Long Island

ACAPSAI NTJOHN

ANATURALANDCUL TURAL FEATURESSTUDYOF

LONGI SLAND

I NTHEKENNEBECASI SRI VER

A Natural and Cultural Features Study of Long Island in the Kennebecasis River

Chris Bates, Lacey MacKenna & Tim Vickers fo r th e

Atlantic Coastal Action Program Saint John a nd

The Nature Trust of New Brunswick April, 2004

Acknowledgements This project was made possible through financial support provided by the Environmental Trust Fund of the New Brunswick Department of the Environment and Local Government (NBDELG). Technical, professional and in-kind support was also provided by NBDELG, the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Natural Resources Canada, University of New Brunswick (UNB), New Brunswick Museum, Canadian Coast Guard (CCG), Rothesay Yacht Club (RYC), Sussex Salmon Farms, and Cooke Aquaculture. Special mention must also be given to Hank Deichmann for his first-hand and anecdotal information about Long Island, Kathy Beaton for her visual analysis, Stephen Clayden and Dr. Don McAlpine of the NB Museum for on-going support and assistance, and to Paula Noel for her invaluable knowledge of local flora.

We especially would like to thank the following landowners of Long Island who supported this project by allowing field staff access to their land.

Mr. Eric Boyle

Mr. James Grant

Mrs. Ann Hebb

Mr. David Hoyt

Mrs. Maria C. Kane

Mr. Rod MacBain

The Rayworth family

Kathy and Peter Rodgerson

Mr. Charles Wilson

Mr. Earle Carpenter

The Nature Trust of New Brunswick

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Executive Summary The Natural and Cultural Features Study of Long Island in the Kennebecasis River was a collaborative venture of the Nature Trust of New Brunswick (NTNB) and the Atlantic Coastal Action Program (ACAP) Saint John. The project was conducted to identify areas on Long Island with substantial ecological, historical, archeological, or cultural significance as of October 2003. Long Island possesses a rich diversity of distinct and exemplary ecotypes, including cedar, Red spruce and tamarack stands. There are also pockets of regenerating farmlands, mixed forests, and permanent streams. Typical of the Acadian Forest, Red spruce comprises approximately 60% of the Island’s total forest cover. Eastern white cedar and birch (yellow, white and grey) each make up about 15% of the forest cover with the remaining 10% being other species and cleared land or first-stage regeneration. Minister’s Face, a sheer rock cliff on the northeastern edge of the island, also supports several species of plants considered rare in New Brunswick, including the Wall-rue fern (Asplenium ruta-muraria) and the Livelong saxifrage (Saxifraga paniculata ). Long Island also hosts a diversity of wildlife, including moose, White-tailed deer and coyotes, as well as fish, amphibians and reptiles. There were also more than one hundred species of birds documented. Wood warblers were the most common group of birds (18 species found), with the Black-throated green warbler being the most abundant. Young Peregrine falcons have been recorded from Long Island on 2002 and 2003; a local rock climber reported in 2003 that the nest on Minister’s Face had three hatchlings. Long Island has an interesting cultural history. The island is incorporated into Mic Mac and Malecite folklore. It is the backdrop for the legends of Glooscap, a mythical superhuman who lived among the natives. Loyalists were the first European settlers to the Island in 1786, where they existed as a farming community. A ferry provided transportation to and from the island from 1861 through 1921. The last permanent resident left the island in 1960. Present utilization of the island is largely recreational. The island is a popular destination for local boaters and campers, and there is an ever-increasing number of camps and cottages along the shorefront. Hunting for deer, grouse and waterfowl is also common. The aesthetic value of the island is considerable. It provides a lush, picturesque landscape clearly visible from numerous public vantage points on both sides of the Kennebecasis River, as well as the residences, golf courses and yacht clubs of the Rothesay area on the eastern shoreline. It also offers pastoral views when seen from the rural settings on the Kingston Peninsula. Visitors to the Island enjoy panoramic vistas of the Kennebecasis Valley from the main trail, as well as from the clearings and heights of land such as Minister’s Face. Long Island offers an incredible opportunity for preservation and interpretation initiatives. However, the increasing value of shoreline properties, coupled with the value of the mature stands of trees, means action must be taken soon. It is recommended that a variety of initiatives to proactively conserve land on the Island be investigated by involving a diversity of sectors from the Greater Saint John area and surrounding regions.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction to Long Island

5

The Natural and Cultural Features Study

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A. Natural Features Flora Wildlife Birds

7 7 11 14

B. Exemplary Natural Features Barrier Beach Structures Tamarack Bog Cedar Grove Red Spruce Forest Streams Government Road Minister’s Face

