko N, Brown D, Wickland K, Striegl R, Koch J (2015) Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization. J Geophys Res Earth 120(11):2280–2297
Kaiser C, Meyer H, Biasi C, Rusalimova O, Barsukov P, Richter A (2007) Conservation of soil organic matter through cryoturbation in arctic soils in Siberia. J Geophys Res Biogeo 112(G2):G02017. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000258
Kane K, Slaughter C (1973) Recharge of a central Alaska lake by subpermafrost groundwater. In: International Conference on Permafrost, 2nd, Yakutsk, Siberia. Papers, 1973
Kanevskiy M, Shur Y, Jorgenson M, Ping C-L, Michaelson G, Fortier D, Stephani E, Dillon M, Tumskoy V (2013) Ground ice in the upper permafrost of the Beaufort Sea coast of Alaska. Cold Reg Sci Technol 85:56–70
Kanevskiy M, Shur Y, Jorgenson T, Brown DNR, Moskalenko N, Brown J, Walker DA, Raynolds MK, Buchhorn M (2017) Degradation and stabilization of ice wedges: implications for assessing risk of thermokarst in Northern Alaska. Geomorphology 297:20–42
Katamura F, Fukuda M, Bosikov NP, Desyatkin RV, Nakamura T, Moriizumi J (2006) Thermokarst formation and vegetation dynamics inferred from a palynological study in Central Yakutia, Eastern Siberia, Russia. Arct Antarct Alp Res 38(4):561–570
Kessler M, Plug LJ, Walter Anthony K (2012) Simulating the decadal-to millennial-scale dynamics of morphology and sequestered carbon mobilization of two thermokarst lakes in NW Alaska. J Geophys Res Biogeo 117(G2):G00M06. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001796
Khomutov A, Leibman M (2014) Assessment of landslide hazards in a typical tundra of Central Yamal, Russia. In: Landslides in cold regions in the context of climate change. Springer, Cham, pp 271–290
Kirpotin SN, Polishchuk Y, Bryksina N (2009) Abrupt changes of thermokarst lakes in Western Siberia: impacts of climatic warming on permafrost melting. Int J Environ Stud 66(4):423–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207230902758287
Kirpotin S, Polishchuk Y, Bryksina N, Sugaipova A, Kouraev A, Zakharova E, Pokrovsky OS, Shirokova L, Kolmakova M, Manassypov R, Dupre B (2011) West Siberian palsa peatlands: distribution, typology, cyclic development, present day climate-driven changes, seasonal hydrology and impact on CO2 cycle. Int J Environ Stud 68(5):603–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2011.593901
Kneisel C, Hauck C, Fortier R, Moorman B (2008) Advances in geophysical methods for permafrost investigations. Permafr Periglac Process 19(2):157–178
Koch JC, Runkel RL, Striegl R, McKnight DM (2013) Hydrologic controls on the transport and cycling of carbon and nitrogen in a boreal catchment underlain by continuous permafrost. J Geophys Res Biogeo 118(2):698–712
Kokelj S, Burn C (2004) Tilt of spruce trees near ice wedges, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arct Antarct Alp Res 36(4):615–623
Kokelj S, Pisaric MF, Burn C (2007a) Cessation of ice-wedge development during the 20th century in spruce forests of eastern Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 44(11):1503–1515
Kokelj S, Burn C, Tarnocai C (2007b) The structure and dynamics of earth hummocks in the subarctic forest near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arct Antarct Alp Res 39(1):99–109
Kokelj SV, Lantz TC, Kanigan J, Smith S, Coutts R (2009) Origin and polycyclic behaviour of tundra thaw slumps, Mackenzie Delta region, Northwest Territories, Canada. Permafr Periglac Process 20(2):173–184
Konishchev V, Rogov V (1993) Investigations of cryogenic weathering in Europe and Northern Asia. Permafr Periglac Process 4(1):49–64
Kravtsova V, Bystrova A (2009) Changes in thermokarst lake sizes in different regions of Russia for the last 30 years (Изменение размеров термокарстовых озер в различных районах россии за последние 30 лет). Kriosfera Zemli (Earth Cryosphere) 13:16–26
