Abstract
Floristic similarities between European and Asian mountain ranges have long been recognized, and the hypothesis that European mountain plant taxa immigrated from Asian mountain areas has been confirmed by several molecular phylogenetic analyses. Callianthemum contains ca. 14 species, of which ca. 11 are distributed in Asia and three in Europe. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus using ITS and four plastid DNA sequences (matK, rpL32–trnL intergenic spacer, trnL–trnF intergenic spacer, trnV–ndhC intergenic spacer) revealed that the genus reached Europe twice, with C. coriandrifolium representing one, and C. anemonoides and C. kernerianum a second lineage. Support for C. anemonoides and C. kernerianum as sister species is weak. The crown group ages of the C. coriandrifolium lineage (median 2.2 million years) and of the C. anemonoides/C. kernerianum lineage (median 1.62 million years) are similar and place their immigration to Europe in the Quaternary. Analysis of climatic data shows that C. coriandrifolium grows in colder climate than C. anemonoides/C. kernerianum and that the climatic niches of the three European species are different considering all climatic variables analyzed.
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge permission by the herbaria M and United Herbaria Z + ZT to extract DNA from their material. We are also grateful to H. Abe (Niigata/Japan) for sending DNA of the Japanese species, and Silvia Wienken (Mainz/Germany) for help in the laboratory, and JS and RN acknowledge financial support by the Georges und Antoine Claraz-Schenkung for field work in 2010 (Austria, Kazakhstan, Russia) and 2011 (Austria, France, Italy, Slovakia, and Spain). We also acknowledge two anonymous reviewers and the editor for their very helpful comments.
Funding
Fieldwork in 2010 and 2011 by JS and RN was supported by the Georges und Antoine Claraz-Schenkung, and laboratory work was supported by Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz/Germany and Universität Zürich/Switzerland.
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Online Resource 1. Accessions of Callianthemum (C) and Caltha included in the phylogenetic analyses.
Online Resource 2. Accession numbers of sequences downloaded from GenBank and included in the molecular dating analysis using atpB, matK and rbcL.
Online Resource 3. Chronogram of Ranunculaceae based on matK sequence information inferred with BEAST 2.
Online Resource 4. Cladogram showing phylogenetic relationships in Callianthemum based on nuclear data (internal transcribed spacer, ITS) using Maximum Likelihood.
Online Resource 5. Neighbor-Net graph of Callianthemum constructed from nuclear data (internal transcribed spacer, ITS) using SplitsTree4.
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Kadereit, J.W., Lauterbach, M., Kandziora, M. et al. Dual colonization of European high-altitude areas from Asia by Callianthemum (Ranunculaceae). Plant Syst Evol 305, 431–443 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-019-01583-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-019-01583-5