Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Wood anatomy of major Bignoniaceae clades

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Plant Systematics and Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The circumscription of Bignoniaceae genera and tribes has undergone major changes following an increased understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the family. While DNA sequence data have repeatedly reconstructed major clades within the family, some of the clades recovered still lack diagnostic morpho-anatomical features, complicating their recognition. In this study we investigated the wood anatomy of all major lineages of Bignoniaceae (except Tourrettieae) in search for anatomical synapomorphies for clades. We sampled 158 species of Bignoniaceae, representing 67 out of the 82 genera currently recognized. Detailed descriptions of quantitative and qualitative wood anatomical features are presented for each clade and interpreted in the light of a molecular phylogeny for the family. Jacarandae are characterized by a paratracheal winged-aliform parenchyma, with the traditional subdivision of Jacaranda into sections Monolobos and Dilobos supported by the uniseriate and homocellular rays of Monolobos versus the wide and heterocellular rays of Dilobos. Tecomeae s.s. are characterized by scanty paratracheal parenchyma, septate fibers, and heterocellular rays, traits also found in Delostoma, a genus previously included in Tecomeae s.l., but recently shown to represent a separate lineage. Crescentiina includes two sub-clades, the Tabebuia alliance and the Paleotropical clade, which share abundant aliform parenchyma, short and mainly homocellular rays, less commonly with heterocellular rays with body procumbent and one row of marginal square cells. Members of the Tabebuia alliance and the Paleotropical clade can be distinguished from each other by the narrow vessels with a widespread storied structure found in members of the Tabebuia alliance, versus the vessels with medium to wide width and a non-storied structure found in members of the Paleotropical clade. Oroxyleae are characterized by a combination of simple and foraminate perforation plates and homocellular rays, while Catalpeae are characterized by scanty paratracheal parenchyma, abundant tyloses and vessel-ray pits simple to semi-bordered. Bignonieae differ from all other clades by a variant secondary growth and a typically lianoid wood anatomy. Overall, wood anatomical characters are not very labile within the family, being distributed across clades in a very predictive manner. Several anatomical characters represent good anatomical synapomorphies and provide further support to clades identified in molecular phylogenetic studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Angyalossy V, Angeles G, Pace MR, Lima AC, Dias-Leme CL, Lohmann LG, Madero-Vega C (2012) An overview on the anatomy, development and evolution of the vascular system of lianas. Pl Ecol Divers 5:167–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angyalossy V, Pace MR, Lima AC (in press) Liana anatomy: a broad perspective on structural evolution of the vascular system. In: Schnitzer SA, Bongers F, Burnham R, Putz FE (eds) Ecology of lianas. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford

  • APG (Angiosperm Phylogenetic Group) II (2003) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. Bot J Linn Soc 141:399–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • APG (Angiosperm Phylogenetic Group) III (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. Bot J Linn Soc 161:105–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa ACF, Pace MR, Witovsk L, Angyalossy V (2010) A new method to obtain good anatomical slides of heterogeneous plant parts. IAWA J 31:373–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentham G, Hooker JD (1876) Genera plantarum 2, London, pp 1026–1053

  • Berlyn GP, Miksche JP (1976) Botanical microtechnique and cytochemistry. Iowa State University Press, Ames

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukatsch F (1972) Bemerkungen zur Doppelfarbung Astrablau-Safranin. Mikrokosmos 61:255

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlquist S (1985) Observations on functional wood histology of vines and lianas: vessel dimorphism, tracheids, vasicentric tracheids, narrow vessels, and parenchyma. Aliso 11:139–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlquist S (2001) Comparative wood anatomy, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chudnoff M (1984) Tropical timbers of the world. Forest Service Agriculture handbook number 607. United States Department of Agriculture, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobbins DR (1971) Studies on the anomalous cambial activity in Doxantha unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae). II. A case of differential production of secondary tissues. Amer J Bot 58:697–705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dos Santos GMA (1995) Wood anatomy, chloroplast DNA, and flavonoids of the tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae). PhD dissertation, University of Reading

