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Roman impact on the landscape near castellum Fectio, The Netherlands

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Abstract

Castellum Fectio was one of the largest fortifications along the Limes, the northern border of the Roman Empire. The castellum, situated 5 km southeast of Utrecht, the Netherlands, was occupied from around the start of our Era to ca. a.d. 260. It was situated along a river bend of the Rhine that was cut off from the main stream during the occupation of the Roman fort. A 6 m long sediment sequence was recovered from the infill of the residual channel and pieces of Roman wall plaster, glume bases of Triticum spelta and radiocarbon dates indicate that the sediments were deposited during the period of Roman occupation. The combined palaeoecological analyses—palynological, macrobotanical, entomological and geochemical—allow a detailed reconstruction of changing environmental conditions as a consequence of the Roman occupation. The pollen record reveals a dramatic decrease in arboreal pollen, suggesting that the Romans were involved in large-scale deforestation, transforming semi-open parkland to a landscape of meadows and agricultural fields. Non-pollen palynomorphs, botanical macrofossils and insect remains support this conclusion. The recorded mycoflora shows a shift from assemblages characterised by the tree pathogen Kretzschmaria deusta to assemblages dominated by spores of fungi associated with herbaceous plants, concurrent with the decrease in arboreal pollen. The presence of masticated bran fragments of cereals, clover remains, eggs of intestinal parasites and entomological and geochemical data in the upper part of the sequence indicates that these sediments largely consist of faeces that were dumped into the former channel. Surprisingly, seeds of salt tolerant species are encountered in the sediments of this inland site, which was situated outside the influence of the sea. Horses may have brought these seeds to Fectio in their intestinal tracts after grazing in coastal meadows.

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Acknowledgments

This study is dedicated to Hilary Birks who, with her studies, has given strong positive impulses to the field of palaeoecology. We would like to thank her for her dedication and look forward to continuing our cooperation and discussions on future projects and scientific meetings. We would like to thank the following people for their contributions to our study: Bram Jansen (RAAP, Leiden) for geo-archaeological prospecting of the site; Wim Hoek (Utrecht University) for field-assistance and logistic support; Marchien Wolma and Thomas Slagter for field-assistance; Henk van Haaster (BIAX Consult, Zaandam) for the identifications of the mammal hairs; Corrie Bakels (Leiden University), Laura Kooistra and Pauline van Rijn (BIAX Consult, Zaandam) and Lara Laken (Radboud University, Nijmegen) for providing expert knowledge contributing greatly to the discussion section; Hans Huisman, Bertil van Os (RCE, Amersfoort) and Nikolaj Walraven (Geoconnect, Castricum) for conducting the XRF spectrometry; Wim Kuijper (Leiden University) for performing the parasite analysis; Willem Toonen (Utrecht University) for supporting AMS 14C dating. The photos of hairs were made by Mark van Waijjen (BIAX Consult), all other photos were made by Jan van Arkel (University of Amsterdam). Pollen slides were prepared by Annemarie Philip (University of Amsterdam). We thank two anonymous referees for valuable comments that helped to improve this manuscript.

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  1. Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Valerie van den Bos, Stefan Engels, Guido van Reenen & Bas van Geel

  2. Cultural Heritage Agency, P.O. Box 1600, 3800 BP, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

    Otto Brinkkemper

  3. School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK

    Ian D. Bull

  4. Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Tom Hakbijl

  5. Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, Poststraat 6, 9712 ER, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Mans Schepers

  6. Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Marieke van Dinter

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van den Bos, V., Brinkkemper, O., Bull, I.D. et al. Roman impact on the landscape near castellum Fectio, The Netherlands. Veget Hist Archaeobot 23, 277–298 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-013-0424-0

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