Kuhry P (2008) Palsa and peat plateau development in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada: timing, pathways and causes. Boreas 37(2):316–327
Kurylyk BL, Watanabe K (2013) The mathematical representation of freezing and thawing processes in variably-saturated, non-deformable soils. Adv Water Resour 60:160–177
Labrecque S, Lacelle D, Duguay CR, Lauriol B, Hawkings J (2009) Contemporary (1951-2001) evolution of lakes in the old Crow Basin, Northern Yukon, Canada: remote sensing, numerical modeling, and stable isotope analysis. Arctic:225–238
Lacelle D, Bjornson J, Lauriol B (2010) Climatic and geomorphic factors affecting contemporary (1950–2004) activity of retrogressive thaw slumps on the Aklavik Plateau, Richardson Mountains, NWT, Canada. Permafr Periglac Process 21(1):1–15
Lachenbruch AH (1962) Mechanics of thermal contraction cracks and ice-wedge polygons in permafrost, vol 70. Special GSA Papers. Geological Society of America, 65 p
Langer M, Westermann S, Walter Anthony K, Wischnewski K, Boike J (2015) Frozen ponds: production and storage of methane during the Arctic winter in a lowland tundra landscape in northern Siberia, Lena River delta. Biogeosciences 12(4):977–990. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-977-2015
Lehner B, Döll P (2004) Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. J Hydrol 296(1–4):1–22
Leibman M, Kizakov A, Sulerzhitsky L, Zaretskaia N (2003) Dynamics of landslide slopes and their development on Yamal peninsula. In: Permafrost. Proceedings of the 8th international conference on permafrost. Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp 651–656
Leibman M, Khomutov A, Kizyakov A (2014) Cryogenic landslides in the West-Siberian plain of Russia: classification, mechanisms, and landforms. In: Landslides in cold regions in the context of climate change. Springer, Cham, pp 143–162
Lewkowicz AG (2007) Dynamics of active-layer detachment failures, Fosheim peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. Permafr Periglac Process 18(1):89–103
Lewkowicz AG, Harris C (2005) Frequency and magnitude of active-layer detachment failures in discontinuous and continuous permafrost, northern Canada. Permafr Periglac Process 16(1):115–130
Lewkowicz AG, Way RG (2019) Extremes of summer climate trigger thousands of thermokarst landslides in a high Arctic environment. Nat Commun 10(1):1329. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09314-7
Lewkowicz AG, Etzelmüller B, Smith SL (2011) Characteristics of discontinuous permafrost based on ground temperature measurements and electrical resistivity tomography, southern Yukon, Canada. Permafr Periglac Process 22(4):320–342
Liljedahl AK, Boike J, Daanen RP, Fedorov AN, Frost GV, Grosse G, Hinzman LD, Iijma Y, Jorgenson JC, Matveyeva N, Necsoiu M, Raynolds MK, Romanovsky VE, Schulla J, Tape KD, Walker DA, Wilson CJ, Yabuki H, Zona D (2016) Pan-Arctic ice-wedge degradation in warming permafrost and its influence on tundra hydrology. Nat Geosci 9(4):312–318. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2674
Ling F, Zhang T (2003) Numerical simulation of permafrost thermal regime and talik development under shallow thaw lakes on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain. J Geophys Res 108(D16):4511. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003014
Ling F, Zhang T (2004) Modeling study of talik freeze-up and permafrost response under drained thaw lakes on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain. J Geophys Res Atmos 109. (D1:D01111. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003886
Luoto M, Heikkinen RK, Carter TR (2004) Loss of palsa mires in Europe and biological consequences. Environ Conserv 31(1):30–37
Lupachev A, Gubin S (2012) Suprapermafrost organic-accumulative horizons in the tundra cryozems of northern Yakutia. Eurasian Soil Sci 45(1):45–55
