Figure 1.
Overview of the sampling strategy.
The circular cladogram represents the Maximum Parsimony strict consensus tree inferred from the mass sampling (MS, D680). Dotted lines (red) indicate accessions sampled for the classification-guided sampling (CS, D088). Asterisks refer to accessions sampled for the phylogeny-guided sampling (PS, D101). Blue dots indicate crown groups for the respective "Cam" clades containing at least one accession of Campanula (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). LOBE = Lobelioideae; CYPHI: Cyphioideae; CA-CYA: Campanuloideae-Cyanantheae; CA-WAH: Campanuloideae-Wahlenbergieae.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the respective phylogenetic analyses for the three datasets (D088, D101, and D680).
Table 2.
Branch support and age estimates for selected outgroups, sister clades, and main Campanula clades (CAM01 to CAM17) discussed in this study.
Figure 2.
Comparison of the respective phylogenetic trees inferred from the mass sampling (MS, D680), using Maximum Parsimony (MP), Bayesian inference (BI), and Maximum Likelihood (ML).
Clades have been transformed into triangles using the "collapse" option in TreeEdit. Gray triangles indicate the respective outgroup and sister clades; blue triangles refer to “Cam” clades containing at least one accession of Campanula (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). Numbers below branches are the respective MP-jackknife (MP), posterior probability (BI), and ML-bootstrap (ML) values; numbers above branches are MP-bootstrap values (MP).
Figure 3.
Maximum Parsimony Strict consensus tree of Campanula and relatives (D680).
Part of the cladogram showing detailed relationships for outgroup and sister lineages, and clades Cam01, Jasione-Feeria, and Cam02 to Cam04. Values below branches indicate bootstrap support for the sustained clades. Gray boxes indicate the respective outgroup and sister clades; blue boxes refer to “Cam” clades containing at least one accession of Campanula (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). A blue dot indicates the crown node of Campanula s.lat. Pictures are representative specimens for clades Cam01 (Campanula primuliifolia), Cam02 (Campanula exigua), Cam03 (Campanula persicifolia), and Cam04 (Legousia falcata). All photos from Guilhem Mansion.
Figure 4.
Maximum Parsimony Strict consensus tree of Campanula and relatives (D680).
Part of the cladogram showing detailed relationships for clades Cam05 to Cam12. Values below branches indicate bootstrap support for the sustained clades. Gray boxes indicate the respective outgroup and sister clades; blue boxes refer to “Cam” clades containing at least one accession of Campanula (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). A blue dot indicates the crown node of Campanula s.lat. Pictures are representative specimens for clades Cam05 (Campanula cymbalaria), Cam06 (Adenophora stricta), Cam07 (Campanula aizoon), Cam08 (Campanula fenestrellata), Cam09 (Campanula spatulata), Cam10 (Campanula ramosissima), Cam11 (Campanula raineri), and Cam 12 (Campanula Isophylla). All photos from Guilhem Mansion, except Cam 05 (Nursel Inkici), Cam06 (Si-Feng Li), and Cam07 (Georgia Kamari & Dimitrios Phitos).
Figure 5.
Maximum Parsimony Strict consensus tree of Campanula and relatives (D680).
Part of the cladogram showing detailed relationships for clades Cam13 to Cam16. Values below branches indicate bootstrap support for the sustained clades. Gray boxes indicate the respective outgroup and sister clades; blue boxes refer to “Cam” clades containing at least one accession of Campanula (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). A blue dot indicates the crown node of Campanula s.lat. Pictures are representative specimens for clades Cam13 (Campanula asperuloides), Cam14 (Campanula draboides), Cam15 (Azorina vidalii), and Cam16 (Campanula macrostyla). All photos from Guilhem Mansion, except Cam13 (Georgia Kamari & Dimitrios Phitos) and Cam16 (Galip Akaydin).
Figure 6.
Maximum Parsimony Strict consensus tree of Campanula and relatives (D680).
Part of the cladogram showing detailed relationships for clade Cam17. Values below branches indicate bootstrap support for the sustained clades. Pictures are representative specimens for clade 17 (clockwise from upper left: Campanula latifolia, C. incurva, C. spicata, and C. barbata). All photos from Guilhem Mansion.
Figure 7.
Chronogram of Campanula and relatives (D680) inferred from the penalized-likelihood method implemented in r8s, and dated using one fossil constraint (yellow spiral).
The yellow box refers to the time span between the stem and crown node of Campanula s.lat. Clades are represented by triangles proportional in size to the number of included accessions. Gray triangles indicate the respective outgroup and sister clades; blue triangles refer to “Cam” clades containing at least one accession of Campanula (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). White bars represent 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the respective node ages (blue: crow ages; white: stem ages). An asterisk indicates nodes for which CI could not be calculated. Ma = Mega Annuum or Million years; LOBE = Lobelioideae; CYPHI: Cyphioideae; CA-CYA: Campanuloideae-Cyanantheae; CA-WAH: Campanuloideae-Wahlenbergieae.