  • Dos Santos G, Miller RB (1992) Wood anatomy of Tecomeae. In: Gentry AH (ed) Bignoniaceae, Part II (Tribe Tecomeae)., Flora Neotropica Monograph 25(II)The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, pp 336–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Dos Santos G, Miller RB (1997) Wood anatomy of Jacaranda (Bignoniaceae): systematic relationships in sections Monolobos and Dilobos as suggested by twig and stem wood rays. IAWA J 18:369–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer E, Theisen I, Lohmann LG (2004) Bignoniaceae. In: Kubitzki K, Kadereit JW (eds) The Families and genera of vascular plants. VII. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin, pp 9–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasson P, Dobbins DR (1991) Wood anatomy of the Bignoniaceae, with a comparison of trees and lianas. IAWA J 12:389–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gentry AH (1980) Bignoniaceae: Part I (Crescentia and Tourrettieae). Flora Neot Mon, vol 25(I). NYBG Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentry AH (1992) Bignoniaceae part II (tribe Tecomeae). Fl Neotrop Monogr, vol 25(II). NYBG Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Grose SO, Olmstead RG (2007a) Evolution of a charismatic neotropical clade: molecular phylogeny of Tabebuia s.l., Crescentieae, and allied genera (Bignoniaceae). Syst Bot 32:650–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grose SO, Olmstead RG (2007b) Taxonomic revisions in the polyplyletic genus Tabebuia s.l. (Bignoniaceae). Syst Bot 32:660–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain H, Krohn K, Ahmad VU, Miana GA, Green IR (2007) Lapachol: an overview. Arkivoc II:145–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IAWA Committee (1989) IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA Bull 10:219–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li J (2008) Phylogeny of Catalpa (Bignoniaceae) inferred from sequences of chloroplast ndhF and nuclear ribosomal DNA. J Syst Evol 46:341–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Lima AC, Pace MR, Angyalossy V (2010) Seasonality and growth rings in lianas of Bignoniaceae. Trees 24:1045–1060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann LG (2004) Bignoniaceae. In: Smith N, Mori S, Henderson A, Stevenson D, Held S (eds) Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. Princeton University Press, NYBG, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann LG (2006) Untangling the phylogeny of neotropical lianas (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae). Amer J Bot 93:304–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann LG, Taylor CM (2014) A new generic classification of Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) based on molecular phylogenetic data and morphological synapomorphies. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 99:348–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann LG, Ulloa CU (2006) Bignoniaceae. In: iPlants prototype checklist. http://www.iplants.org. Accessed 29 July 2012

  • Melchior H (1927) Der natürliche Formenkreis der Pithecocteniinae innerhalb der Familie der Bignoniaceae. Repert Spec Nov Regni Veg Beih 46:71–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Olmstead RG (2013) Phylogeny and biogeography in Solanaceae, Verbenaceae and Bignoniaceae: a comparison of continental and intercontinental diversification patterns. Bot J Linn Soc 171:80–102

  • Olmstead RG, Zjhra ML, Lohmann LG, Grose SO, Eckert AJ (2009) A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae. Amer J Bot 96:1731–1743

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pace MR, Angyalossy V (2013) Wood anatomy and evolution: a case study in the Bignoniaceae. Int J Pl Sci 147:1014–1048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pace MR, Lohmann LG, Angyalossy V (2009) The rise and evolution of the cambial variant in Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae). Evol Develop 11:465–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasband WS (2012) ImageJ. US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. http://imagej.nih.gov/ij

  • Record SJ, Hess RW (1943) Timbers of the new world. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Refulio-Rodriguez NF, Olmstead RG (2014) Phylogeny of Lamiidae. Amer J Bot 101:287–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schenck H (1893) Beiträge zur Biologie und Anatomie der Lianen im Besonderen der in Brasilien einheimischen Arten. In: Schimper AFW (ed) Beiträge zur Anatomie der Lianen. Botanische Mittheilungen aus den Tropen. Gustav Fisher, Jena

