Figure 1.
Acorn and Enclosed Receptacle (ER) fruit types.
The bar indicates the scale of the seeds. Blue and red contour lines represent the exocarp and receptacle tissue, respectively. a) Acorn fruit represented by L. calolepis. The seed develops above the flat receptacle, greatly expanding the exocarp. b) ER fruit represented by L. xylocarpus. The seed remains embedded in the developing and greatly expanding receptacle while the vestigial exocarp forms a small apical layer.
Figure 2.
The sample sites in the Hengduan Mts., Sino-Himalaya region.
The top figure illustrates the Sino-Himalaya region and the sample sites within the Hengduan Mts. region. The lower figure indicates the three sample sites in Yunnan province.
Figure 3.
Radial sections of fruit from the six Lithocarpus species.
Four species had acorn fruits (a, b, c, and e) while two species had enclosed receptacle (ER) fruits (d and f). Collection sites for each species were: Hengduan Mountain region (a–b); the lowland site – Wushigonglichu, Menglun (c–d); the highland site – Ailao Mountains, Jingdong (e–f). The 1cm bar indicates the scale of each fruit.
Table 1.
Abbreviations of measured macronutrient and antifeedant fractions.
Figure 4.
The seed size (dry weight) of six Lithocarpus species.
L. craibianus (acorn) and L. truncatus (ER) are sympatric lowland species while L. hancei and L. xylocarpus are sympatric and co-dominant species in the highlands. L. calolepis was also collected in the Ailao Mountains but it is not generally sympatric with the previous two species. L. grandifolius was collected on the roadside from Fugong to Liuku.
Table 2.
Seed antifeedant and macronutrient levels for all sampled individuals in six Lithocarpus species, expressed at a percentage of field dry weight.
Table 3.
Mean values of seed antifeedants and macronutrients in six Lithocarpus species.
Table 4.
ANOVA of seed macronutrients and antifeedants comparing Lithocarpus species with different fruit types (acorn vs. enclosed receptacle).
Table 5.
Pair-wise comparisons of seed macronutrients and antifeedants between sympatric Lithocarpus species in highland and lowland areas.
Figure 5.
Linear discriminant function analysis of macronutrients and antifeedants between seeds of acorn and ER fruit.
Acorn species include L. hancei, L. calolepis, L. craibianus and L. grandifolius; ER species are L. truncatus and L. xylocarpus. See Table 1 for a list of the macronutrients and antifeedants included in this analysis.
Table 6.
Linear discriminant function analysis (DA) of macronutrients and antifeedants between seeds of acorn and ER fruits.