Abstract
As an oilseed source, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) also contains natural dyes known for their pharmaceutical properties in the treatment of chronic disorders. The production of this herbaceous plant originated in China from which it was dispersed to the Mediterranean countries. The plant is recognized for its use in herbal medicine, birdseed, animal feed, protein-containing ingredients and cooking oil (full of linoleic and oleic fatty acids). Of the linoleic-acid content of safflower, nearly 75%, is vital for a healthy human diet. Due to its adaptability to simultaneously yield oleic and linoleic oils, it is among the substitutes for the common agricultural products raised in marginal farming lands all over the world. No consensus so far has been reached in studies done on safflower. However, it seems necessary to exploit the potentiality of this underutilized plant. The detection and development of novel safflower ideotypes will enhance the suitability of this plant to various prevailing conditions, thereby enabling it to be incorporated into different intercropping practices. Classic genetic studies have an important role in making an educated guess concerning the action of genes and heritability of various agronomic and pheno-morphologic characteristics. Recently, biotechnological developments have contributed to safflower breeding. These practices, however, have not been well supported molecularly. The present chapter articulates different aspects of safflower breeding including conventional breeding methodologies, agronomic performance and biotechnological tools for improving safflower cultivation.
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Appendices
Appendices
1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Safflower
Institution | Specialization research activities | Contact information and website |
---|---|---|
Directorate of Oilseeds Research (DOR) | It is now known as Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (IIOR), coordinate and monitor the research programs of oilseed crops from all over the India. | Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, India |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. | Rome, Italy |
National Crop Gene Bank, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences | It is the long-term preservation center of crop germplasm resources and the research center of germplasm preservation technologies in China. | Beijing, China |
USDA | United States Department of Agriculture is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, agriculture, forestry and food. | |
Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS) | It has the responsibility of maintaining seed and clonal germplasm of over 2600 plant species from 376 genera. | Pullman, Washington, United States http://grbio.org/institutional-collection/western-regional-plant-introduction-station-collection |
1.2 Appendix II: Genetic Resources of Safflower
Cultivar | Important traits | Cultivation location |
---|---|---|
A1 | Suitable under scanty and assured moisture regions | India |
A-300 | Moderately salt tolerance | India |
AC Stirling | Early maturity and Sclerotinia head rot resistant | Canada |
AC Sunset | Early maturity and Sclerotinia head rot resistant | Canada |
AC1 | early maturing, high linoleic content, wilt resistant | United States |
AKS-207 | High yield and high oil content | India |
Alameda | High oleic acid | Spain |
APRR-3 | Resistant to rust | India |
Bhima | High yield, moderately tolerant to aphids | India |
Centennial | Resistance to Alternaria leaf spot and Pseudomonas bacterial blight | United States |
CO-1 | Non-spiny | India |
DSH-129 | High yield, resistant to wilt, moderately tolerant to Alternaria and aphids | India |
Girard | High oil, high oleic acid, Alternaria resistance | United States |
Girna | Moderately resistant to wilt | India |
Hartman | Resistance to leaf blight, high oleic content | United States |
HUS-305 | Moderately tolerant to wilt | India |
JSF-1 | Resistant to pest infestation | India |
JSI-7 | High yielding spineless variety | India |
K-1 | Moderately high yield | India |
Leed | The first high oleic variety | United States |
Manjira | High oil content | India |
Merced | High linoleic acid | Spain |
MKH-11 | High yield, moderately tolerant to wilt, Alternaria and aphids | India |
N-62-8 | High yield | India |
N-630 | High yield | India |
Nagpur-7 | Salt tolerance | India |
NARI-38 | Spiny variety, tolerant to wilt | India |
NARI-57 | High oil, high yield, highly resistant to wilt | India |
NARI-6 | A non-spiny hybrid, moderately resistant to wilt | India |
NARI-H-15 | Moderately tolerant to aphids | India |
NARI-NH-1 | Non-spiny hybrid, moderately tolerant to Alternaria and aphids | India |
Nebraska-10 (N-10) | Early maturity, high yield | United States |
Nebraska-5 | High yield | United States |
Oker | High oil, high oleic acid, Alternaria resistance | United States |
Pacific 7 | Lower crude fiber, higher protein content | United States |
PBNS-12 | Moderately tolerant to aphids | India |
Phule Kusuma | High yield | India |
Rancho | High linoleic acid | Spain |
Rinconda | High oleic acid | Spain |
S-144 | Tolerant to aphids | India |
Saffire | Early maturity, high yield, rot resistance | Canada |
Sharda | Moderately tolerant to aphids and wilt | India |
Th5 | High oil yield, early maturity | Canada |
Tomejil | High linoleic acid | Spain |
Type-65 | Non-spiny | India |
UC-148 | Male sterile safflower line | United States |
UC-149 | Male sterile safflower line | United States |
US 104 | High yield and high oil content | United States |
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Golkar, P., Karimi, S. (2019). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Industrial and Food Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23265-8_14
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