Abstract
Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. is a widely spread species that has diverse physiological and molecular properties. Flower characteristics are important factors in deducing taxonomical status; however, owing to the rarity of flowering observations in Lemna, studying them has been a prolonged challenge. In this study, physiological and morphological analyses were conducted by inducing flowering, and molecular analysis was done based on the two chloroplast DNA loci (matK, atpF−atpH intergeneric spacer) of L. aequinoctialis sensu Landolt (1986) from 70 strains found in 70 localities in Japan, Korea, Thailand, and the US. In total, 752 flowering fronds from 13 strains were observed based on axenic conditions. Two different trends in flower organ development—protogyny and adichogamy—were detected in these strains. Their physiological traits were divided into two groups, showing different morphological features based on frond thickness, root cap, and anther sizes. Molecular analysis showed two lineages corresponding to two physiological groups. These were identified as L. aequinoctialis sensu Beppu et al. (1985) and L. aoukikusa Beppu et Murata based on the description of the nomenclature of L. aoukikusa. These were concluded as independent taxa and can be treated as different species. Furthermore, the distribution of L. aoukikusa is not only limited to Japan.
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Acknowledgements
We deeply appreciate Professor Tokitaka Oyama (Kyoto University) for his kind provision of various Landolt collections. We also appreciate Dr. Ayako Maeda (The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden), Ms. Hanaka Naito (Niigata University), Ms. Mami Yamazaki (Sapporo Museum Activity Center), Ms. Sehee Park (Andong National University), Mr. Seiji Nakamura (Yamanashi University), Dr. Tomoki Sando and Mr. Hiroshi Tominaga for their help in sampling. We would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the English language review.
Funding
Part of the present study was financially supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (#4-2001) of Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency and JST SPRING (Grant Number: JPMJSP2121).
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Lee, Y., Kato, S., Kim, J.Y. et al. Two lineages of Lemna aequinoctialis (Araceae, Lemnoideae) based on physiology, morphology, and phylogeny. J Plant Res 137, 359–376 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-023-01509-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-023-01509-w