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Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic dynamics of the Subtropical Andes of Argentina (35° S) during the last 3000 years

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Abstract

The most recent IPCC report indicated that the Subtropical Andes (32°–35° S) are one of the world areas undergoing a strong tendency towards more arid conditions due to current climate change. The winter precipitation that falls on the Andes, related to the Southern Westerlies System (SWS), is the main source of water for central Chile and west central Argentina, making it a fundamental socioeconomic resource. The few long-term records of the eastern slope of the Subtropical Andes do not permit establishing the long-term natural climate variability or determining if this trend does or does not respond to natural forcings. This study therefore presents a centennial and sub-centennial scale reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental dynamics of the eastern slope of the Subtropical Andes during the last 3000 cal yrs BP, based on the pollen record of the Laguna Corazón (LCO; 35.13° S; 2200 m a.s.l.), in order to establish the different regional paleoenvironmental scenarios. The sedimentary record (182 cm) is mostly composed of laminated dark brown clay, and includes a 21–24 cm layer preliminarily associated with the 1932 AD eruption of the Quizapú volcano. The LCO record shows the development of a grass steppe associated with high-Andean shrubs between 3000 and 2440 cal yrs BP, suggesting slightly more humid conditions than present. From 2440 to 1110 cal yrs BP, there was continuous presence of the grass steppe along with high-Andean and Patagonian low shrubs, indicating moderately more humid conditions than today. The development of a grass steppe with low high-Andean shrubs from 1110 to 320 cal yrs BP reflects conditions slightly more humid that at present, showing a progressive decrease in humidity between 900 and 320 cal yrs BP. Since then, environmental conditions were similar to present ones, associated with the climatic variability at sub-centennial timescale. In the last 320 cal yrs BP, the record shows the presence of introduced species as a consequence of the occupation of the valley to raise livestock, and more recently, tourist activities. These environmental/climatic patterns are similar to those recorded for the western slope of the Subtropical Andes for the Late Holocene, indicating a regional forcing related to the winter precipitation associated with the SWS.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Company Valle de Las Leñas S.A. for allowing us to work in Valle Hermoso, especially the efforts of geologist Luis Ballarini. We also thank the Hospital Universitario of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo) for the X-ray images of the sediment cores. This study was financed by projects FONDECYT #1180413 (to AM; MEdP), REDES 180099 (to AM) and PIP 0784 (to RB; MEdP), and forms part of the thesis of EIC, financed by a scholarship of the Secretaría de Investigación, Internacionales y Posgrado SIIP 2019-06/A711 (UNCuyo), directed by SMM.

Funding

Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT #1180413 (to AM and MEdP) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, PIP 0784 (to RB and MEdP). Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, REDES 180099 (to AM).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT Mendoza CONICET, Avda. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín, CP 5500, Mendoza, Argentina

    E. I. Cavagna, M. E. de Porras & S. M. Moreiras

  2. Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile

    A. Maldonado

  3. Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile

    A. Maldonado

  4. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina

    S. M. Moreiras

  5. Centro de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Innovación y Creación (CIIC-UCT), Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile

    R. Barberena

  6. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas, CONICET-UNCUYO, Mendoza, Argentina

    R. Barberena

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  1. E. I. Cavagna
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Contributions

EIC processed the pollen samples and analyzed the pollen data, wrote and edited the manuscript with contributions from all coauthors. MEdP designed the study, retrieved the cores, obtained the funding, performed the lithological description, X rays and LOI of the sedimentary record, wrote and edited the manuscript. AM designed the study, retrieved the cores, obtained the funding, performed the lithological description of the sedimentary record and edited the manuscript. SMM retrieved the cores and edited the manuscript. RB obtained the funding and edited the manuscript.

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Correspondence to E. I. Cavagna.

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Cavagna, E.I., de Porras, M.E., Maldonado, A. et al. Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic dynamics of the Subtropical Andes of Argentina (35° S) during the last 3000 years. J Paleolimnol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-023-00310-y

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