Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ecology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Beta maritima

  • 336 Accesses

Abstract

The traits of Beta maritima have been reviewed and summarized from a number of recent and classical publications dealing with the ecology, morphology, and whole plant physiology of the species. Because few papers have been written only on Beta maritima, most information comes from cultivated forms of Beta vulgaris. A striking feature of Beta maritima gleaned from this review is how variable and adaptive it is. The species is fairly plastic allowing it to live in many different environments. This capacity for adaptation to the local environmental conditions has been correlated with breeding system and with the rapid change in reproduction systems. This is evident in the differences between the Mediterranean populations (easy bolting, short life cycle, sprangled taproot) and those growing the sea coasts of northwest Europe or other parts of the world. This chapter provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of the plant and populations to answer the question: What is Beta maritima?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aleksidze G, Akparov Z, Melikyan A, Arjmand MN (2009) Biodiversity of Beta species in the Caucasus Region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran). In: Frese L, Maggioni L, Lipman E (eds) Report of a Working Group on Beta and the World Beta Network. Third Joint Meeting, 8–11 Mar 2006, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain. Bioversity International

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen NS, Siegismund HR, Jørgensen B (2005) Low level of gene flow from cultivated beets (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) into Danish populations of sea beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. maritima (L.) Acangeli). Mol Ecol 14:1391–1405

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnaud JF, Fénart S, Godé C, Deledicque S, Touzet P, Cuguen J (2009) Fine-scale geographical structure of genetic diversity in inland wild beet populations. Mol Ecol 18:3201–3215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnaud JF, Viard F, Delescluse M, Cuguen J (2003) Evidence for gene flow via seed dispersal from crop to wild relatives in Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae): consequences for the release of genetically modified crop species with weedy lineages. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 270:1565–1571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch D, Brand U (1998) Saline soil condition decreases rhizomania infection of Beta vulgaris. J Plant Pathol 80:219–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch D, Clegg J, Ellstrand N (1999) Origin of wild beets and gene flow between Beta vulgaris and B. macrocarpa in California. Proc Br Crop Prot Counc Symp 72:269–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch D, Cuguen J, Biancardi E, Sweet J (2003) Environmental implications of gene flow from sugar beet to wild beet–current status and future research needs. Environ Biosaf Res 2:105–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch D, Ellstrand NC (1999) Genetic evidence for the origin of Californian wild beets (genus Beta). Theor Appl Genet 99:1120–1130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch D, Schmidt M (1997) Influence of sugar beet breeding on populations of Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima in Italy. J Veg Sci 8:81–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch D, Schuphan I (2002) Lessons we can learn from ecological biosafety research. J Biotechnol 98:71–77

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch D, Stevanato P, Lehnen M, Mainolf A, Mücher T, Moschella A, Driessen S, Mandolino G, Hoffmann A, de Biaggi M, Wehres U, Saeglitz C, Biancardi E (2002) Biodiversity of sea beet in Northern Italy. In: Proceedings of the 65th IIRBB Congress, Feb 2002, Brussels, Belgium, pp 171–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Batwik JI (2000) Strandbete Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima (L.) Arc. er trolig borte fra Østfold i dag pÃ¥ grunn av barfrost. Natur Østfold 1–2:38–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Biancardi E, Campbell LG, Skaracis GN, de Biaggi M (2005) Genetics and breeding of sugar beet. Science Publishers, Enfield HN, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Carsner E (1928) The wild beet in California. Facts About Sugar 23:1120–1121