    Google Scholar 

  • Spangler RE, Olmstead RE (1999) Phylogenetic analysis of Bignoniaceae based on the cpDNA gene sequences rbcL and ndhF. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 86:33–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veenendaal WLH, Den Outer RW (1993) Development of included phloem and organization of the phloem network in the stem of Strychnos millepunctata (Loganiaceae). IAWA J 14:253–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zjhra ML, Sytsma KJ, Olmstead RG (2004) Delimitation of Malagasy tribe Coleeae and implications for fruit evolution in Bignoniaceae inferred from a chloroplast DNA phylogeny. Pl Syst Evol 245:55–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Mike Wiemann and Regis Miller from the Forest Products Laboratory for warmly hosting us and allowing the study of the entire MADw collection (Madison, Wisconsin); Maria José Miranda and Raphael Pigozzo from the Institute of Technological Research (IPT, BCTw, São Paulo) for slides of Sparattosperma, Handroanthus and Tabebuia; Alexandre Zuntini, Anselmo Nogueira, Diana Sampaio, Mariane Souza-Baena, Milton Groppo from the Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil), Márdel Lopes from the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Brazil), and Luzmilla Arroyo and Daniel Villaboel of the Museo Noel Kempff Mercado (Bolivia) for collecting samples or for assistance in field collections, Harri Lorenzi for allowing us to collect samples at the Instituto Plantarum/Jardim Botânico Plantarum; Antonio Carlos Franco Barbosa sectioning Stereospermum; Julio C. Majcher for sectioning samples of Oroxyleae used in Scanning Electron Microscopy; Pieter Baas, Michelle Zjhra, Guillermo Angeles, and Giuliano Locosselli for invaluable suggestions in early versions of the manuscript; Gabriella Pace, Lizana Rezende and Carolina L. Bastos for valuable support, the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, grants 481034/2007-2; 486971/2012-0), and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, grant 2012/01099-8; 2013/10679-0) for financial support. RGO is supported by US National Science Foundation (DEB-0309065, DEB-1353761). LGL and VA by CNPq productivity 307781/2013-5 and 308441/2012-5, respectively.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Marcelo R. Pace, Lúcia G. Lohmann & Veronica Angyalossy

  2. Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    Richard G. Olmstead

Authors
  1. Marcelo R. Pace
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lúcia G. Lohmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Richard G. Olmstead
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Veronica Angyalossy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcelo R. Pace.

Appendix

Appendix

Taxa sampled, followed by collector vouchers, wood collections and/or herbaria accession (following index Xylariorum and index Herbariorum) and collection location. The MAD herbarium was incorporated into the WIS herbarium in 2002 but is kept there as a separate collection.

