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Inferring ancestral distribution area and survival vegetation of Caragana (Fabaceae) in Tertiary

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Abstract

Caragana, a leguminous genus mainly restricted to temperate Central and East Asia, occurs in arid, semiarid, and humid belts, and has forest, grassland, and desert ecotypes. Based on the previous molecular phylogenetic tree and dating, biogeographical analyses of extant species area and ecotype were conducted by means of four ancestral optimization approaches: S-DIVA, Lagrange, Mesquite, and BBM. The results indicate the ancestral attributes of Caragana as an arid origin from the Junggar Basin and arid belt of climate and vegetation in the middle Miocene. The ancestral ecotype was most likely adapted to steppe habitats. Uplift and expansion of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (QTP) and retreat of the Paratethys Sea are believed to have led to this origin, and also the subsequent diversification and adaptive radiation in the genus. The direction of radiation is suggested in brief to have been from the Central Asian Junggar to East Asia and Tibet.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers and editor-in-chief Prof. Marcus Koch for their valuable comments for improving the manuscript. Funding was provided by China National Key Basic Research Program (2012FY111500, 2014CB954201), and Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi, 830011, China

    Mingli Zhang & Juanjuan Xue

  2. Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China

    Mingli Zhang

  3. Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China

    Qiang Zhang

  4. Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Utah, 84601, USA

    Stewart C. Sanderson

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  1. Mingli Zhang
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  2. Juanjuan Xue
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  4. Stewart C. Sanderson
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Correspondence to Mingli Zhang.

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Handling editor: Yunpeng Zhao.

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Zhang, M., Xue, J., Zhang, Q. et al. Inferring ancestral distribution area and survival vegetation of Caragana (Fabaceae) in Tertiary. Plant Syst Evol 301, 1831–1842 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-015-1196-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-015-1196-z

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