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Petalostelma of Brazil and the initial evolution of Metastelmatinae (Apocynaceae)

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Abstract

The MOG clade is one of the four neotropical lineages of the subfamily Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae), and its core group is formed by the subtribes Metastelmatinae, Oxypetalinae, Gonolobinae, Tassadiinae and Topeinae, consisting of about 935 species and 63 genera. These subtribes form well-supported and morphologically distinguishable clades, but the relationships among them are yet to be resolved. Metastelmatinae is composed of approximately 300 species and 12 genera with complex circumscriptions. There is no agreement regarding the sequence of phylogenetic events at the beginning of the Metastelmatinae evolution. Petalostelma stands out for being a genus frequently assigned to the basal grade of Metastelmatinae. In this study, we evaluated the circumscription of Petalostelma, its phylogenetic position in Metastelmatinae and the relationships between the subtribes of the MOG core group, thus offering an overview of the initial diversification of Metastelmatinae. Our results support the monophyly of Petalostelma and a basal grade sequentially formed by Blepharodon s.s., Petalostelma, Barjonia and Minaria within Metastelmatinae; however, alternative hypotheses in which the positions of Petalostelma and Barjonia are interchanged cannot be rejected. The sister clades Metastelmatine–Gonolobinae and Oxypetalinae–Tassadiinae are the most likely within the MOG core group, although without statistical significance. We also present a taxonomic revision of Petalostelma in Brazil, including complete morphological descriptions, an identification key, illustrations, distribution maps, assessments of the conservation status and taxonomic comments for the nine species recognized in the country, including a new species from eastern Brazil, P. atlanticum, endemic to Espírito Santo and critically endangered.

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Acknowledgements

This work is part of the first author’s PhD thesis, conducted at Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana with scholarship of FAPESB (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia—BOL 1539/2015) and support by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES; Finance Code 001), FAPESB (Young Scientist Project No. JCB0049/2016) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; Universal projects No. 485468/2013-1 and 4323626/2016-2). We thank Cássia Bitencourt, Maria Ana Farinaccio, Marla Ibraim, Aline Firmino, Paulo Barros and to Estação Ecológica de Aiuaba team for helping with collections. We also thanks Jorge Fontella Pereira for providing his drawings of floral structures from types of several species, Stephan Beck for borrowing important specimens from Bolivia, Hajo Esser for information about Martius obs. 2474 in M and three anonymous reviewers for criticisms and suggestions. AR was supported by CNPq (Productivity Fellowship No. 307396/2019-3).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil

    Amanda Pricilla Batista Santos, Alessandro Rapini, Lamarck Rocha & Patrícia Luz Ribeiro

  2. Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

    Ulrich Meve & Sigrid Liede-Schumann

  3. Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

    Lamarck Rocha

  4. Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil

    Patrícia Luz Ribeiro

  5. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK

    David Goyder

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  1. Amanda Pricilla Batista Santos
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  2. Alessandro Rapini
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Contributions

All authors conceptualized and critically revised the final version of the manuscript, AR and PLR acquired funds to support the investigation, APBS curated the data, APBS and LR performed the phylogenetic analyses, APBS prepared the taxonomic revision, with help from AR, UM, SLS and DG, APBS and AR wrote the initial draft of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Amanda Pricilla Batista Santos or Alessandro Rapini.

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Appendices

Appendix 1

List of specimens of Petalostelma studied. Species numbers in parentheses after collection numbers: P. atlanticum (1), P. bracteolatum (2), P. calcaratum (3), P. cearense (4), P. dardanoi (5), P. longipedunculatum (6), P. martianum (7), P. robertii (8) and P. sarcostemma (9).

M.F. Agra 582 (5), 1254A/B (4), 6222 (5); N.M. Almeida 512 (4); A. Alves-Araujo 79 (4); W.R. Anderson 36973 (7), 6909 (7), 9113 (7); D. Araújo 1173 (5), 1420 (5); M. Ataíde 29 (4), 624 (4); E. Barboza 3735 (7); S. Beck 27529 (9); I.M. Bortolotto 1106 (9); R.M. Botelho 85 (1); C.A. Conceição s.n. COR3065 (8), 1231 (8); E.M. Carneiro 426 (4), 431(4); D.S. Carneiro-Torres 517 (5); J.M.P. Cordeiro 258 (5); J.L. Costa-Lima 999 (4); G. Eiten 3718 (2), 4297 (2), 4300 (2); M.E. Engels 5521 (7); M.A. Farinaccio 870 (5), 906 (7), 908 (8), 925 (8); 973 (8); L.P. Félix 14957 (4), 6576 (5), 7153 (5); A. Fernandes s.n. EAC3180 (4), EAC5738 (4); M.A. Figueiredo s.n. EAC25576 (4); M.L. Fonseca 2266 (7), 2411 (7); A.P. Fontana 767 (7); F. França 3275 (7); P.C. Gadelha Neto 1665 (5); A.M. Giulietti 1836 (5); B.M. Gomes 175 (7); P. Gomes 420 (7); M.L. Guedes 7323 (7), 11654 (7); G. Hatschbach 23787 (6), 24576 (6), 32095 (6), 35969 (6), 38399 (2), 60725 (6); E.P.Heringer 655 (5), 6858 (3); F.C. Hoehne 3112 (8), 3113 (8), 3114 (8), 3115 (8); J.G. Jardim 6650 (4); K.A.M. Pessoa 10 (9); L.S. Leoni 1469 (7); M. Lillo 3844 (9); L.W. Lima-Verde s.n. EAC25704 (4); M.B.I. Loiola 2608 (4), 2036 (4); A. Loefgren 699 (4); R.P. Lyra-Lemos 10238 (5); A. Macedo 4500 (2); G.O.A. Malme 2708a (8); P. Martins s.n. RB201803 (4); C.F.P. Martius 1225 (3), 2474 (7); T.M. Mauro 99 (3); Mendes 8 (5); R.C. Mendonça 4113 (7); A.B. Menezes 40 (5); A.M. Miranda 2227 (5), 3854 (7), 5027 (7); C.A.B. Miranda 106 (5); J.C. Moraes 1551 (4); Navarro 1716 (8); D.G. Oliveira 208 (5); M. Oliveira 1740 (4), 2299 (4), 5808 (5); G. Pereira-Silva 11273 (7); J.B.E. Pohl 616 (2); A. Pott 4635 (8), 16777 (9); V.J. Pott 540 (8), A.P. Prata 3254 (4), 3271 (5); L.P. Queiroz 6000 (7); R.T. Queiroz 332 (4), 745 (4), 967 (4); T. Ramos 29 (4); A. Robert 718 (8); Saldias 3590 (7); A.A. Santos 2414 (7); A.P.B. Santos 132 (7), 133 (7), 134 (7), 136 (7), 139 (7), 140 (7), 141 (7), 148 (3), 151 (5), 152 (5), 153 (4), 154 (4), 155 (8), 156 (8), 157 (8), 158 (8), 159 (8), 160 (1); L.A.S. Santos 418 (4), 1105 (4), 1146 (5); T.P. Santos 7 (4); S. Schmidt 205 (5); J.G. Silva 1108 (7); M.A. Silva 4372 (7), 4912 (7); R.H. Silva 909 (8); U.C.S. Silva 127 (5); D. Sucre 4437 (3); G. Viana 615 (4); J.R.I. Wood 12012 (6), 19684 (9), 21420 (9), 27122 (8), 27157 (7), 21754 (9), 27677 (9); L.P. Xavier JPB981 (4).

Information on electronic supplementary material

Online Resource 1. List of sampled species (and subtribes), number of sequences, vouchers and GenBank accession numbers.

Online Resource 2. Alternative hypotheses for the placement of Metastelmatinae in the MOG core group and the basal grade in Metastelmatinae.

Online Resource 3. List of morphological characters and their states.

Online Resource 4. Phylograms obtained with individual and combined data sets.

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Santos, A.P.B., Rapini, A., Meve, U. et al. Petalostelma of Brazil and the initial evolution of Metastelmatinae (Apocynaceae). Plant Syst Evol 307, 27 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-021-01742-7

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