Adenocalymma bracteatum DC., Castanho 153, Lohmann 861 (SPFw, SPF), Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. Adenocalymma comosum (Cham.) DC., Pace 53 (SPFw, SPF), Living collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Adenocalymma divaricatum Miers, Udulutsch 2808 (SPFw, HRCB), Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil. Adenocalymma flaviflorum (Miq.) L.G. Lohmann, Sousa-Baena 2 (SPFw, SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Adenocalymma neoflavidum L.G. Lohmann, Zuntini 23 (SPFw, SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Adenocalymma nodosum (Silva Manso) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 20 (SPFw, SPF), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Adenocalymma peregrinum (Miers) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 26 (SPFw, SPF), Living collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Adenocalymma salmoneum J.C. Gomes, Lohmann 658 (SPFw, SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Amphilophium crucigerum (L.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 1, Pace 2, Pace 3, Pace 34 (SPFw, SPF), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Amphilophium elongatum (Vahl) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 45 (SPFw, SPF), Living collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Amphilophium magnoliifolium (Kunth) L.G. Lohmann, Lohmann 851 (SPFw, SPF), Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil; Dos Santos 272 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Porto de Moz, Pará, Brazil. Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) Kunth, Pace 46 (SPFw, SPF), Living collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Amphilophium pulverulentum (Sandwith) L.G.Lohmann, Dos Santos 279 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Senador Jose Porfirio (Sozel), Pará, Brazil. Amphitecna latifolia (Mill.) A.H.Gentry, Fairchild Tropical Garden x-3-369, Florida, USA. Amphitecna regalis (Linden) A.H.Gentry, Nee & Taylor 29900, Las Choapas, 5 km Nw of El Doce, Uxpanapa Region, Veracruz, Mexico. Anemopaegma chamberlaynii (Sims) Bureau & K. Schum., Zuntini 15 (SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Bignonia campanulata Cham., Pace 39 (SPFw, SPF), Livings collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Bignonia capreolata L., Nogle s.n. (MADw), Norfolk County, Dismal swamp, Virginia, USA; Wilson 19 (MADw, F), Cow Creek, Texas, USA. Bignonia magnifica W. Bull, Pace 51 (SPFw, SPF), Livings collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Bignonia prieurei DC., Zuntini 13 (SPFw, SPF), Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Dos Santos 87 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Marabá, Pará, Brazil. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich.) K. Schum, Zuntini 175 (SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil.; Pace 42 (SPFw), Livings collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil; Pace 63 (SPFw, SPF), Ducke Forest Reserve, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Campsis radicans (L.) Seem., Hicock 841 (SJRw, Y), Connecticut, USA; Pond 448 (MADw, MAD), Camden County, Dismal Swamp, North Carolina, USA. Catalpa bignonioides Walter, Erdman & DeVall s.n. (MADw, MAD, NY), Gainesville, Florida, USA. Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum.Cours., Pimentel & Garcia 965 (SJRw, NCI), San Cristóbal, El Tablaso, Nigua riverside, Cordillera central, Dominican Republic; Collector unknown s.n. (USw2942, US), Hispaniola Island. Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Warder ex Engelm., Collector unkown s.n. (SJRw, RBHw3217), location unknown; Collector unkown s.n. (SJRw, Uw17977), location unknown. Catophractes alexandri D.Don, Dechamps 1219 (MADw, Tw, MAD), Mocamedes, Angola. Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet, Pidgeon s.n. (SJRw, WIS), Otero County, New Mexico, USA; Johnson s.n. (MADw, BWCw), Campaign Wash, Arizona, USA; Collector unkown s.n. (Kw), location unknown. Colea gentryi M. L. Zhjra, Zhjra 714 (MADw, WIS), Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar, Africa. Colea resupinata M. L. Zhjra, Zhjra 785 (MADw, GAS holotype, TAN isotype, WIS), Vokoanina watershed, Masoala Peninsula, Antsiranana, Madagascar. Crescentia alata Kunth, Wiemann & Lemckert 23 (MADw, CR, LSU), Cañas, Guanacate, Costa Rica; Collector unkown s.n. (SJRw), Cuastecomate, Mexico; Ortega 12 (USw), Sinaloa, Mexico. Crescentia cujete L., Pace 80, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Dugand 149 (MADw, SJRw, MAD), Totuma, Colombia. Cuspidaria pulchra (Cham.) L.G.Lohmann, Pace 24 (SPFw, SPF), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cybistax antisyphilitica (Mart.) Mart., Reitz & Klein 7354 (MADw, HBRw, HBR), Salto do Pilão, Lontras, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Collector unknown s.n. (BWCw, SJRw42602), São Paulo, Brazil. Delostoma integrifolium D.Don, Acosta-Solis 6694 (MADw, SJRw, MAD, F), Limón, Bolivar, Ecuador; Acosta-Solis 11648-A (MADw, F), Ecuador. Deplanchea bancana (Scheff.) Steenis, Lai et al. 68559 (Kw, K), Sarawak, Malaysia; Forest Department of Java 2751 (SJRw, L), Menjabing, Dutch East Indies. Digomphia densicoma (Mart. ex DC.) Pilg., Nee 31168 (MADw,VEN, NY), Cerro de la neblina, Amazonas, Venezuela; Maguire 28311 (BWCw, USw), Mérida, Venezuela. Dolichandra unguiculata (Vell.) L.G. Lohmann, Zuntini 176 (SPFw, SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Dolichandra unguis - cati (L.) L.G. Lohmann, Ceccantini 2687 (SPFw, SPF), Matozinhos, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Groppo 322 (SPF), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Dolichandra quadrivalvis (Jacq.) L.G.Lohmann, Gentry 58691 (MADw, MO), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Dolichandrone atrovirens (Roth) K.Schum., Brown s.n. (DDw, DD), Dehradun, India; Collector unkown s.n. (SJRw), Myanmar.; Kanehira 132 (SJRw), Palau, Micronesia. Ekmanianthe actinophylla (Griseb.) Urb., Fors 11 (MADw, SJRw, MAD), Havana, Cuba; Leon 14358 (SJRw, NY), Cuba. Fernandoa adenophylla (Wall. ex G.Don) Steenis, collector unknown s.n. (Kw 108, 427, 433, 435), location unknown. Fernandoa magnifica Seem, Schlieben 459 (SJRw, MAD), Tanganyika, Tanzania. Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 50 (SPFw), Living collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Fridericia conjugata (Vell.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 44 (SPFw), Living collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Fridericia platyphylla (Cham.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 22, Pace 23 (SPFw, SPF), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fridericia samydoides (Cham.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 49 (SPFw, SPF), Livings collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Fridericia speciosa Mart., Pace 40 (SPFw, SPF), Livings collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Godmania aesculifolia (Kunth) Standl., Breedlove 9563 (MADw, DS), Chiapas, Mexico; Williams 10233 (MADw, F), Aragua, Venezuela; Smith 3368 (SJRw, MAD), British Guiana. Handroanthus barbatus (E.Mey.) Mattos, Loureiro s.n (BCTw11727, INPA); Maguire 41572 (SJRw, NY), Rio Pacimoni-Yatua, Venezuela. Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos, Pinho 6 (BCTw, SP), São Simão, São Paulo, Brazil; Pace 188, 190 (SPFw, SPF), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Handroantus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos, Ducke 363 (SJRw, MAD), Brazil; Pinho 2 (BCTw, SP), São Simão, São Paulo, Brazil. Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S.O.Grose, Lima s.n. (BCTw), Pará, Brazil; Silva 3281 (BCTw, INPA), Jari, Pará, Brazil. Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) K.Schum., Brown s.n. (SJRw, DDw1106), India; Dehra Dun s.n. (SJRw, DDw 241), India; Pearson s.n. (MADw), India. Heterophragma sulfureum Kurz, Conservator of Forests 1238 (SJRw), Burma. Jacaranda brasiliana Lam., Collector unknown s.n. (FPBw1755), Brazil; Collector unknown s.n. (SJRw, MAD), Brazil. Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D.Don, Cabrera 41, 42 (MADw, MAD), Puerto Carare, Santander, Colombia. J acaranda obtusifolia Bonpl., Conservator of Forests 2049 (SJRw), British Guiana; Smith 3125 (SJRw, MAD), British Guiana. Jacaranda puberula Cham., Hoehne 28168 (SJRw, MAD), Brazil; Reitz 14198 (BWCw, MAD), Santa Catarina, Brazil. Jacaranda ulei Bureau & K.Schum., Dos Santos 167, 168 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth., Schlieben 368 (SJRw, MAD), Tanganyika, Democratic Republic of Congo. Lundia damazii C. DC., Pace 55, Pace 56 (SPFw, SPF), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Lundia glazioviana Kraenzl., Zuntini 126 (SPFw, SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Lundia longa (Vell.) DC., Zuntini 1 (SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Pace 227 (SPFw, SPF), Biological Reserve of