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17

C. Cultural Features Cultural History Archeological Resources

18 18 19

D. Recreational Use Camping/cottages Hunting

19 19 20

E. Aesthetic Resources

20

F. Conclusions G. References

21 22

H. Appendices

23

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Introduction to Long Island Long Island (45.50 oN 66.05 oW) is a scenic, heavily forested landmass situated at the mouth of the Kennebecasis River, near the Town of Rothesay, New Brunswick, (Figure 1). The Island, at 7 km long by 1 km wide and 886 ha in surface area, is the largest in the Saint John River drainage basin. Long Island lies in a southwest by northeast direction and divides the Kennebecasis River into the North Channel and South Channel, with both channels reaching depths of over 35 m. The topography of Long Island varies from gentle slopes to steep cliffs, with a maximum elevation of 113m. The most striking and recognizable feature of Long Island is Minister’s Face, a steep rock face located on the northeastern shore. Long Island lies within the Kingston Ecodistrict of the Valley Lowlands Ecoregion. The Kingston Ecodistrict, found in southern New Brunswick, is comprised of the Kingston Peninsula and the valleys of Bellisle Bay, Long Reach, Kennebecasis River and Kennebecasis Bay. This region, including Long Island, is underlain by Precambrian and sedimentary rocks, in addition to red Mississippian sediments and Silurian granites. This geological combination of igneous rock with less enduring sediments is prone to erosion, creating a rolling yet jagged landscape of hills, valleys, running streams and cliff faces. The soils of these volcanic and sedimentary areas are composed of loams and silty loams with high gravel content and moderate acidity. These soil conditions in conjunction with a relatively dry and warm climate provide a suitable environment for mixed farming in those places where the topography is uniform (Zelazny 2003). The Natural and Cultural Features Study This project was conducted in four phases to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of project staff time and resources. In Phase I, existing information pertaining to Long Island was collected and examined for its relevance to the project. Books, reports, studies, anecdotal information, aerial photos, topographical maps, hydrological charts, forest stand maps and wetland atlases were all consulted in an effort to increase the efficiency of field studies and to reduce repetition. Information gleaned from these resources was also used to provide the cultural history of Long Island, as well as potential archaeological resources. Phase II consisted of a general walkthrough of accessible properties and areas of interest identified during Phase I. Areas of interest that proved worth re-evaluating were marked for further investigation. Points of interest were identified as distinct or exemplary forest types, watercourses, or cultural features (historical, recreational, aesthetic, or archaeological). Field surveys were conducted during Phase III and involved in-depth investigations of accessible areas of interest. Flora, fauna and distinctive physical features were documented and delineated using a Magellan Sportrak Map Global Positioning System (GPS). Project staff frequented Long Island eighteen times between July and October 2003, including the five days in which naturalist Hank Deichmann conducted a survey of avifauna (Figure 2). Individuals such as botanist Paula Noel who were interested in contributing to the project periodically accompanied project staff.

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The final phase of the project was report writing and development. This included not only a written synopsis of the information collected, but also the development of recommendations for future initiatives. For ease of reading, scientific names have been omitted from the text, but can be found in the appropriate Appendices.

Figure 1. Map showing the proximity of Long Island to Rothesay, Quispamsis, the Kingston Peninsula and Saint John, New Brunswick.

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Figure 2. Naturalist Hank Diechmann (left) and Lacey McKenna of ACAP Saint John conduct a survey of the avifauna on Long Island. The old government road is clearly visible.

A. Natural Features Flora Long Island, for its size, supports a diverse composition of flora. This diversity likely stems from a variety of habitats, including some uncommon in New Brunswick. Some sites known to contain unique and rare species have already been acquired by NTNB and are considered protected. Therefore these areas were not investigated in this study. Although the areas inventoried in this study did not contain significant amounts of uncommon species, there were large communities of healthy native species representative of the Saint John-Kennebecasis estuarine eco-region. Minister’s Face Minister’s Face, much of which is owned by NTNB, was surveyed by B&B Botanical in 2000. Within the crevices on the Face are rare plant specimens such as the Livelong saxifrage (Saxifraga paniculata ) and Smooth draba ( Draba glabella var. glabella ). These plants are at the southernmost extremes of their ranges. Wall-rue, a tiny evergreen fern at the eastern- and northern-most end of its range, was found at the Face in 2000—the first record for this plant in the Maritimes, east of Vermont. Also noted in the 2000 field study was an abundance of stunted Eastern white cedar growing directly on the cliff face (Figure 3). It is suspected that the cedar is old-growth, although a core was not taken to verify age. The growth of hemlock along the upper flat lands at the top of the cliff was also worthy of mention.

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Figure 4. Tamarack stand amidst ferns on Long Island.

Figure 3. Eastern white cedar growing on Minister’s Face.

Bogs There were numerous boggy areas throughout the Island. These areas were dominated by Sphagnum moss, Labrador-tea, Sheep laurel, a variety of Horsetails, Sensitive ferns, and a profusion of sedges, rushes and grasses. The bog areas lacked a dense canopy cover but had a scattering of Red spruce and cedar scattered within. Several of the boggy areas contained large amounts of tamarack (Figure 4). Cedar Forest A distinct cedar forest was identified on the northwest side of the Island (Figure 5), which contained two drainage areas in the form of small intermittent streams. Eastern white cedar comprised ninety-nine percent of the tree cover in this area. The undergrowth was sparse and consisted mainly of Purple trillium ( Trillium erectum ). The exception was along the banks of the intermittent streams where higher densities of riparian zone flora consisted of Broad-leaved arrowhead, Coltsfoot, Burdock, Common mint, Buttercup, Speedwell, Meadow rue, Whorled aster, Yellow wood sorrel, Spotted touch-me-nots, Long beech ferns and Oak ferns.

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Figure 5. Eastern white cedar stand located on northwestern slope of Long Island.

Kennebecasis River Shoreline The Kennebecasis River shoreline consisted of mostly coarse cobble and rock, although pockets of sandy beaches were found intermittently along the rocky shoreline. The sandy beaches hosted few species near the water line and had a riparian zone dominated by Black ash, with Red maple, Silver maple and alder also present. Shoreline shrubs consisted predominantly of Sweet gale, Shrubby cinquefoil and some Wild rose. There were also copious amounts of small vascular plants present. St. Johns wort was abundant along the beach as was Black mustard, Sweet white clover, Butter and eggs, Coltsfoot, Evening primrose and Beach pea. A large Basswood, the only one found on the Island exists on a sandy beach near the southern tip of Vance’s Beach. The rockier beaches had more growth near the water’s edge but less variety of species. Blue flag iris was common as were several varieties of grasses. Sweet gale and Shrubby cinquefoil were more abundant on the rocky beaches than on the sandy beach. Mixed Woods The majority of the island’s habitat consisted of mixed woods on semi-dry soil. The tree types present in the mixed woods were predominantly Red spruce and White birch. Both the spruce and the birch appeared healthy, with an abundance of tall, mature specimens. Intermixed among the spruce and birch were populations of Eastern white cedar, Balsam fir thickets and a small portion of Striped maple. Barren areas of the forest floor contained small amounts of club mosses, Sarsaparilla, Bunchberry and Creeping snowberry. Other areas contained large amounts of Hayscented ferns, Sensitive ferns, Interrupted ferns or Cinnamon ferns. Areas that contained a stream typically established increased ground cover, with the Jack-in-the-pulpit often found along the shady edge of the stream.

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Old Homesteads Scattered amongst the mixed forest were overgrown homesteads and fields. Alders had overtaken some of these areas, although many were persisting as meadows due to browsing of deer and moose. The fields showed evidence of past human impacts with large amounts of garden escapes, including a variety of apple trees, rhubarb and rose bushes. In general, there were relatively few trees in these post-agriculture areas although some Choke cherry and Bilberry trees were identified as well as a few Beaked hazel shrubs. There were, however, a variety of grasses and other vascular plant species. Some of the common plants found in these areas included Swamp candles, Dwarf raspberry, Raspberry, Rough bedstraw, Meadow sweet and various species of asters. River grapes, uncommon on Long Island, were found in one overgrown field located near the northern tip of the Island.

Figure 6. Post-agricultural area on Long Island showing minor reclamation by shrubs and bushes. The canopy is still largely open due to the scarcity of large trees. Main Trail The trail that runs the length of the Island (a former carriageway) allowed for a variety of the flora to be observed. The trail transected almost every habitat type and modified the habitat by allowing light penetration. The flora on the edge of the trail was dense and comprised of species often not found in the adjacent habitat. Some common species found on the trail’s edge were Bunchberry, Bracken fern, Hay-scented fern, Cinnamon fern, and Sarsaparilla. There were also clusters of Indian pipe, not common to the Island, found along the trail.

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Wildlife Long Island is host to a variety of species of fish, mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles (Figure 7). At least thirteen species (ranging in size from moose to Brook trout) were identified on the Island by means of tracks, territorial markings, scat, carcass remains, direct observations, as well as anecdotal evidence based on reported sightings (Table 1). All regions and ecotypes on the Island included habitat suitable for several species of fauna.

Figure 7. Naturalists Elizabeth and Grant Sheppard take time to admire a Garter snake held by Tim Vickers of ACAP, during a field tour of Long Island, August, 2003. The diversity of forest types and habitat likely plays a key role in maintaining several of the wildlife populations. White-tailed deer, for example, have an abundance of forage available in the form of smaller shrubs, fruit and immature trees that are reclaiming the abandoned farm fields. The mature stands of conifers also provide deer with the wintering areas they need to survive periods of deep snow and cold temperatures. Furthermore, areas of dense underbrush could provide protection against predators such as coyotes, as well as hunters. Preserving the diversity of habitats on Long Island should be viewed as being critical to securing the long-term survival of the existing wildlife populations. Sampling conducted in Stream 5, located 300 meters southwest of Minister’s Face (Figure 8), revealed Brook trout ranging from 4 to 17 cm in total length. Sampling conducted in Stream 7, near Cathline Cove, found Brook trout from 5 to 14 cm in length. Larger fish were also observed but attempts to capture them were unsuccessful. Two aquatic invertebrates were identified in this stream, a Caddis fly and a Dragonfly pre-adult. These were the only two aquatic invertebrates observed. Streams 5 and 7 were also sampled for basic water quality parameters and analyzed by ACAP staff at the New Brunswick Community College in Saint John. The results of these tests showed the water was of high quality, with a circumneutral pH, ideal for salmonids. A slightly elevated fecal coliform count was found in Stream 7 (Table 2).

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Table 1: Fish and wildlife identified on Long Island, during the summer and fall of 2003. Common Name

Scientific Name

Evidence

Comments

White-tailed deer

Odocoileus virginianus

observed, scat, remains, tracks, scrapes and rubs

Alces alces

tracks, scat, beds

Well used game trails are abundant, with frequent tree rubs and ground scrapes (> 1m diameter) consistent with male mating activities. Tracks were observed in all areas of the island with no obvious pattern.

