Abstract
Plants of genus Eleutherococcus belong to Araliaceae family, which mainly distributed in Asia. Several Eleutherococcus species have been used as ancient medicinal plants for many years in different traditional medical systems. The secondary metabolites of plants of genus Eleutherococcus have been studied since 1960s. In recent years, with the boom of "return to nature" and "the renewed emphasis on natural medicine", the investigations of genus Eleutherococcus have made new progress. So far, 422 secondary metabolites have been isolated and identified from 17 species. There are various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-anxiety, anti-depression, anti-diabetes, anti-fatigue, neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, immunoregulation, anti-Parkinson’s disease, anti-Alzheimer's disease, and anti-cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, most of which can be found internal connection with traditional medicine. Moreover, clinical researches have revealed the efficacy of drugs made from Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which have been marketed in China for decades. Despite a large number of literature reports regarding to the phytochemistry and biological activity of various Eleutherococcus species have been issued, there is not a complete and comprehensive review. Therefore, we discuss knowledge on ethnopharmacology, secondary metabolites, pharmacological and biological activity, clinical trial, and quality control of drugs made from plants of genus Eleutherococcus. Furthermore, deficiencies on present studies have also been discussed so as to provide reference for further research and promote the contemporary development of Eleutherococcus genus.
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Abbreviations
- Aβ :
-
β-Amyloid peptide
- ACE:
-
Angiotensin converting enzyme
- AD:
-
Alzheimer's disease
- Akt:
-
Phospho-protein kinase B
- ALT:
-
Alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK:
-
AMP-activated protein kinase
- ESS:
-
Saponins extracted from E. senticosus
- AST:
-
Aspartate aminotransferase
- BDNF:
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BrdU:
-
5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine
- CaMKII:
-
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
- CCD:
-
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease
- ChP:
-
Chinese Pharmacopoeia
- CK:
-
Creatine phosphokinase
- CMS:
-
Clinical management system
- CREB:
-
CAMP-response element binding
- CRT:
-
Combined Raven's test
- DBP:
-
Diastolic blood pressure
- DCX:
-
Doublecortin
- DGAT:
-
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase
- DG:
-
Dentate gyrus
- D-GalN/LPS:
-
D-Galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide
- EES:
-
Ethanol extract of E. senticosus
- Erk:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½
- EtOAc:
-
Ethyl acetate
- EtOH:
-
Ethanol
- FFA:
-
Fatty acid
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GSH-Px:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- HMGB1:
-
High-mobility group box
- HO-1:
-
Heme oxygenase-1
- HUVECs:
-
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IC50 :
-
50% Inhibiting concentration
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- iNOS:
-
Nitric oxide synthase
- I/R:
-
Ischemia–reperfusion
- LAD:
-
Left-anterior descending-branch coronary artery ligation
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- LPO:
-
Lipid peroxidation
- LVAW:
-
Left ventricular absolute weight
- LVEDP:
-
Left ventricular end diastolic pressure
- LVLA:
-
Left ventricular long axis
- LVP:
-
Left ventricle pressure
- LVRW:
-
Left ventricular absolute relative
- LVSA:
-
Left ventricular short axis
- LVSP:
-
Left ventricular systolic pressure
- LVV:
-
Left ventricular volume
- LXR:
-
Liver X receptors
- MAP:
-
Mean artery pressure
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDA:
-
Malonic dialdehyde
- MPP+ :
-
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
- MPTP:
-
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- MPO:
-
Myeloperoxidase
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappaB
- NGF:
-
Nerve growth factor
- NK:
-
Natural killer
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NPY:
-
Neurokpeptide Y
- Nrf2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor2
- NSF:
-
Novelty suppressed feeding
- OXPHOS:
-
Oxidative phosphorylation
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- PPARγ:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- PGI2 :
-
Prostacycline
- PTP1B:
-
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- SCID:
-
Severe combined immunodeficient
- SBP:
-
Systolic blood pressure
- SHR:
-
Spontaneously hypertensive rats
- Smac:
-
Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- STAT:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TCM:
-
Traditional Chinese medicine
- TLR4:
-
Toll-Like Receptor 4
- TNF-α :
-
Tumor necrosis factorα
- TrkB:
-
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B
- TXA2 :
-
Thromboxane A2
- VD:
-
Vascular dementia
- VF:
-
Ventricular fibrillation
- VT:
-
Ventricular tachycardia
- ± dp/dtmax :
-
Maximum left ventricular pressure rising and dropping rates
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Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by a grant (81892971) from The National Natural Science Foundation of China, a grant (2019-YFYF-00002-SN) from Key R&D Program of Science and Technology Bureau of Chengdu, and a grant (2018YFC1707904) from National Key R&D Program of China.
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Yuehui Huang and Jintao Li wrote the manuscript, Ke Zan help with the literature search and data analysis, Wang Jun was responsible for the data searching and writing of the quality control part, and Qiang Fu provided analysis and critically revised the work.
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Yue-Hui Huang and Jin-Tao Li contributed to the work equally and should be regarded as co-first authors.
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Huang, YH., Li, JT., Zan, K. et al. The traditional uses, secondary metabolites, and pharmacology of Eleutherococcus species. Phytochem Rev 21, 1081–1184 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09775-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09775-z