Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spatial distribution and optimum sample size for monitoring of water lily aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) in Makhana Euryale ferox Salisb

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Water lily aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is the major pest of Makhana/Gorgon nut Euryale ferox Salisb, which is an important aquatic crop of tropical and subtropical regions of South-East and East Asia. The basic information such as distribution pattern and optimum sample size for estimating population density in the field is unknown. Therefore, we studied spatial distribution patterns for two stages, i.e., nymphs and adults of R. nymphaeae, using five different distribution indices and two regression methods viz., Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s mean crowding index for two years. All the indices showed aggregated distribution by nymphs and adults of R. nymphaeae in both years individually and with the pooled data of two years. The values of aggregation parameter (b) of Taylor’s power law and density contagiousness coefficient (β) of Iwao’s mean crowding index were found to be more than one for both nymphs and adults for each of the years, and pooled data of two years indicated an aggregated distribution of the R. nymphaeae. The optimal sample size (n) was estimated at three fixed precision levels of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.25 with Iwao’s regression coefficients. The results showed that the optimum sample size decreased with increased levels of precision and mean aphid density. The optimum sample size (n) for estimating the lowest (3.3/leaf) and highest density (217.6/leaf) of both nymphs and adults ranged from 305.2 to 26.3, 76.3 to 6.6, and 12.2 to 1.0 with 5, 10 and 25% levels of precision. This basic information on spatial distribution pattern and optimum sample size helps monitor and formulate effective management strategies against R. nymphaeae.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alawi SH, Suroshe SS, Chander S, Nebapure SM, Poddar N (2021) Spatial distribution and sequential sampling of aphid and their natural enemies on wheat. Indian J Exp Biol 59(04):246–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfasane MA, Khondeker M, Begum LA et al (2008) Fruit production and biochemical aspects of seeds of Euryale ferox salisb. Under ex-situ conditions. Bangl J Bot 37(2):179–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RM (1974) Population dynamics of cestode Caryophyllaeus laticeps in the bream (Abramis brama L). J Anim Ecol 43:305–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbab A (2014) Spatial distribution and minimum sample size for overwintering larvae of the rice stem borer Chilo Suppressalis (Walker) in paddy fields. Neotrop Entomol 43:415–420

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arbab A, Bakry MMS (2016) Spatial distribution and minimum sample size for monitoring of parlatoria date scale insect, Parlatoria Blanchardi (Targioni: Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on date palm trees. Agr Res Techn 2(3):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbab A, Mcneill MR (2014) Spatial distribution and sequential sampling plans for adult Sitona Humeralis Stephens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in alfalfa. J Asia Pac Entomol 17(3):515–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Ba-Angood SA, Stewart RK (1980) Occurrence, development and distribution of cereal aphids on early and late cultivars of wheat, barley and oats in south-western Quebec. Can Ent 112:615–620

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakry MMS, Arbab A (2020a) Monitoring of the scale insect, Icerya Seychellarum (Westwood) infesting guava. Indian J Entomol 82(1):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakry MM, Nagdy FAB (2020) Examining the spatial distribution pattern and optimum sample size for monitoring the white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on certain mango cultivars. Int J Hortic Agric Food Sci 4:91–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakry MMS, Shakal SYE (2020b) Population size and spatial distribution pattern of Schizaphis Graminum (Hemiptera:Aphididae) on some wheat cultivars and lines. Acta Entomol Zool 1(2):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Binns MR, Nyrop JP (1992) Sampling insect populations for the purpose of IPM decision making. Annu Rev Entomol 37(1):427–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman RL, Eastop VF (2015) Aphids on the World’s Plants: An online identification and information guide. http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/ Accessed 19 April 2015

  • Borges I, Soares AO, Hemptinne JL (2006) Abundance and spatial distribution of aphids and scales select for different life histories in their ladybird beetle predators. J App Ento 130(6):356–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02538881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Center TD (2002) Insects and other arthropods that feed on aquatic and wetland plants. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service

  • Chander S (1991) Distribution of aphids infesting rapeseed and their relationship with crop yield. Ph.D dissertation. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