Red squirrel

Tamiasciurus vulgaris

observed

Garter snake

Thamnophis sirtalis

observed

Red Fox

Vulpes vulpes

anecdotal

Presence suggested by Hank Deichmann

Bobcat

Lynx rufus

anecdotal

Presence suggested by Hank Deichmann

Coyote

Canis latrans

scat

Lepus americanus

scat

Procyon lotor

carcass

Moose

Snowshoe Hare Raccoon Beaver

There appears to be a substantial population on the island. Two were observed on rocky beach areas south of Minister’s Face.

Presence suggested by Hank Deichmann

Castor canadensis

Field vole Brook Trout

Microtus arvalis

observed, remains

Salvelinus fontinalis

observed

unknown

observed

Toad

Found in two streams. Sizes ranged from 4 to 17 cm total length. Larger specimens were observed.

Table 2: Water quality parameters from two streams on Long Island, NB. ACAP Saint John staff at the New Brunswick Community College (Saint John) conducted the analysis on August 25/03. Date

Water Temperature (oC)

Salinity (ppt)

pH

Nitrate (ppm)

Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)

Turbidity (NTU)

Total Ammonia (ppm)

Fecal Coliform (colonies/1 00ml)

Total PO4-P (ppm)

Five

Aug 25/03

13.5

0

7.26

0.3186

8.96

0

0

5

0.004

Seven

Aug 25/03

14.6

0.044

7.7

0.9586

9.08

0.5

0

27

0.007

Stream Number

12

Old Government Road

Remains of Wharf

Meadow

Minister’s Face

Cedar Stand

Permanent Stream

Tamarack Stand

Barrier Beach

Figure 8. Map showing the locations of natural and cultural features on Long Island.

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Birds The complexity and abundance of bird species on Long Island required the knowledge and experience of local expert Hank Deichmann to complete the inventory within one field season. Identification of bird species on the Island was performed using a combination of transects and nonlinear sampling. It is estimated that eighty percent of the landmass of Long Island was sampled using these methods. The results of Deichmann’s report entitled “The Avifauna of Long Island, Kennebecasis River, NB” suggest that over one hundred bird species frequent Long Island (Appendix IV). The number of bird species on Long Island may reflect the diversity of habitats available. Varying ages and types of forest stands provide breeding, nesting, shelter and forage opportunities for avifauna. Where edges occur (for example where coniferous trees give way to deciduous stands) birds from both types of habitat may be found. Although standing waters are not present on the Island proper, the surrounding waters provide ample habitat for waterfowl (Figure 9). Long Island is a popular destination for waterfowl hunters, as well as for those pursuing Ruffed grouse. The Peregrine falcon, a breeding pair of which is found on Long Island, is one of nine species of birds designated in Canada as ‘threatened’ (COSEWIC, 2003). This designation means that the species is likely to become endangered if negative population trends are not reversed. They are considered ‘endangered’ under New Brunswick species-at-risk legislation. Hatchlings were recorded on Long Island at Minister’s Face by veterinarian Dr. Jim Goltz in 2002, and in 2003, a rock climber reported observing three hatchlings in the nest. In New Brunswick, the peregrine is a “rare local resident and uncommon transient” (Birds of New Brunswick, An Annotated List, NB Museum, in press, 2004). The few pairs that have been recorded in the province have been along the Bay of Fundy coast. Its occurrence on Long Island is significant as it could be the first inland breeding record for the species. A migratory species which over-winters in areas from southern Canada to South America, peregrines prefer open country, especially along rivers and lakes. Peregrines were at one time extirpated in New Brunswick, disappearing between 1948 and 1960, largely due to the negative impacts of DDT and other pesticides on nesting success rates. The peregrines found at Long Island are most likely of the anatum subspecies, the offspring of captive releases made in the province between 1982 and 1988 (D. McAlpine, pers. com., 2004). Wood warblers were the most common group of bird observed on the Island in 2003, with some eighteen species documented. Of these, the Black-throated green warbler was the most abundant. Deichmann suggests that the abundance of cedar on Long Island may have been a influencing factor in the occurrence of this species. Winter wrens, known to be among the most vocal of songbirds, were observed; this is a species not widely found in southern New Brunswick.

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The ten most common birds found in on Long Island were, in descending order of frequency: 1. American robin 2. Black-throated green warbler 3. White-throated sparrow 4. Magnolia warbler 5. Hermit thrush 6. Black-capped chickadee 7. Dark-eyed junco 8. Common yellowthroat 9. Swainson thrush 10. Winter wren The Black-throated green warbler (second-most frequently recorded) is partial to hemlocks and pines. Its song, “trees trees murmuring trees� is its main identifier; the bird itself is difficult to locate. It feeds actively in the high, dense foliage, picking an assortment of insects and larvae from twigs, limbs, needles and bark (McElroy, 1974).

Figure 9. Mallard ducks near Long Island, Kennebecasis River, New Brunswick.

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B. Exemplary Natural Features Long Island provides a unique opportunity to observe a diversity of natural features within a relatively small and confined area. Distinct stands of mature forest, regenerating farm fields and rocky lookouts are but a few of the more obvious characteristics that make this island an ecological oasis amidst a rapidly urbanizing region of New Brunswick. Although the entire Island could be deemed ecologically significant for the purposes of maintaining exemplary natural features, the following areas were considered exceptional and worthy of additional consideration. Barrier Beach Structures There were three barrier beach structures identified on Long Island of which only one appeared to maintain its structural integrity on a yearly basis. This structure is located at the inner-most section of Cathline Cove (Figure 8), and is an excellent example of a grassland meadow protected by a raised beach structure. There is a permanent stream that meanders through the meadow and cuts through the raised beach structure on its northernmost boundary. This area provides the only habitat of this type on the Island. Tamarack Bog Tamarack trees occur randomly in very low densities throughout the entirety of the Island. The exception to this is a tamarack-dominated linear wetland lying 750 metres north of Vance’s Beach (Figure 8). This is the only known example of this habitat type on the Island (Figure 4). Cedar Grove Eastern white cedar is common on Long Island occurring both in distinct pockets as well as being dispersed throughout the Island (Figure 5). Eastern white cedar comprises approximately 15% of total forest cover and is surpassed only by Red spruce in total abundance. A large pocket of cedar located 2.1 km from Vance’s Beach (Figure 8) on the southwestern side of the island serves as an excellent example of cedar-dominated habitat. With the exception of a seepage area with high densities of Trillium there is very little plant growth in the understory. The area also contains an abundance of well-used game trails, implying its importance as wildlife habitat. Red Spruce Forest This forest type is the most common on the Island, comprising approximately 60% of the total forest cover (NBDNRE, 1998). While several of these areas deserve recognition, no one area encountered during field assessments stood out as exceptional in comparison to other similar areas on the island. Streams There are ten streams depicted on the topographical mapping of the Island (DNRE, 1990). Of these, three are continuous streams (figure 10). All of the continuous streams occur on the eastern half of the island (Figure 8). Field investigations revealed that populations of Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) exist in two of the three streams.

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Government Road The road itself has taken the form of a recreational vehicle trail and bisects the Island longitudinally from north to south (Figure 8). The trail is in good condition and easily passable with the exception of several wet areas and an alder swale that has overtaken the road at the site of an old beaver meadow. Some parts of the road on the northern portion of the Island had become overgrown and additional trails were developed to circumvent these areas. The government road provides easy access to old stone walls, cedar rail fences and abandoned farm fields at various stages of regeneration. The trail provides opportunities to encounter most of the tree species on the Island, from large White birch to Eastern white cedar, Red spruce and even a Basswood. The understory is dominated by various fern species and Sarsaparilla. The trees in the mature areas found throughout the Island are well-spaced making for good hiking even off the main trail. It should also be mentioned that the mature forest types are rich in mosses, indicative of the damp conditions of the forest floor.

Figure 10. Permanent streams on Long Island, NB. Both streams are located on the eastern side of the island and support populations of Brook trout. Minister’s Face Although a large portion of Minister’s Face has already been secured by NTNB, the southern and northern tips of the area are still privately held. The southern part of the Face has been identified as an area that supports Palustriella commutata, Wall-rue and Smooth draba all of which are considered rare in the province. The northern portion also contains other plants considered endangered or rare. These include Jungermannia obovata, Istheclum myosurodles, Sellgeria calcarea, Green spleenwort, Alpine woodsia and the Boreal aster (B & B Botanical, 2000).

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C. Cultural Features Cultural History Long Island has a rich history dating back to native Micmac and Malecite tribes. The Island is incorporated into the mythical tales of Glooscap, a superhuman who lived with the natives. The myths state that Glooscap’s home was in “the rock on the river” which is believed to be Minister’s Face, and Glooscap himself created the cleft in the face. This cleft has been referred to as Glooscap’s Gulch. By the 1600's, Europeans were beginning to come seeking fortunes in fur trading and fishing as well as starting new lives in a new land (Mouffe, 1999). The Island was first officially settled in 1786 by Loyalists who were fleeing New York after the American Revolution (Rayworth, 1999). The Island had been divided among 30 loyalist families. Many of the Loyalists were not farmers by trade and had no intention of farming. As a result they didn’t settle their granted land or stay long. In fact only two of the original landowners remained on the Island for a significant amount of time (Mouffe, 1999). Between 1820 and 1840 a second wave of Irish immigrants settled on the Island. Some used Long Island as temporary stop-over while others stayed and made it their home (Rayworth, 1999). By 1814 the population was large enough to require a main road to cross the Island. The road took approximately sixteen years to complete. This road was used in the winter by horse and sleigh when crossing between the Kingston Peninsula and Renforth (Rayworth, 1999). The local landowners maintained these roads and received an incentive of tax reductions for their help in the road care (Mouffe, 2003). Originally, the only transportation available to the Island was through personal boats. However, in 1867 a steamer boat was provided for the residents as a ferry system to the mainland. A channel was dredged between Long Island and Mathers Island and wharves were built to accommodate the ferry system. In 1921 the ferry ran its final run and was replaced by a 30-foot motorboat that made two daily runs to Rothesay. By 1928 the motorboat retired its run and local landowner Mortimer Breen, who owned a large boat, provided transportation until 1939 when he left the Island. After this time transportation reverted to personal boats (Rayworth, 1999). The population of the Island has fluctuated over time but reached a peak of fifteen families, totaling 75 individuals, in 1890 (Rayworth, 1999). During this time the Island had an active farming community that included a small school for the children to attend (Mouffe, 1999). After 1921, when the riverboat made its final stop, the population on Long Island began to decline. In 1960 the last permanent resident of Long Island was forced to leave due to old age (Rayworth, 1999). Today the Island has reverted back to a more natural state. The fields have become overgrown (Figure 6) and the houses have been demolished or left to fall down, although old wells and foundations can still be found. The old road persists as a nice walking trail and the old wharves (Figure 11) remain as two piles of rocks. Currently the island is largely used for recreational activities such as camping, hunting, and boating.

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Figure 11. Historical settlement at the north end of Long Island, Kennebecasis River, New Brunswick. The rock piling wharf is clearly visible. Photo circa 1900. Archeological Resources There are no archaeologically important sites actually documented for Long Island (Blair 2003). To explore the possibilities further, Heritage Technologies Inc. (HTI) was contracted as part of the study to determine whether there might be sites of elevated interest to the archeological community. HTI examined Long Island using aerial photos and topographical maps and recorded areas that had similar features to archaeologically significant sites reported for other areas of New Brunswick. HTI highlighted four areas of elevated archaeological potential; Cathline Cove, Frenchman’s Cove, Minister’s Face and the interior trails. However this does not limit the possibility that other areas on the island may have significant deposits of material (Blair 2003). No field explorations were conducted as this was outside the scope of the study. D. Recreational Use Camping/Cottages The Island has two main beaches, commonly referred to as Scout’s Beach and Vance’s Beach (Figure 8). Scout’s Beach is located on the northwest end of the Island, and consists of a large sandy area approximately 200m long. Evidence of use is obvious, by the small amounts of garbage present including empty propane cylinders, snack wrappers and two burn areas used for campfires. On July 29, 2003, ACAP field staff observed two tents on the beach and on August 1, 2003, there were four boats present. 19

Vance’s Beach (also shown on some maps as Rayworth Beach) is located on the southwestern edge of the Island. This sandy beach area has access to the government road that bisects the Island. The beach encompasses a sandy point and is approximately 450 m in length. It is also the site of the only known Basswood tree on the Island. Vance’s Beach receives heavy recreational use. On July 31, 2003, eight people in three small speedboats and a personal watercraft were observed using the beach. The best evidence of heavy recreational use of the beach is the presence of two makeshift port-a-potties and three fire rings. A total of twenty camps/cottages exist along the shoreline of Long Island, of which three were new in 2003. The cottages vary from small chipboard buildings with few amenities, to well-kept summer homes with wind generators. Several properties are undergoing upgrades, with the addition of decks, siding and landscaping. Evidence of recreational activities was present in the form of litter scattered along the shoreline. On September 3, 2003, four staff from ACAP Saint John and a representative from Cook Aquaculture (Bill Martin) picked up nine bags of refuse and several large pieces of debris. A total of over 225 kilograms of garbage was removed. The debris ranged from an old 45-gallon drum and lawn chairs to pieces of glass and sandwich wrappers. The garbage was taken to shore with an 18-foot flat bottom boat supplied by Cook Aquaculture for the event. A total of 4 km of shoreline was cleaned with the majority of garbage being camping and recreational-related material. Hunting/Recreational Vehicles Hunting activities on Long Island focus on both small and large game. Evidence of small game and waterfowl hunting was present in the form of spent shotgun shells found on the beach (12 gauge #2 steel shot and 410, #5 lead shot). The field team also observed two deer stands on the island, both of which appear to be in good condition and are likely still in use. Recreational vehicles (snowmobiles and ATVs) are frequently used to access the Island. Winter ice allows the Island to be reached from the mainland. E. Aesthetic Resources Long Island provides a backdrop to the Kennebecasis River from almost every vista along the Old Rothesay Road. Countless people who live along the Kennebecasis River enjoy the scenic view of the relatively undeveloped natural beauty of the Island. Three boat clubs and a golf course also enjoy the delightful scenery that Long Island provides. The Kingston Peninsula enjoys a very special relationship with the Island, the latter serving as a visual barrier in some portions. This barrier blocks the view from the peninsula hiding the more developed sections of the Kennebecasis Valley and replacing it with the treed landscape of the Island. The views from Long Island illustrate the sharp contrast between the developed Kennebecasis Valley to the south of the Island and the still relatively rural community of the Kingston Peninsula to the north. The Island now has a fairly heavy tree canopy, but panoramic views are still possible from portions of the roadway, Polly’s Rock, and the shoreline, as well as from on top of Minister’s Face. 20

A viewshed analysis of Long Island was completed by Kathy Beaton, a Forester with Natural Resources Canada in Fredericton. Her analysis showed that more than one-third of Long Island was visible from the combined vantage points of the Yacht Club, Public Park, Golf Club, Public Beach, and Beach and Boat Club of the greater Rothesay area (Appendix III). This viewshed analysis confirms the incredible aesthetic value of Long Island in the midst of the extensive development and urbanization of the Rothesay waterfront.

Conclusions Long Island’s location between the rural Kingston Peninsula and the rapidly developing Rothesay/Quispamsis region of New Brunswick makes it ideally situated for conservation initiatives. The island is rich in natural resources, and possesses a diversity of distinct ecotypes ranging from permanent streams to cedar stands to rocky cliffs. The cultural history of Long Island also makes it an attractive location for preservation and interpretive projects. Long Island is currently utilized by boating and camping enthusiasts, and is subject to a slow, but ever-growing increase in cottage developments. Given the increasing commercial value of shorefront real estate, it is expected that opportunities to maintain the ecological and aesthetic integrity of Long Island will be greatly diminished within the next decade. Likewise, the presence of mature forest stands will undoubtedly be subjected to proposals for wood harvesting ventures. Long Island is unique in its geographical situation in the Kennebecasis river, its cultural history, and in its potential to serve the greater Saint John region as an ecological preserve. It is the strong recommendation of the authors that a concerted effort be put forth to secure, at a minimum, the most ecologically significant tracts of land on Long Island, to be set aside for conservation and interpretation initiatives. There is little doubt that the benefits of such an initiative will extend to many future generations of New Brunswickers.

21

References Bishop, G. and B. Bagnell. 2001. Botanical Investigations & Management Plan Contributions. B&B Botanical. 178 pgs. Blaney, C.S. 1999. Vascular plants observed on Long Island, King’s County, New Brunswick. Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre. Mouffe, B.S. 1999. Long Island in the Kennebecasis Bay, Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada. Privately printed. 134 pgs. Rayworth, C.B. 1999. The Settlement of Long Island in the Kennebecasis River, Parish of Kingston, County of Kings, 1785-1960. Draft. 31 pgs. Zelanzny, Vincent. 2003. Draft Ecological Land Classification for New Brunswick. Department of Natural Resources and Energy: Fredericton, NB.

22

Appendix I. Plant species identified on Long Island during field studies, summer 2003.

Common Name

Scientific Name

Agrimony, Roadside Alder, speckled American Mountain Ash Arrow Head, Broad leaved Ash, Black Ash, Red Aspen, Large Tooth Aspen, Trembling Aster, Calico Aster, New York Aster, Tall White Aster, Whorled Wood Baneberry, Red Baneberry,White Basswood Beach-pea Beaked Hazel nut Bedstraw, rough Bedstraw, sweet scented Beech Bill berry Bind weed Bind weed, fringed black Birch, White Birch, Yellow Black Currant Bladder Campion Blue bell Blueberry Blueberry, Late sweet Boneset Bouncing Bet Buck thorn, Common Bugle weed Bunchberry Burdock, Common Butter and Eggs Buttercup, Common Canadian Thistle Carrot, Wild Cedar, Eastern White Cherry, Black Cherry, Choke Chickweed, common

Agrimonia striata Alnus incana Sorbus americana Sagittaria latifolia Fraxinus nigra Fraxinus pennsylvanica Populus grandidentata Populus tremuloides Aster lateriflorus Aster novi-belgii Aster umbellatus Aster acuminatus Actaea rubra Actaea pachypoda Tilia americana Lathyrus japonicus Corylus cornuta Galium asprellum Galium triflorum Fagus grandifolia Amelanchier sp. Calystegia sepium Fallopia cilinodis Betula papyrifera Betula alleghaniensis Ribes lacustre Silene vulgaris Campanula rotundifolia Vaccinium sp Vaccinium angustifolium Eupatorium perfoliatum Saponaria officinalis Rhamnus cathartica Lycopus uniflorus Cornus canadensis Arctium minus Linaria vulgaris Ranunculus acris Cirsium arvense Daucus carota Thuja occidentalis Prunus serotina Prunus virginiana Stellaria media

23

Chives Cinquefoil, old field Cinquefoil, Shruby Clover, White Sweet Colts Foot Common Plantain Cow Parsnip Creeping snowberry Dandylion, Fall Dogbane, Hemp Dogwood, Round Leaf Duchman's Breeches Elderberry, Red Elderberry, White Enchanter's Nightshade Evening Primrose Fern, Bracken Fern, Christmas Fern, Hay Scented Fern, Intermediate Fern, Interrupted Fern, Lady Fern, Long Beach Fern, New York Fern, Oak Fern, Ostrich Fern, Sensitive Fire Weed Flat-branched Ground-pine Forget Me Not Gall of the Earth Goldthread Golden Alexanders Golden Rod, Canadian Golden Rod, Grass leaved Golden Rod, Rough stem Golden Rod, Seaside Grass, Cotton Hemlock, Eastern Honey suckle Horse tail, field Horse tail, water Indian Pipe Iris, Blue Flag Jack in the Pulpit Knapweed, Black Labrador Tea Loosetrife, Purple Maple, Mountain Maple, Red