    Google Scholar 

  • Carsner E (1938) Wild beets in California. Proc Am Soc Sugar Beet Technol 1:79

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen E (1996) Neuer Fund der Betarübe an Schleswig-Holsteins Osteeküste. Kieler Notizien zur Pflanzenkunde in Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg 24:30–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyette B, Tencalla F, Brants I, Fichet Y, Rouchouze D, Pidgeon J, Molard MR, Wevers JDA, Beckers R (2005) Effect of introducing glyphosate-tolerant sugarbeet on pesticide usage in Europe. In: Pidgeon J, Molard MR, Wevers JDA, Beckers R (eds) Genetic modification in sugar beet. International Institute for Beet Research, Brussels, Belgium, pp 73–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow JF, Kimura M (1970) An introduction to population genetics theory. Harper and Row, New York, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg HW, Brewbaker HE (1948) A promising sugar beet hybrid of the Milpitas wild type x commercial. Proc Am Soc Sugar Beet Technol 5:175–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale MFB, Ford-Lloyd BV (1983) Reproductive characters associated with breeding behaviour in Beta sect. Beta (Chenopodiaceae). Plant Syst Evol 143:277–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dale MFB, Ford-Lloyd BV (1985) The significance of multigerm seedballs in the genus Beta. Watsonia 15:265–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale MFB, Ford-Lloyd BV, Arnold MH (1985) Variation in some agronomically important characters in a germplasm collection of beet (Beta Vulgaris L.). Euphytica 34:449–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Biaggi M, Erichsen AW, Lewellen RT, Biancardi E (2003) The discovery of rhizomania resistance traits in sugar beet. In: 1st joint IIRB-ASSBT Congress, pp 131–147

    Google Scholar 

  • de Cauwer I, Dufaÿ M, Cuguen J, Arnaud J-F (2010) Effects of fine-scale genetic structure on male mating success in gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Mol Ecol 19:1540–1558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries U (1905) Species and varieties. Open Court Publishing CO, Chcago, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Desplanque B, Boudry P, Broomberg K, Saumitou-Laprade P, Cuguen J, van Dijk H (1999) Genetic diversity and gene flow between wild, cultivated and weedy forms of Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae), assessed by RFLP and microsatellite markers. Theor Appl Genet 98:1194–1201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doney D, Whitney E (1990) Genetic enhancement in Beta for disease resistance using wild relatives: a strong case for the value of genetic conservation. Econ Bot 44:445–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driessen S (2003) Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima an Deutschlands Ostseeküste. PhD RWTH Aachen, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Driessen S, Pohl M, Bartsch D (2001) RAPD-PCR analysis of the genetic origin of sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) at Germany’s Baltic Sea coast. Basic Appl Ecol 2:341–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellstrand NC, Meirmans P, Rong J, Bartsch D, Ghosh A, de Jong TJ, Haccou P, Lu BR, Snow AA, Stewart CN, Strasburg JL, Van Tienderen PH, Vrieling K, Hooftman D (2013) Introgression of crop alleles into wild or weedy populations. Ann Rev Ecol Evol System 44:325–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Engan NC (1994) Stranbete Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima funnet sponton i Norge. Blyttia 52:33–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Ennos RA (1994) Estimating the relative rates of pollen and seed migration among plant populations. Heredity 72:250–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans A, Weir J (1981) The evolution of weed beet in sugar beet crops. Genet Res Crop Evol 29:301–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Fénart S, Arnaud J-F, de Cauwer I, Cuguen J (2008) Nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic diversity in weed beet and sugar beet accessions compared to wild relatives: new insights into the genetic relationships within the Beta vulgaris complex species. Theor Appl Genet 116:1063–1077

    Google Scholar 

  • Fievet V, Touzet P, Arnaud JF, Cuguen J (2007) Spatial analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA diversity in wild sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) populations: Do marine currents shape the genetic structure? Mol Ecol 16:1847–1864

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford-Lloyd BV, Hawkes JG (1986) Weed beets, their origin and classification. Acta Hort 82:399–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frese L, Desprez B, Ziegler D (2001) Potential of genetic resources and breeding strategies for base-broadening in Beta. In: Cooper HD, Spillane C, Hodgkin T (eds) Broadening the genetic base of crop production. FAO, IBPRGI jointly with CABI Publishing, Rome, Italy, pp 295–309

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Frese L, Hannan R, Hellier B, Samaras S, Panella L (2009) Survey of Beta nana in Greece. In: Frese L, Maggioni L, Lipman E (eds) In: Report of a working group on beta and the world beta network. Third joint meeting, 8–11 Mar 2006, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy, pp. 45–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Gidner S, Lennefors BL, Nilsson NO, Bensefelt J, Johansson E, Gyllenspetz U, Kraft T (2005) QTL mapping of BNYVV resistance from the WB41 source in sugar beet. Genome 48:279–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greene EL (1909) Linnaeus as an evolutionist. Proc Wash Acad Sci 9:17–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanf M (1990) Ackerunkräuter Europas. BLV Verlaggesellschaft, Munich, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson AD, Wyse R (1982) Biosynthesis, translocation, and accumulation of betaine in sugar beet and its progenitors in relation to salinity. Plant Physiol 70:1191–1198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hartl DL, Clark AG (1997) Principles of population genetics. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, MA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hautekèete NC, Piquot Y, van Dijk H (2001) Investment on survival and reproduction along a semelparity-iteroparity gradient in the Beta species complex. J Evol Biol 14:795–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hautekèete NC, Piquot Y, van Dijk H (2002) Life span in Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima: the effects of age at first reproduction and disturbance. J Ecol 90:508–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hautekèete NC, van Dijk H, Piquot Y, Teriokhin A (2009) Evolutionary optimization of life-history traits in the sea beet Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima: Comparing model to data. Acta Oecol 35:104–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaggard KW, Qi A, Ober ES (2010) Possible change to arable crop yields by 2050. Phil Trans R Soc B 365:2835–2851

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones PD, Lister DH, Jaggard KW, Pidgeon JD (2003) Future climate impact on the productivity of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in Europe. Clim Change 58:93–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krasochkin VT (1959) Review of the species of the genus Beta. Trudy Po Prikladnoi Botanike. Genetik i Selektsii 32:3–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasochkin VT (1960) Beet. Gos. Izdat. S.H. Lit. Moskva-Leningrad

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange W, de Bock TSM, Speckmann GJ, de Jong JH (1993) Disomic and ditelosomic alien chromosome additions in beet (Beta vulgaris), carrying an extra chromosome of B. procumbens or telosome of B. patellaris. Genome 36:261–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavigne C, Klein EK, Couvet D (2002) Using seed purity data to estimate an average pollen mediated gene flow from crops to wild relatives. Theor Appl Genet 104:139–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lelley T, Balàzs E, Tepfer M (2002) Ecological Impact of GMO dissemination in agro-ecosystems. Facultas Verlag, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  • Letschert JPW (1993) Beta section Beta: biogeographical patterns of variation, and taxonomy. Ph.D. Wageningen Agricultural University Papers 93-1

    Google Scholar 

  • Letschert JPW, Frese L (1993) Analysis of morphological variation in wild beet (Beta vulgaris L.) from Sicily. Genet Res Crop Evol 40:15–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letschert JPW, Lange W, Frese L, van Der Berg RG (1994) Taxonomy of Beta selection Beta. J Sugar Beet Res 31:69–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luterbacher MC, Smith JM, Asher MJC (1998) Sources of disease resistance in wild Beta germplasm. Aspects App Biol 52:423–430

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane JS (1975) Naturally occurring hybrids between sugarbeet and Beta macrocarpa in the Imperial Valley of California. J Am Soc Sugar Beet Technol 18:245–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mücher T, Hesse P, Pohl-Orf M, Ellstrand NC, Bartsch D (2000) Characterization of weed beets in Germany and Italy. J Sugar Beet Res 37:19–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poulsen G, DafgÃ¥rd SN (2005) Microsatellites as a model for decision making in in-situ management of sea beets. In: First International Conference of Wild Relatives, 14–17 Sept, Agrigento, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen J (1933) [Some observations on Beta maritima]. Bot Notiser, pp 316–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera D, Obón C, Heinrich M, Inocencio C, Verde A, Farajado J (2006) Gathered mediterranean food plants—ethanobotanical investigators and historical development. In: Heinrich M, Müller WE, Galli C (eds) Local mediterranean food plants and nutraceuticals. Forum Nutr. Karger, Basel, pp 18–74

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer JD (1993) Historical geography of crop plants: a select roster. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider F (1942) Züchtung der Beta Rüben. In: Parey P (ed) Handbuch der Pflanzenzüchtung. Berlin, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen Y, Newbury HJ, Ford-Lloyd BV (1996) The taxonomic characterisatoin of annual Beta germplasm in a genetic resources collection using RAPD markers. Euphytica 91:205–212

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smartt J (1992) Ecogeographical differentiation and ecotype formation. In: Frese L (ed) International Beta genetic resources network. A report on the 2nd international Beta genetic resources workshop held at the institute for crop science and plant breeding, Braunschweig, Germany, 24–28 June 1991. IBPGR, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevanato P, Biancardi E, de Biaggi M, Colombo M (2001) Leaf dynamic in sugar beet under cercospora leaf spot attacks. In: Proceedings of the 31st meeting of the American society of sugar beet technologists. ASSBT, Denver, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Tjebbes K (1933) The wild beets of the North Sea region. Bot Notiser 14:305–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Tufto J, Raybould AF, Hinfaar K, Engen S (1998) Analysis of genetic structure and dispersal patterns in a populations of sea beet. Genetics 149:1975–1985

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk H (2009a) Ageing effects in an iteroparous plant species with a variable life span. Ann Bot 104:115–124

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk H (2009b) Evolutionary change in flowering phenology in the iteroparous herb Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima: a search for the underlying mechanisms. J Exp Bot 60:3143–3155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk H, Hautekèete NC (2007) Long day plants and the response to global warming: rapid evolutionary change in day length sensitivity is possible in wild beet. J Evol Biol 20:349–357

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viard F, Bernard J, Desplanque B (2002) Crop-weed interactions in the Beta vulgaris complex at a local scale: allelic diversity and gene flow within sugar beet fields. Theor Appl Genet 104:688–697

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viard F, Arnaud J-F, Delescluse M, Cuguen J (2004) Tracing back seed and pollen flow within the crop-wild Beta vulgaris complex: genetic distinctiveness vs. hot spots of hybridization over a regional scale. Mol Ecol 13:1357–1364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villain S (2007) Histoire evolutive de la section Beta. PhD Universite des Sciences et Technologies de Lille

    Google Scholar 

  • Villain S, Touzet P, Cuguen J (2009) Reconstructing the evolutionary history of Beta section Beta with molecular data. A focus on the Canary Islands. In: Frese L, Germeier CU, Lipman E, Maggioni L (eds) Report of the 3rd joint meeting of the ECP/GR Beta working group and world Beta network, 8–10 Mar 2006. Tenerife, Spain. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. Nn K (2008) La dispersion des graines dans le temp (dormance) et dans l’espace chez la betterave maritime (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) quel potentiel èvolutif pour répondre au changement climatique globale. Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagmann K (2008) La dispersion des graines dans le temp (dormance) et dans l’espace chez la betterave maritime (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) quel potentiel èvolutif pour répondre au changement climatique globale. Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagmann K, Hautekèete NC, Piquot Y, Van Dijk H (2010) Potential for evolutionary change in the seasonal timing of germination in sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) mediated by seed dormancy. Genetica 138:763–773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Mauerstrasse 39-41, 10117, Berlin, Germany

    Detlef Bartsch

  2. Formerly Stazione Sperimentale di Bieticoltura, Rovigo, Italy

    Enrico Biancardi

Authors
  1. Detlef Bartsch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Enrico Biancardi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Detlef Bartsch .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Formerly Stazione Sperimentale di Bieticoltura, Rovigo, Italy

    Enrico Biancardi

  2. Crop Research Laboratory, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University (Formerly USDA-ARS), Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Leonard W. Panella

  3. USDA-ARS, Sugar Beet and Bean Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    J. Mitchell McGrath

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bartsch, D., Biancardi, E. (2020). Ecology. In: Biancardi, E., Panella, L., McGrath, J. (eds) Beta maritima. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28748-1_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation