Biogeographical ancestral optimization performed with Diva, S-Diva and Lagrange.
Pie charts at the internal nodes represent the calculated probabilities (relative frequencies) of alternative ancestral areas (reconstructions), and were produced by S-Diva; letters are labeled at the right and above nodes, and probabilities from S-Diva are at the right and below nodes; letters above and below at branches are from Lagrange, indicating the highest probability migration routes and inheritance of area by upper and lower descendant branches, respectively. Located at the front of M. prostrata, M. bracteata, and M. germanica, vertical lines on the branches indicate dispersals involving these three species. Area letters as stated in the text: A: eastern Himalayas, including the eastern QTP, Hengduan mountains, northern China, and central China of East Asia; B: western Himalayas, including the western QTP, and Pamir-Alai, Kunlun-Altun, and Hendukosh mountains; C: Tianshan-Tungger-Turan; D: Altai-Siberia; E: Mongolian Plateau; and F: Asia Minor-Caucasus-Europe.
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