Poço das Antas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Manaosella cordifolia (DC.) A.H. Gentry, Pace 41 (SPFw, SPF), Brazil, Livings collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil; Dos Santos 88 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Maraba, Rio Doce S.A. Forest reserve, 48 km from Marabá, Pará, Brazil; Dos Santos 308 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Senador José Porfirio, Xingu riverside. Mansoa difficilis (Cham.) Bureau & K. Schum., Pace 35 (SPFw), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Zuntini 4 (SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Mansoa onohualcoides A.H. Gentry, Zuntini 276 (SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Mansoa standleyi (Steyerm.) A.H. Gentry, Pace 43 (SPFw), Living collection Plantarum Institute, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum., collector unknown s.n. (Kw525), Equatorial Guinea. Markhamia stipulata (Wall.) Seem., collector unknown s.n. (Kw440), Thailand. Martinella obovata (Kunth) Bureau & K. Schum., Zuntini 7 (SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Dos Santos 237 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Porto de Moz, Xingu riverside, Pará, Brazil; Dos Santos 317 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Gurupa, Moju riverside, tributary of the Amazon river, Pará, Brazil. Millingtonia hortensis L.f., van Beusekom 3426 (TWTw, L), Saeat Kanchanaburi, Thailand; Brown 3160 (SJRw, DDw), India; collector unknown s.n. (Kw), Thailand. Neojobertia mirabilis (Sandwith) L.G. Lohmann, Dos Santos 48 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Buriticupu Forest Reserve, Maranhão, Brazil. Noeojobetia sp. nov., Zuntini 18, Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Newbouldia laevis (P.Beauv.) Seem., Vigne 1722 (SJRw, MAD), Gold Coast, Nsuta, Ghana. Ophiocolea floribunda (Bojer ex Lindl.) H.Perrier Zhjra s.n. (MADw, MAD), Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurtz, China Academy of Foresty s.n. (TWTw7424, CAFw13841), China; Jacobs 8493 (TWTw, L), Lampung, Sumatra; Kanehira s.n. (TWTw, FUw B.401), Java, Indonesia; Brown 1179 (SJRw, DDw), India. Pachyptera kerere (Aubl.) Sandwith, Castanho 143, Lohmann 834 (SPF), Negro riverside, Amazonas, Brazil; Santos 226 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Melgaco, Marajó Island; Mapari riverside, Pará, Brazil; Dos Santos 274 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Porto de Moz; Xingu riverside near the Açai river, Pará, Brazil; Dos Santos 291 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Senador José Porfirio, Xingu river near foz do Igarapé Guará; Dos Santos 292 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Marabá, Rio Doce S.A. Forest reserve, Sororó riverside. Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K.Schum., Conservator of Forests 8188 (SJRw), Rangoon, Burma; collector unknown s.n. (Kw528), Malaya, Malaysia. Pandorea jasminoides (Lindl.) K.Schum., Pace 18, 19 (SPFw, SPF), Cultivated in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Paratecoma peroba (Record) Kuhlm., Castro 284, 578 (BCTw), Rio Doce, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Parmentiera cereifera Seem., Curtis s.n. Fairchild Bot. Gard. X4- 183 (MADw), Florida, USA. Parmentiera macrophylla Standl., Cooper 402 (MADw, SJRw, MAD), Panama; Stork 1894 (SJRw, MAD), Costa Rica. Perianthomega vellozoi Bureau, Pace 10, Pace 15 (SPFw, SPF), Mata do Paraíso, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Pace 28, Pace 29 (SPFw, SPF), Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Phyllarthron bojeranum DC., G 31 (SJRw, CTFw), Region Cotier Est, Madagascar. Pleonotoma melioides (S. Moore) A.H. Gentry, Dos Santos 174 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Parauapebas, Serra dos Carajas Biological Reserve; Dos Santos 298 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Senador José Pontifírio, Pará, Brazil. Pleonotoma stichadenia K. Schum., Zuntini 7 (SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Dos Santos 187 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. Pleonotoma tetraquetra (Cham.) Bureau, Ozório-Filho 11, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague, Pace 11 (SPF), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers, Pace 17 (SPFw, SPF), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Pace 36 (SPFw, SPF), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Radermachera ignea (Kurz) Steenis, Conservation of Forests 2444 (SJRw), Burma. Radermachera gigantea (Blume) Miq., Van de Koppel 4780 (SJRw, L), Java, Indonesia. Radermachera glandulosa (Blume) Miq., Janssonius 1214 g (SJRw), Java, Indonesia; collector unknown s.n. (Kw), Burma. Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seem., Philippine Bureau of Forestry 342 (SJRw), Phillipines. Radermachera sinica (Hance) Hemsl., NTU 408, Taiwan. Rhodocolea multiflora Zhjra, Zhjra 836, Vokonina, Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Rhodocolea nycteriphilla Zhjra, Zhjra 810, Vokonina, Masoala Pensinsula, Madagascar. Rhodocolea telfairae (Bojer ex Hook.) H.Perrier, collector unknown s.n. (SJRw10766), Madagascar. Roseodendron donnell - smithii (Rose) Miranda, Williams 8734 (MADw, F), Fortuno, Coatzacoalcos River, Veracruz, Mexico; Williams 9382 (MADw, F), Ubero, Oaxaca, Mexico; William 9458 (MADw, F), Mexico; collector unknown s.n. (Kw920), Venezuela. Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K.Schum., collector unknown s.n. (BCTw 2486), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil. Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv., Chevalier 140 (SJRw, K), Gabon; collector unknown s.n. (Kw529), Uganda. Spirotecoma spiralis (C.Wright ex Griseb.) Pichon, Bucher 90 (SJRw, MAD), Cuba. Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC., Istituto Botanico dell’Università di Firenze 706 (BCTw), India. Stizophyllum riparium (Kunth) Sandwith, Pace 16, Pace 33 (SPFw, SPF), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Zuntini 9 (SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook.f. ex S.Moore, Gerolamo 3 (SPFw), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) DC., Williams 13809 (MADw, F), Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas, Venezuela. Tabebuia fluviatilis (Aubl.) DC., Lobato 447 (MADw, MGw, MG), Barcarena, Pará, Brazil; Conservation of Forests 4071 (SJRw), British Guiana; collector unknown (SJRw12019), location unknown). Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton, Dungand 33754 (BCTw), Colombia. Tabebuia obtusifolia (Cham.) Bureau, Kuhlmann (BCTw, RB), Espírito Santo, Brazil. Tabebuia rigida Urb., Instituto de Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul s.n. (BCTw), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith, CVRD Morais Jesus s.n. (BCTw), Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Tanaecium bilabiatum (Sprague) L.G. Lohmann, Lohmann 850 (SPF), Rio Negro Amazonas, Brazil. Tanaecium duckei (A.Samp.) A.H.Gentry, Dos Santos 179, 186, Serra do Carajás Biological Reserve, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. Tanaecium pyramidatum (Rich.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 14, Pace 35 (SPFw, SPF), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Dos Santos 101 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Marabá, Rio Doce S.A. forest reserve, Sororó riverside, Pará, Brazil. Tecoma cochabambensis (Herzog) Sandwith, Salomon 6684 (MADw, MO) Murillo, La Paz, Bolivia. Tecoma fulva (Cav.) G.Don, collector unknown s.n. (SJRw32082), location unknown. Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth, Jack 5693 (SJRw, MAD), Santa Clara, Belmonte, Cuba; Dugant 216 (SJRw, MAD), Colombia; Williams 12254 (MADw, F), Federal District, Venezuela. Pace 422, 423 (SPFw, SPF, MO), Magdalena Ocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico. Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach, Rimbach 832 (SJRw, MAD), Ecuador. Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem., colletor unknown s.n. (Kw550), location unknown. Tynanthus cognatus (Cham.) Miers, Pace 9a, Pace 9b (SPFw, SPF), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Xylophragma myrianthum (Cham. ex Steud.) Sprague, Zuntini 263 (SPF), Vale do Rio Doce Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Xylophragma pratense (Bureau & K.Schum.) Sprague , Dos Santos 140 (MADw, MAD, MO, MG), Marabá, Rio Doce S.A. forest reserve, Pará, Brazil. Zeyheria montana Mart., Pacheco 2762 (SJRw), Minas Gerais, Brazil; Heringen 4130 (BCTw, MADw), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl., Schmidt 143 (SJRw, M), Bolivia.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pace, M.R., Lohmann, L.G., Olmstead, R.G. et al. Wood anatomy of major Bignoniaceae clades. Plant Syst Evol 301, 967–995 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1129-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1129-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation