Fig 1.
Locations of Juniperus morrisonicola populations.
Samples were collected from the Sheishan (●), Central (▲)and Yushan (■) Mountain ranges. Abbreviations for populations are given in Table 1.
Table 1.
Locations, codes, and sample sizes (N) of sampled populations of Juniperus morrisonicola in Taiwan.
Sample sizes in parentheses are for the microsatellite analysis.
Fig 2.
Schematic representation of the four demographic scenarios of the northern and southern populations of J. morrisonicola in Taiwan.
The scenarios were tested by DIYABC analyses. Detailed setting of the demographic parameters was listed in S4 Table. Times and population sizes are not drawn to scale.
Fig 3.
Scatter plot of genetic diversity and logarithmic scales of altitude among populations of Juniperus morrisonicola.
(A) The scatter plot of nucleotide diversity (π) and logarithmic scales of altitude among populations of Juniperus morrisonicola based on organellar and nuclear DNAs. (B)The scatter plot of observed heterozygosity (Ho) and logarithmic scales of altitude among populations of J. morrisonicola based on microsatellites.
Table 2.
Summary of nucleotide polymorphisms and neutrality tests.
The number of haplotypes is in parentheses. L, alignment length; π, nucleotide diversity; Hd, haplotype diversity; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.
Table 3.
Comparison of genetic diversity and Wilcoxon test statistics at 12 microsatellite loci in 9 populations of Juniperus morrisonicola in Taiwan.
Table 4.
Fixation indices (FCT) corresponding to groups of populations inferred by samova for populations of Juniperus morrisonicola tested for cpDNA, mtDNA, and nrDNA loci and microsatellites.
Fig 4.
Bayesian inference of the number of clusters (K) of Juniperus morrisonicola based on microsatellites.
(A) The log likelihood for each K. (B) The scatter plots of ΔK. The ΔK is based on the rate of change of ln P(X/K) between successive K values. (C) Six clusters (K = 6) were detected based on structure analyses with highest ΔK value.
Fig 5.
Bayesian skyline plots for Juniperus morrisonicola.
Bayesian skyline plots for the effective population size fluctuation through time based on nucleotide sequences. The bold line represents the mean estimation, while the area between dashed lines represents the 95% confidence interval. (A) All populations, (B) northern populations, and (C) southern populations.