Abstract
Exposure to sound vibrations triggers the plant’s defense system, causing a cascade of biological responses. This study attempted to identify the physiological, phytochemical, and molecular responses of Satureja hortensis L. to music and noise sounds, including Iranian music (IM; 800–2000 Hz frequency), rock music (RM; 1100–7000 Hz frequency), and urban/traffic noise (UTN; 800–2000 Hz frequency). All acoustic treatments stimulated germination, growth, and biomass accumulation. The treatments increased the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme and total phenolic concentrations. Sound treatments were associated with approximately 52% increase in radical scavenging capacity. The highest flavonoid concentration was recorded in UTN-exposed plants and was associated with a drastic up-regulation of the bZIP transcription factor gene. There was potential contribution of bZIP and WRKY1 transcription factors in signal transduction of sound waves in plant cells. Positive correlations were also observed among the expression of α-terpineol synthase (TPS5) gene, secondary metabolites, and growth enhancement. Histochemical tests showed IM- and RM-mediated changes in shoot apical meristem and tissue differentiation. Therefore, rhythmic and non-rhythmic sounds induced different metabolic pathways. The responses of plant to various rhythms referred to different patterns of vibrations. The correlation between physiological and molecular indices underlines this hypothesis that rhythmic musical waves acted as a highly potent physical elicitor to stimulate the production of secondary metabolites.
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The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
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Conceptualization and visualization: [AM] and [AI]; Design and carry out: [SA]; Analysis the results and software analysis: [ME], [ZOA], and [SA]; Writing original-draft: [SA]. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Azgomi, S., Iranbakhsh, A., Majd, A. et al. The importance of sound rhythm: music and noise elicit different biological responses in Satureja hortensis L.. Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol. 35, 215–232 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40626-023-00277-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40626-023-00277-1