  • David FN, Moore PG (1954) Notes on contagious distribution in plant populations. Ann Bot 18(1):4–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta RN, Jha SN, Jha UN (1996) Plant contents and quality of makhana (Euryale ferox). Plant Soil 96(3):429–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott JM (1977) Some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates. Sci Publ Freshw Biol Assoc 25:1–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans DE (1972) The spatial distribution and sampling of Aeneolamia Varia Saccharina and A. Postica Jugata. Entomol Exp Appl 15:305–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaevskaya NS (1969) The role of higher aquatic plants in the nutrition of the animals of fresh-water basins. National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Yorkshire, England

    Google Scholar 

  • Goren-Inbar N, Melamed Y, Zohar I, Akhilesh K, Pappu S (2014) Beneath still waters multistage aquatic exploitation of Euryale ferox (Salisb.) during the Acheulian. ‘Human Exploitation of Aquatic Landscapes’ special issue (ed. Ricardo Fernandes and John Meadows). Internet Archaeol https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.37.1

  • Green RH (1966) Measurement of non-randomness in spatial distribution. Res Popul Ecol 8:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassell MP, May RM (1974) Aggregation of predators and insect parasites and its effect on stability. J Anim Ecol 43:567–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Holman J (2009) Host plant catalog of aphids: palaearctic region. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.001441

  • Hurlbert SH (1990) Spatial distribution of the montane unicorn. Oikos 58:257–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Jana BR, Idris MD (2018) Anti-aging amino acids in Euryale ferox Salisb: a review. Adv Plants Agric Res 8(1):39–43

  • Jha V, Kargupta AN, Dutta RN, Jha UN, Mishra RK, Saraswati KC (1991) Utilization and conservation of Euryale ferox Salisbury in Mithilla, (North Bihar) India. Aquat Bot 39:295–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Khaing O, Hormchan P, Jamornmarn S, Ratanadilok N, Wongpiyasatid A (2002) Spatial dispersion and optimum sample size for cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on cotton. Agric Nat Resour 36(3):235–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieckhefer RW (1975) Field population of cereal aphids in South Dakota spring grains. J Econ Entomol 68:161–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar M, Padala VK, Ramya N, Chakraborty A, Dey JK (2021) Plant health issues in Fox Nut/Makhana (Euryale ferox): an agronomic perspective. J Plant Health Issues 2(1):30–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuno E (1963) A comparative analysis on the distribution of nymphal population of some leaf and planthoppers on rice plant. Res Popul Ecol 5:31–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuno E (1969) A new method of sequential sampling to obtain the population estimates with a level of precision. Res Popul Ecol 11(2):127–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuno E (1991) Sampling and analysis of insect populations. Ann Rev Entomol 36:285–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Wilson ML (2000) Early warning of Malaria epidemics in African highlands using Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) indoor resting density. J Med Entomol 37:666–674

    Google Scholar 

  • Linnaeus C (1761) Fauna suecica sistens animalia sueciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes. Distributa per classes et ordines, genera et species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum, Editio altera, p 578.

  • Lloyd M (1967) Mean crowding. J Anim Ecol 36:1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahal MS, Singh R, Singh B (1988) Dispersion of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) and development of a sequential sampling plan for its supervised control on Raya, Brassica juncea Cors. J Insect Sci 1(1):27–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal RN, Saha GS, Sarangi N (2010) Harvest and processing of Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) An unique assemblage of traditional knowledge. Indian J Trad Know 9:684–688

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra RK, Jha BP, Jha V, Singh SK, Mahto A (1992) Insect association of Euryale ferox Salisb in the ponds of Darbhanga, North Bihar. Freshw Biol 4:199–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra RK, Jha V, Dehadrai PV (2003) Makhana. DIPA, ICAR, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Moradi-Vajargah M, Golizadeh A, Rafiee-Dastjerdi H, Zalucki MP, Hassanpour M, Naseri B (2011) Population density and spatial distribution pattern of Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Ardabil, Iran. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj Napoca. 39(2):42–48. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha3926381

  • Nath P, Mishra DS (1986) Distribution behavior of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) on Raya var. Varuna. In: Kurl SP (ed) Proc 2nd National Symposium on Recent trends in aphidological studies, Modinagar, pp 47–54

  • Nath P, Kumar A, Yadav PK, Kumar R (2018) Emerging pests of Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) Crop in Koshi region of Bihar. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 4605–4609

  • Nematollahi MR, Fathipour Y, Taleb AA, Karimzadeh J, Zalucki MP (2018) Sampling procedure and temporal-spatial distribution of the Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on Canola. J Agr Sci Tech 16:1241–1252

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedigo LP, Buntin GD (1994) Handbook of sampling methods for arthropods in agriculture. CRC Press, Florida. Environ Entomol 24(3):506–512

  • Perry JN (1995) Spatial analysis by distance indices. J Anim Ecol 64:303–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettett A, Pettett SJ (1970) Biological control of Pistia stratiotes L. in Western State. Nigeria Nat (London) 226:282. https://doi.org/10.1038/226282a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Setamou M, Schulthess F, Poehling H, Borgemeister C (2000) Spatial distribution and sampling plans for Mussidia Nigrivenella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on cultivated and wild host plants in Benin. Environ Entomol 29(6):1216–1225

    Google Scholar 

  • Seth ML, Raychaudhuri SP (1973) Further studies on a new mosaic Disease of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L). Proc Nat Acad Sci 39:122–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Sevacherian V, Stern VM (1972) Spatial distribution patterns of lygus bugs in California cotton fields. Environ Entomol 1:695–704

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon JC, Rispe C, Sunnucks P (2002) Ecology and evolution of sex in aphids. Trends Ecol Evol 17(1):34–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Soemargono A, Muryati M, Hasyim A, Istianto M (2011) Spatial distribution pattern of the fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango orchard. J Agric Sci 33(3):207–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Southwood TRE (1978) Ecological methods. Chapman & Hill, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern VMRF, Smith R, van den Bosch R, Hagen K (1959) The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid: the integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29(2):81–101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor LR (1961) Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature 189(4766):732–735

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor LR (1984) Assessing and interpreting the spatial distributions of insect populations. Annu Rev Entomol 29(1):321–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor LR, Kempton RA, Woiwod IP (1976) Diversity statistics and the log-series model. J Anim Ecol 1:255–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomanovic Z, Kavallieratos NG, Stary P, Petrovic-Obradovic O, Athanassiou CG, Stanisavljevic LZ (2008) Cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) in Serbia: Seasonal dynamics and natural enemies. Europ J Entomol 105(3):495–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinatier F, Tixier P, Duyck PF, Lescourret F (2011) Factors and mechanisms explaining spatial heterogeneity: a review of methods for insect populations. Methods Ecol Evol 2(1):11–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade MJ, Fitzpatrick CL, Lively CM (2018) 50-year anniversary of Lloyd’s mean crowding: ideas on patchy distributions. J Anim Ecol 87(5):1221–1226

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ward SA, Rabbinge R, Mantel WP (1985) The use of incidence counts for estimation of aphid populations. 1. Minimum sample size for required accuracy. Neth J Plant Pathol 91(2):93–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward SA, Chambers RJ, Sunderland K, Dixon AFG (1986) Cereal aphid populations and the relation between mean density and spatial variance. Neth J Plant Pathol 92(3):127–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver DK, Nansen C, Runyon JB, Sing SE, Morrill WL (2005) Spatial distributions of Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) and its braconid parasitoids in Montana wheat fields. Biol Cont 34(1):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Wipfli MS, Peterson SS, Hogg DB, Wedberg JL (1992) Dispersion patterns and optimum sample size analyses for three plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) species associated with birdsfoot trefoil in Wisconsin. Environ Entomol 21(6):1248–1252

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Director, ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna for providing the facilities.

Funding

No specific funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Centre for Makhana, ICAR- Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, India

    Vinod K. Padala, Manoj Kumar, SM Raut, IS Singh & Mohd. Monobrullah

  2. Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    N Ramya & S Rajna

  3. Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Mandla Rajashekhar

  4. ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi, India

    YN Venkatesh

  5. ICAR-National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, India

    Subhash Chander

Authors
  1. Vinod K. Padala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N Ramya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manoj Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S Rajna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mandla Rajashekhar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. YN Venkatesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. SM Raut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Subhash Chander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. IS Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Mohd. Monobrullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vinod K. Padala.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Padala, V.K., Ramya, N., Kumar, M. et al. Spatial distribution and optimum sample size for monitoring of water lily aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) in Makhana Euryale ferox Salisb. Int J Trop Insect Sci 43, 2167–2177 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-023-01119-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-023-01119-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation