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Seed Dispersal by Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) at Caparú Biological Station (Colombia): Quantitative Description and Qualitative Analysis

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The Woolly Monkey

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR,volume 39))

Abstract

Seed dispersal is considered to play a fundamental role in the maintenance of tropical forest structure and diversity. The aim of this study was to determine the role that woolly monkeys play as seed dispersers at the Caparú Biological Station. We followed two woolly monkey groups for 16 months (960 h of observations), determined their diet, and collected and analyzed 1,397 fecal depositions. In 99 % of the analyzed depositions, we found seeds (93,917 seeds) belonging to at least 118 plant species. We estimated that an individual defecates around 15 times per day, and that the woolly monkey population can disperse more than 6,822 seeds day−1 km−2. However, if corrected for sampling efficiency, this value can reach 70,100 seeds day−1 km−2. The vast majority of seeds that woolly monkeys ingest are dispersed whole and undamaged. The average retention time was around 10 h, and the mean dispersal distance was 577 m (range 0–1, 540 m, N = 66). Germination experiments using dispersed seeds show higher (or equal) germination rates and shorter (or equal) latency times for dispersed seeds compared to controls. Our results confirm the important ecological role that woolly monkeys play in tropical forests and also show that this role depends to a great extent on population densities.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Ivonne Vargas, Edgar Yucuna, and Laura Clavijo for their help in the field. Erwin Palacios allowed us to work in Caparú. Doctors Eckhard W. Heymann and Thomas R. Defler made helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. This study was supported by Conservation International Colombia-Centro Ambiental de La Pedrera, Idea Wild, Primate Conservation Inc., Universidad de Los Andes, Explorers Club, and Mal Asociados.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

    Marcos González

  2. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

    Pablo R. Stevenson

Authors
  1. Marcos González
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  2. Pablo R. Stevenson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcos González .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, CUNDINAMARCA, Colombia

    Thomas R. Defler

  2. Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia

    Pablo R. Stevenson

Appendix 9.1

Appendix 9.1

Species dispersed by woolly monkeys at Caparú. The biomass (dry seeds), the number of seeds, and the quantity of feces found for each species is shown. The number of visits and total time of consumption are also shown. The species are ordered in terms of mass of dispersed seeds because, in spite that seeds are potential individuals, in continuous forests there is a stronger correlation between the mass of seeds dispersed and the abundance of seedlings than between the number of seeds dispersed and seedling abundance (Stevenson, unpublished).

Species

Family

Life form

Biomass (gr)

Number of seeds

Number of feces

Number of visits

Number of minutes

Dicranostyles ampla

Convolvulaceae

Liana

570

1326

191

29

425

Telitoxicum krukovii

Menispermaceae

Liana

526

163

76

9

74

Parkia multijuga

Fabaceae

Tree

473

408

170

46

655

Iriartea deltoidea

Arecaceae

Palm

297

144

89

77

267

Pouteria vernicosa

Sapotaceae

Tree

190

109

56

17

225

Maripa janusiana

Menispermaceae

Liana

167

167

58

30

671

Buchenavia grandis

Combretaceae

Tree

127

63

28

2

36

Pleurisanthes cf. emarginata

Icacinaceae

± Tree

109

139

41

4

26

Strychnos panurensis

Loganiaceae

Tiana

102

148

42

11

56

Pouteria campanulata

Sapotaceae

Tree

97

81

39

8

139

Pouteria aubrevillei

Sapotaceae

Tree

90

199

58

3

55

Minquartia guianensis

Olacaceae

Tree

83

64

29

0

0

Cecropia sciadophylla

Urticaceae

Tree

76

40,549

285

27

88

Coccoloba excelsa

Polygonaceae

Liana

74

80

38

4

52

Telitoxicum minutiflorum

Menispermaceae

Liana

74

60

23

2

14

Hymenaea oblongifolia

Fabaceae

Tree

65

17

8

4

54

Cheiloclinium hippocrateoides

Celastraceae

Liana

63

48

18

21

83

Pseudolmedia rigida

Moraceae

Tree

57

297

31

7

69

Virola pavonis

Myristicaceae

Tree

56

38

23

12

133

Pourouma bicolor

Urticaceae

Tree

50

85

41

22

72

Pouteria sp. 2 (L. C-R 1081)

Sapotaceae

Tree

46.5

55

26

5

36

Eugenia florida

Myrtaceae

Tree

46.4

80

26

8

125

Pouteria laevigata

Sapotaceae

Tree

40

11

6

3

53

Virola elongata

Myristicaceae

Tree

38

55

13

1

5

Inga edulis

Fabaceae

Tree

32

79

13

26

294

Clarisia racemosa

Moraceae

Tree

31

17

9

4

19

Paullinia sp. 1 (M. G 9)

Sapindaceae

Liana

29.9

22

11

4

32

Paullinia sp. 2 (L.C-R 1086)

Sapindaceae

Liana

29.6

80

31

12

83

Byrsonima cowanii

Malpighiaceae

Tree

27

83

23

13

128

Dialium guianense

Fabaceae

Tree

26.6

133

42

3

54

Brosimum lactescens

Moraceae

Tree

26.1

90

40

12

54

Couma macrocarpa

Apocynaceae

Tree

25.2

28

11

4

27

Odontocarya emarginata

Menispermaceae

Liana

24.7

76

16

6

38

Byrsonima arthropoda

Malpighiaceae

Tree

24.2

485

51

20

310

Strychnos mitscherlichii

Loganiaceae

Liana

23

29

12

25

153

Anomospermum (M. G. 51)

Menispermaceae

Liana

22

8

8

1

5

Sapotaceae sp. 3 (I.N. 11)

Sapotaceae

Tree

21.6

18

13

1

3

Buchenavia sp. (L. C-R 476)

Combretaceae

Tree

19.5

13

3

3

20

Curarea toxicofera

Menispermaceae

Liana

17.8

8

6

6

47

Chrysophyllum amazonicum

Sapotaceae

Tree

17.3

34

15

5

65

Pouteria guianensis

Sapotaceae

Tree

16.9

10

6

3

7

Talisia obovata

Sapindaceae

Tree

16.6

26

10

2

7

Protium cf. llanorum

Burseraceae

Tree

16.1

27

15

8

72

Roucheria columbiana

Linaceae

Tree

15.8

77

22

3

8

Batocarpus orinocensis

Moraceae

Tree

13.6

20

5

3

13

Micropholis venulosa

Sapotaceae

Tree

13.1

32

13

3

25

Protium cf. apiculatum

Burseraceae

Tree

12.5

39

16

8

166

Hebepetalum humiriifolium

Linaceae

Tree

12.2

55

11

10

102

Crepidospermum rhoifolium

Burseraceae

Tree

12.15

27

8

3

25

Guatteria insculpta

Annonaceae

Tree

12.1

11

7

0

0

Sapotaceae sp. 4 (I.N.V 13)

Sapotaceae

Tree

12

10

7

11

275

Tontelea mauritioides

Celastraceae

Liana

11.5

10

3

7

34

Helicostylis tomentosa

Moraceae

Tree

11.2

25

12

6

18

Sorocea pubivena

Moraceae

Tree

10.6

71

28

15

301

Guatteria cf. olivacea

Annonaceae

Tree

10.3

24

5

6

57

Tapirira guianensis

Anacardiaceae

Tree

9.1

13

10

0

0

Ficus spp.

Moraceae

Trees and hemiepiphytes

8.7

43,280

270

42

599

Virola cf. duckei

Myristicaceae

Tree

8.6

5

2

17

140

Touroulia amazonica

Ochnaceae

Tree

8.1

45

7

2

4

Salacia aff. elliptica

Celastraceae

Liana

7.7

2

2

3

14

Odontocarya petiolaris

Mensipermaceae

Liana

7.2

20

11

1

5

Alibertia edulis

Rubiaceae

Tree

7.1

146

29

3

17

Guatteria foliosa

Annonaceae

Tree

7.06

107

46

7

24

Inga acreana

Fabaceae

Tree

6.9

23

4

8

38

Pouteria cf. bilocularis

Sapotaceae

Tree

6.5

5

4

1

14

Pouteria sp. 1 (L.C-R 917)

Sapotaceae

Tree

6.15

5

3

1

13

Protium amazonicum

Burseraceae

Tree

6.09

21

11

8

85

Inga tenuistipula

Fabaceae

Tree

5.9

8

1

6

15

Strychnos amazonica

Loganiaceae

Liana

5.88

7

4

1

12

Roucheria cf. schomburgkii

Linaceae

Tree

5.4

15

7

3

23

Perebea xanthochyma

Moraceae

Tree

5.32

14

4

4

7

Odontocarya tripetala

Menispermaceae

Liana

5.31

59

10

10

59

Maquira calophylla

Moraceae

Tree

4.96

8

6

4

19

Guatteria decurrens

Annonaceae

Tree

4.95

10

5

1

7

Pouteria cuspidata

Sapotaceae

Tree

4.94

5

3

5

34

Dicranostyles holostyla

Convolvulaceae

Liana

4.8

11

5

0

0

Hieronyma alchorneoides

Phyllanthaceae

Tree

4.1

502

28

5

65

Moutabea aculeata

Polygalaceae

Liana

4

4

4

4

21

Protium ferrugineum

Burseraceae

Tree

3.8

7

2

5

97

Pouteria reticulata

Sapotaceae

Tree

3.3

3

3

1

4

Iryanthera crassifolia

Myristicaceae

Tree

3

3

2

3

7

Buchenavia parvifolia

Combretaceae

Tree

2.9

4

3

3

33

Pourouma guianensis

Urticaceae

Tree

2.75

11

6

3

8

Neea robusta

Nyctaginaceae

Tree

2.7

14

5

2

35

Paullinia cf. capreolata

Sapindaceae

Liana

2.6

6

4

2

12

Mendoncia pedunculata

Acanthaceae

Liana

2.5

8

7

6

15

Rubiaceae sp. 3 (I.N.V. 18)

Rubiaceae

Tree

2.4

2

1

1

1

Garcinia madruno

Clusiaceae

Tree

2.39

1

1

3

11

Hieronyma oblonga

Phyllanthaceae

Tree

2.3

13

5

2

5

Crepidospermum prancei

Burseraceae

Tree

2.2

6

4

4

36

Theobroma subincanum

Malvaceae

Tree

1.9

3

3

7

13

Manilkara sp. 1 (L. C-R 784)

Sapotaceae

Tree

1.82

2

2

2

29

Inga marginata

Fabaceae

Tree

1.8

6

3

4

15

Mendoncia glomerata

Acanthaceae

Liana

1.742

26

15

0

0

Phyllanthus attenuatus

Phyllanthaceae

Tree

1.738

316

41

4

72

Pouteria aff. guianensis

Sapotaceae

Tree

1.6

1

1

1

8

Buchenavia amazonia

Combretaceae

Tree

1.42

10

5

2

16

Protium cf. opacum

Burseraceae

Tree

1.4

2

2

3

21

Heisteria duckei

Olacaceae

Tree

1.23

3

3

0

0

Peritassa laevigata

Celastraceae

Liana

1.22

2

1

4

12

Souroubea bicolor

Marcgraviaceae

Hemi-epiphyte

1.1

284

59

18

69

Virola sebifera

Myristicaceae

Tree

0.96

6

4

0

0

Pouteria rostrata

Sapotaceae

Tree

0.7

2

1

2

24

Pacouria guianensis

Apocynaceae

Liana

0.68

1

1

37

327

Calyptranthes aff. multiflora

Myrtaceae

Tree

0.65

5

5

2

15

Guatteria sp. 1 (M.G. 81)

Annonaceae

Tree

0.65

1

1

1

3

Tontelea attenuata

Celastraceae

Liana

0.65

1

1

0

0

Naucleopsis ulei

Moraceae

Tree

0.62

2

2

4

17

Theobroma obovatum

Malvaceae

Tree

0.5

1

1

3

6

Undetermined (M.G. 47)

  

0.45

7

5

6

23

Passiflora involucrata

Passifloraceae

Liana

0.4

7

3

1

17

Lacmellea ramosissima

Apocynaceae

Tree

0.38

4

3

2

15

Guarea glabra

Meliaceae

Tree

0.35

1

1

0

0

Fabaceae (I.N.V. 8)

Fabaceae

 

0.31

1

1

2

23

Inga thibaudiana

Fabaceae

Tree

0.3

1

1

1

3

Vismia macrophylla

Hypericaceae

Tree

0,2

19

3

6

62

Solanum cf. barbeyanum

Solanaceae

Liana

0,01

3

1

2

6

Undetermined species

  

852

2,749

711

  

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González, M., Stevenson, P. (2014). Seed Dispersal by Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) at Caparú Biological Station (Colombia): Quantitative Description and Qualitative Analysis. In: Defler, T., Stevenson, P. (eds) The Woolly Monkey. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, vol 39. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0697-0_9

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