Mackay JR (1971) The origin of massive icy beds in permafrost, western Arctic coast, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 8(4):397–422
Mackay JR (1972) The world of underground ice. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 62(1):1–22
Mackay JR (1980a) The origin of hummocks, western Arctic coast, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 17(8):996–1006
Mackay JR (1980b) Deformation of ice-wedge polygons, Garry Island, Northwest Territories. Curr Res, Part A Geol Surv Canada, Paper:287–291
Mackay JR (1983) Downward water movement into frozen ground, western arctic coast, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 20(1):120–134
Mackay J (1988) Catastrophic lake drainage, Tuktoyaktuk peninsula area, district of Mackenzie. Curr Res Part D Geol Surv Canada, Paper:83–90
Mackay JR (1989) Ice-wedge cracks, Western Arctic coast. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 33(4):365–368
Mackay JR (1990) Some observations on the growth and deformation of epigenetic, syngenetic and anti-syngenetic ice wedges. Permafr Periglac Process 1(1):15–29
Mackay JR (1992a) The frequency of ice-wedge cracking (1967–1987) at Garry Island, western Arctic coast, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 29(2):236–248
Mackay JR (1992b) Lake stability in an ice-rich permafrost environment: examples from the western Arctic coast. In: Aquatic ecosystems in semi-arid regions: implications for resource management. NHRI Symposium Series. pp 1–26
Mackay JR (1993) Air temperature, snow cover, creep of frozen ground, and the time of ice-wedge cracking, western Arctic coast. Can J Earth Sci 30(8):1720–1729
Mackay JR (1997) A full-scale field experiment (1978–1995) on the growth of permafrost by means of lake drainage, western Arctic coast: a discussion of the method and some results. Can J Earth Sci 34(1):17–33
Mackay JR (1998) Pingo growth and collapse, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula area, western Arctic coast, Canada: a long-term field study. Géog Phys Quatern 52(3):271–323
Mackay JR (1999) Cold-climate shattering (1974 to 1993) of 200 glacial erratics on the exposed bottom of a recently drained arctic lake, Western Arctic coast, Canada. Permafr Periglac Process 10(2):125–136
Mackay JR (2000) Thermally induced movements in ice-wedge polygons, western Arctic coast: a long-term study. Géog Phys Quatern 54(1):41–68
Mackay JR, Burn C (2002) The first 20 years (1978-1979 to 1998–1999) of ice-wedge growth at the Illisarvik experimental drained lake site, western Arctic coast, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 39(1):95–111
Marsh P, Neumann NN (2001) Processes controlling the rapid drainage of two ice-rich permafrost-dammed lakes in NW Canada. Hydrol Process 15(18):3433–3446
Marsh P, Woo M (1993) Infiltration of meltwater into frozen soils in a continuous permafrost environment. In: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on permafrost. South China University of Technology Press, Beijing, pp 443–448
Marsh P, Russell M, Pohl S, Haywood H, Onclin C (2009) Changes in thaw lake drainage in the Western Canadian Arctic from 1950 to 2000. Hydrol Process Int J 23(1):145–158
Matsuoka N (2001) Solifluction rates, processes and landforms: a global review. Earth Sci Rev 55(1–2):107–134
Matsuoka N, Murton J (2008) Frost weathering: recent advances and future directions. Permafr Periglac Process 19(2):195–210
Matsuoka N, Christiansen HH, Watanabe T (2018) Ice-wedge polygon dynamics in Svalbard: lessons from a decade of automated multi-sensor monitoring. Permafr Periglac Process 29(3):210–227
Minke M, Donner N, Karpov N, de Klerk P, Joosten H (2009) Patterns in vegetation composition, surface height and thaw depth in polygon mires in the Yakutian Arctic (NE Siberia): a microtopographical characterisation of the active layer. Permafr Periglac Process 20(4):357–368
Minsley BJ, Abraham JD, Smith BD, Cannia JC, Voss CI, Jorgenson MT, Walvoord MA, Wylie BK, Anderson L, Ball LB (2012) Airborne electromagnetic imaging of discontinuous permafrost. Geophys Res Lett 39(2):L02503. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050079
Morgenstern A, Grosse G, Schirrmeister L (2008) Genetic, morphological, and statistical characterization of lakes in the permafrost-dominated Lena Delta. In: Proceedings, ninth international conference on permafrost, 2008. pp 1239–1244
Morgenstern A, Grosse G, Günther F, Fedorova I, Schirrmeister L (2011) Spatial analyses of thermokarst lakes and basins in Yedoma landscapes of the Lena Delta. Cryosphere 5(4):849–867. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-849-2011
Morgenstern A, Ulrich M, Günther F, Roessler S, Fedorova IV, Rudaya NA, Wetterich S, Boike J, Schirrmeister L (2013) Evolution of thermokarst in East Siberian ice-rich permafrost: a case study. Geomorphology 201:363–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.07.011
Murton JB (1996) Thermokarst-lake-basin sediments, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, western arctic Canada. Sedimentology 43(4):737–760
Murton JB (2001) Thermokarst sediments and sedimentary structures, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, western Arctic Canada. Glob Planet Chang 28(1–4):175–192
Murton JB, French HM (1994) Cryostructures in permafrost, Tuktoyaktuk coastlands, western arctic Canada. Can J Earth Sci 31(4):737–747
Murton JB, Lautridou JP (2003) Recent advances in the understanding of quaternary periglacial features of the English Channel coastlands. J Quat Sci 18(3–4):301–307
Murton JB, Peterson R, Ozouf J-C (2006) Bedrock fracture by ice segregation in cold regions. Science 314(5802):1127–1129
Murton JB, Goslar T, Edwards ME, Bateman MD, Danilov PP, Savvinov GN, Gubin SV, Ghaleb B, Haile J, Kanevskiy M (2015) Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of Yedoma silt (ice complex) deposition as cold-climate loess, Duvanny Yar, Northeast Siberia. Permafr Periglac Process 26(3):208–288
Murton JB, Edwards ME, Lozhkin AV, Anderson PM, Savvinov GN, Bakulina N, Bondarenko OV, Cherepanova MV, Danilov PP, Boeskorov V (2017) Preliminary paleoenvironmental analysis of permafrost deposits at Batagaika megaslump, Yana Uplands, northeast Siberia. Quat Res 87(2):314–330
Olenchenko V, Sinitsky A, Antonov E, Eltsov I, Kushnarenko O, Plotnikov A, Potapov V, Epov M (2015) Results of geophysical surveys of the area of “Yamal Crater”, the new geological structure. Methods 19(4):84–95
Palmtag J, Hugelius G, Lashchinskiy N, Tamstorf MP, Richter A, Elberling B, Kuhry P (2015) Storage, landscape distribution, and burial history of soil organic matter in contrasting areas of continuous permafrost. Arct Antarct Alp Res 47(1):71–88
Peppin SS, Style RW (2013) The physics of frost heave and ice-lens growth. Vadose Zone J 12(1)
Peterson R, Krantz W (2008) Differential frost heave model for patterned ground formation: corroboration with observations along a North American arctic transect. J Geophys Res Biogeo 113(G3):G03S04. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000559
Peterson R, Walker D, Romanovsky V, Knudson J, Raynolds M, Krantz W (2003) A differential frost heave model: cryoturbation-vegetation interactions. In: Proceedings of the eighth international conference on permafrost, 2003. pp 885–890
Pissart A (2002) Palsas, lithalsas and remnants of these periglacial mounds. A progress report. Prog Phys Geogr 26(4):605–621
Plug LJ, Werner B (2001) Fracture networks in frozen ground. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 106(B5):8599–8613
Plug LJ, Werner B (2002) Nonlinear dynamics of ice-wedge networks and resulting sensitivity to severe cooling events. Nature 417(6892):929
Plug LW, West JJ (2009) Thaw lake expansion in a two-dimensional coupled model of heat transfer, thaw subsidence, and mass movement. J Geophys Res Earth 114(F1):F01002. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000740
Plug LJ, Walls C, Scott B (2008) Tundra lake changes from 1978 to 2001 on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, western Canadian Arctic. Geophys Res Lett 35(3):L03502. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032303
Pollard W, French H (1980) A first approximation of the volume of ground ice, Richards Island, Pleistocene Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada. Can Geotech J 17(4):509–516
Rempel A (2007) Formation of ice lenses and frost heave. J Geophys Res Earth 112(F2):F02S21. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000525
Reynolds JM (1997) An introduction to applied environmental geophysics. Wiley, Hoboken, p 796
Romanovskii N (1985) Distribution of recently active ice and soil wedges in the USSR. Field and Theory: Lectures in Geocryology, pp 154–165
Romanovskii N, Hubberten HW, Gavrilov A, Tumskoy V, Tipenko G, Grigoriev M, Siegert C (2000) Thermokarst and land–ocean interactions, Laptev Sea region, Russia. Permafr Periglac Process 11(2):137–152
Romanovsky V, Osterkamp T (2000) Effects of unfrozen water on heat and mass transport processes in the active layer and permafrost. Permafr Periglac Process 11(3):219–239
Romanovsky V, Marchenko S, Daanen R, Sergeev D, Walker D (2008) Soil climate and frost heave along the permafrost/ecological North American Arctic transect. In: Proceedings of the ninth international conference on permafrost. Institute of Northern Engineering, Fairbanks, pp 1519–1524
Roulet NT, Woo M-K (1988) Runoff generation in a low arctic drainage basin. J Hydrol 101(1–4):213–226
Sannel A, Kuhry P (2011) Warming-induced destabilization of peat plateau/thermokarst lake complexes. J Geophys Res Biogeo 116(G3):G03035. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001635
Schirrmeister L, Kunitsky V, Grosse G, Wetterich S, Meyer H, Schwamborn G, Babiy O, Derevyagin A, Siegert C (2011) Sedimentary characteristics and origin of the late Pleistocene ice complex on north-east Siberian Arctic coastal lowlands and islands – a review. Quat Int 241(1–2):3–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.004
Schirrmeister L, Bobrov A, Raschke E, Herzschuh U, Strauss J, Pestryakova LA, Wetterich S (2018) Late Holocene ice-wedge polygon dynamics in northeastern Siberian coastal lowlands. Arct Antarct Alp Res 50(1):e1462595. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2018.1462595
Schunke E, Zoltai SC (1988) Earth hummocks (thufur). In: Clark M (ed) Advances in Periglacial geomorphology. Wiley, Chichester, pp 231–245
Schwamborn G, Dix J, Bull J, Rachold V (2002) High-resolution seismic and ground penetrating radar–geophysical profiling of a thermokarst lake in the western Lena Delta, Northern Siberia. Permafr Periglac Process 13(4):259–269
Schwamborn G, Schirrmeister L, Frütsch F, Diekmann B (2012) Quartz weathering in freeze–thaw cycles: experiment and application to the El’Gygytgyn crater lake record for tracing Siberian permafrost history. Geogr Ann Ser B 94(4):481–499
Seppälä M (2011) Synthesis of studies of palsa formation underlining the importance of local environmental and physical characteristics. Quat Res 75(2):366–370
Seppälä M, Kujala K (2009) The role of buoyancy in palsa formation. Geol Soc Lond, Spec Publ 320(1):51–56
Shiklomanov A, Lammers R (2009) Record Russian river discharge in 2007 and the limits of analysis. Environ Res Lett 4(4):045015
Shilo N, Lozhkin A, Anderson P (2007) Radiocarbon dates of evolution cycles of thermokarst lakes on the Kolyma lowland. In: Doklady earth sciences, vol 1. Springer, New York, pp 259–261
Shur Y, Hinkel KM, Nelson FE (2005) The transient layer: implications for geocryology and climate-change science. Permafr Periglac Process 16(1):5–17
Sjöberg Y, Hugelius G, Kuhry P (2013) Thermokarst lake morphometry and erosion features in two peat plateau areas of northeast European Russia. Permafr Periglac Process 24(1):75–81
Smith LC, Sheng Y, MacDonald G, Hinzman L (2005) Disappearing arctic lakes. Science 308(5727):1429–1429
Teltewskoi A, Beermann F, Beil I, Bobrov A, De Klerk P, Lorenz S, Lüder A, Michaelis D, Joosten H (2016) 4000 years of changing wetness in a permafrost polygon Peatland (Kytalyk, NE Siberia): a comparative high-resolution multi-proxy study. Permafr Periglac Process 27(1):76–95
Thorn CE, Darmody RG, Dixon JC, Schlyter P (2001) The chemical weathering regime of Kärkevagge, arctic–alpine Sweden. Geomorphology 41(1):37–52
Thorn CE, Dixon JC, Darmody RG, Allen CE (2006) Ten years (1994–2004) of ‘potential’weathering in Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland. Earth Surf Process Landf 31(8):992–1002
Thorn CE, Darmody RG, Campbell SW, Allen CE, Dixon JC (2007) Microvariability in the early stages of cobble weathering by microenvironment on a glacier foreland, Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway. Earth Surf Process Landf 32(14):2199–2211
Van der Molen M, Van Huissteden J, Parmentier F, Petrescu A, Dolman A, Maximov T, Kononov A, Karsanaev S, Suzdalov D (2007) The growing season greenhouse gas balance of a continental tundra site in the Indigirka lowlands, NE Siberia. Biogeosciences 4(6):985–1003. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-985-2007
Van Everdingen R (1990) Ground-water hydrology. In: Prowse TD OC (ed) Northern hydrology: Canadian perspectives, vol 1. NHRI Science Report. National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, pp 77–101
Van Huissteden J (1990) Tundra rivers of the last glacial: sedimentation and geomorphological processes during the Middle Pleniglacial in Twente, Eastern Netherlands. In: Van Amerom H (ed) Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, vol 44–3. Rijks Geologische Dienst, 1–136
Van Huissteden J, Dolman AJ (2012) Soil carbon in the Arctic and the permafrost carbon feedback. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 4(5):545–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.008
Van Huissteden J, Berrittella C, Parmentier F, Mi Y, Maximov T, Dolman A (2011) Methane emissions from permafrost thaw lakes limited by lake drainage. Nat Clim Chang 1(2):119–123
Van Huissteden J, Vandenberghe J, Gibbard PL, Lewin J (2013) Permafrost and Periglacial features | Periglacial fluvial sediments and forms. In: Elias SA (ed) Encyclopedia of the quaternary, vol 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53643-3.00108-4
Van Vliet-Lanoë B (1985) Frost effects in soils. Soils and Quaternary Landscape Evolution:117–158
Van Vliet-Lanoe B, Fox CA, Gubin SV (2004) Micromorphology of cryosols. In: Cryosols. Springer, New York, pp 365–390
Vandenberghe J (1988) Cryoturbations. In: Clark M (ed) Advances in Periglacial geomorphology. Wiley, New York, pp 179–198
Vandenberghe J (2013) Cryoturbation structures. Encyclopedia of quaternary science, vol 3, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 430–435
Vandenberghe J, Wang X, Vandenberghe D (2016) Very large cryoturbation structures of last permafrost maximum age at the foot of the Qilian Mountains (NE Tibet Plateau, China). Permafr Periglac Process 27(1):138–143
Vitt DH (2006) Functional characteristics and indicators of boreal peatlands. In: Wieder R, Vitt DH (eds) Boreal peatland ecosystems. Springer, pp 9–24
Vonk JE, Gustafsson Ö (2013) Permafrost-carbon complexities. Nat Geosci 6(9):675
Walder J, Hallet B (1985) A theoretical model of the fracture of rock during freezing. Geol Soc Am Bull 96(3):336–346
Walker DA, Epstein HE, Gould WA, Kelley AM, Kade AN, Knudson JA, Krantz WB, Michaelson G, Peterson RA, Ping CL (2004) Frost-boil ecosystems: complex interactions between landforms, soils, vegetation and climate. Permafr Periglac Process 15(2):171–188
Walter KM, Zimov SA, Chanton JP, Verbyla D, Chapin FS 3rd (2006) Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming. Nature 443(7107):71–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05040
Walter K, Edwards M, Grosse G, Zimov S, Chapin F (2007) Thermokarst lakes as a source of atmospheric CH4 during the last deglaciation. Science 318(5850):633–636
Walvoord MA, Kurylyk BL (2016) Hydrologic impacts of thawing permafrost—a review. Vadose Zone J 15(6):0. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.01.0010
Washburn AL (1956) Classification of patterned ground and review of suggested origins. Geol Soc Am Bull 67(7):823–866
Washburn AL (1980) Geocryology: a survey of periglacial processes and environments. Wiley, New York
Weiss N, Blok D, Elberling B, Hugelius G, Jørgensen CJ, Siewert MB, Kuhry P (2016) Thermokarst dynamics and soil organic matter characteristics controlling initial carbon release from permafrost soils in the Siberian Yedoma region. Sediment Geol 340:38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.12.004
West J, Plug LJ (2008) Time-dependent morphology of thaw lakes and taliks in deep and shallow ground ice. J Geophys Res Earth 113(F1):F01009. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000696
Williams PJ, Smith MW (1991) The frozen earth. Fundamentals of geocryology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 306 p
Wolter J, Lantuit H, Wetterich S, Rethemeyer J, Fritz M (2018) Climatic, geomorphologic and hydrologic perturbations as drivers for mid-to late Holocene development of ice-wedge polygons in the western Canadian Arctic. Permafr Periglac Process:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1977
Woo M-k (1990) Consequences of climatic change for hydrology in permafrost zones. J Cold Reg Eng 4(1):15–20
Woo M-k (2012) Permafrost hydrology. Springer, Berlin, p 563
Woo MK, Guan XJ (2006) Hydrological connectivity and seasonal storage change of tundra ponds in a polar oasis environment, Canadian High Arctic. Permafr Periglac Process 17(4):309–323
Wright N, Hayashi M, Quinton WL (2009) Spatial and temporal variations in active layer thawing and their implication on runoff generation in peat-covered permafrost terrain. Water Resour Res 45(5)
Yoshikawa K, Harada K (1995) Observations on nearshore pingo growth, Adventdalen, Spitsbergen. Permafr Periglac Process 6(4):361–372
Yoshikawa K, Hinzman LD (2003) Shrinking thermokarst ponds and groundwater dynamics in discontinuous permafrost near council, Alaska. Permafr Periglac Process 14(2):151–160
Yoshikawa K, White D, Hinzman L, Goering D, Petrone K, Bolton W, Ishikawa N, Plummer N (2003) Water in permafrost; case study of aufeis and pingo hydrology in discontinuous permafrost. In: Proceedings of the international conference on permafrost. Zurich
Yoshikawa K, Leuschen C, Ikeda A, Harada K, Gogineni P, Hoekstra P, Hinzman L, Sawada Y, Matsuoka N (2006) Comparison of geophysical investigations for detection of massive ground ice (pingo ice). J Geophys Res Planets 111(E6):E06S19. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002573
Zhang T, Barry R, Knowles K, Heginbottom J, Brown J (2008) Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. Polar Geogr 31(1–2):47–68
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
van Huissteden, J. (2020). The Role of Ground Ice. In: Thawing Permafrost. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31379-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31379-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-31378-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-31379-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)