Allium schoenoprasum Potentilla simplex Potentilla fruticosa Melilotus alba Tussilago farfara Plantago major Heracleum lanatum Gaultheria hispidula Leontodon autumnalis Apocynum androsaemifolium Cornus rugosa Dicentra cucullaria Sambucus pubens Sambucus canadensis Circaea lutetiana Oenothera biennis Pteridium aquilinum Polystichum acrostichoides Dennstaedtia punctilobula Dryopteris intermedia Osmunda claytoniana Athyrium filix-femina Thelypteris phegopteris Thelypteris noveboracensis Gymnocarpium dryopteris Matteuccia struthiopteris Onoclea sensibilis Erechtites hieraciifolia Lycopodium obscurum Myosotis laxa Prenanthes trifoliolata Coptis trifolia Zizia aurea Solidago canadensis Euthamia graminifolia Solidago rugosa Solidago sempervirens Eriophgorum sp. Tsuga canadensis Lonicera canadensis Equisetum arvense Equisetum fluviatile Monotropa uniflora Iris versicolor Arisaema triphyllum Centaurea nigra Ledum groenlandicum Lythrum salicaria Acer spicatum Acer rubrum

24

Maple, Silver Maple, Striped Maple, Sugar Mayflower Meadow Rue, Tall Meadow Sweet Meadow Sweet Mint, common Mint, Heal all Mustard, Black Mustard, wormseed Northern Heart Leaved Aster Orange Hawk Weed Ox-eye Daisy Parsnip, Wild Pearly Everlasting Purple Avens Purslane, Sea Raspberry, Dwarf Raspberry, Red Rhodora Rhubarb River Grape Rock Cranberry Sheep Laurel Shin Leaf Shining Club moss Silver Weed Solomon's seal Speedwell, Common Speedwell, trailing St Johns Wort, Common St Johns Wort, Marsh Star Flower Strawberry, Wild Summer Phlox Swamp Candles Sweet everlasting Sweet Gale Tamarack Tansy Ragwort Thistle, Canada Three- Seeded Sedge Touch Me Not Trillium, Purple Tuffed Hair Grass Twin Flower Vetch Violets Water Hemlock

Acer saccharinum Acer pensylvanicum Acer saccharum Epigaea repens Thalictrum pubescens Spirea alba Spirea latifolia Mentha canadensis Prunella vulgaris Brassica nigra Erysimum cheiranthoides Aster ciliolatus Hieracium aurantiacum Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Pastinaca sativa Anaphalis margaritacea Geum rivale Ludwigia palustris Rubus pubensens Rubus strigosus Rhododendron canadense Rheum rhaponticum Vitis riparia Vaccinium vitis-idaea Kalmia angustifolia Pyrola elliptica Lycopodium lucidulum Argentina anserina Polygonatum sp. Veronica officinalis Veronica sp Hypericum perforatum Triadenum fraseri Trientalis borealis Fragaria virginiana Phlox paniculata Lysimachia terrestris Gnaphalium obtusifolium Myrica gale Larix laricina Senecio jacobaea Cirsium arvense Carex trisperma Impatiens capensis Trillium erectum Deschampsia cespitosa Linnaea borealis Vicia sp Viola sp Cicuta maculata

25

Wild Raisin Wild rose Wild Sarsaparilla Willow Herb Willow, Pussy Wood Nettle Wood Reed Grass Wood soral, Common Wood soral, yellow Yarrow Yellow Rattle

Viburnum cassinoides Rosa virginiana Aralia nudicaulis Eplobium glandulosum (ciliatum) Salix discolor Laportea canadensis Cinna latifolia Oxalis acetosella Oxalis dillenii Achillea millefolium Rhinanthus minor

26

Appendix II. Vascular Plants and Bryophytes Identified in ‘Minister’s Face Plant Species List’, B&B Botanical, 2000

Minister’s Face Plant Species List (B&B Botanical 2000)

27

Vascular Plants Ferns and Fern Allies Asplenium ruta-muraria (S1) Asplenium trichomanesramosum (S2) Athyrium filix-femina Cystopteris bulbifera Cystopteris fragilis Cystopteris tenuis Dennstaedtia punctilobula Dryopteris campyloptera Dryopteris carthusiana Dryopteris intermedia Dryopteris marginalis Equisetum arvense Equisetum pratense Equisetum sylvaticum Gymnocarpium dryopteris Lycopodium annotinum Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodium dendroidium Lycopodium lucidulum Matteuccia struthiopteris Onoclea sensibilis Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda claytoniana Osmunda regalis Polypodium virginianum Thelypteris noveboracensis Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Thelypteris phegopteris Woodsia alpina (S2) Woodsia ilvensis Herbs Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa Agropyron trachycaulum var. glaucum Agrostis stolonifera Allium schoenoprasum Antennaria neglecta var.

neglecta Apios americana Apocynum sibiricum Aralia nudicaulis Aralia racemosa Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum Aster acuminatus Aster borealis (S2) Aster cordifolius Aster lateriflorus Aster macrophyllus Aster novi-belgii Aster radula var. strictus Aster umbellatus Bidens frondosa Calamagrostis canadensis Campanula rapunculoides Campanula rotundifolia Carex brunnescens var. sphaerostachya Carex canescens var. disjuncta Carex communis Carex debilis var. rudgei Carex disperma Carex flava Carex gynandra Carex intumescens Carex lasiocarpa var. americana Carex leptalea Carex novae-angliae Carex scabrata Carex trisperma Centaurea nigra Chenopodium album Circaea alpina Cirsium arvense Cirsium muticum Cirsium vulgare Clintonia borealis Conioselinum chinense Convolvulus sepium Coptis trifolia ssp. groenlandica Cornus 28

canadensis Cuscuta cephalanthi (S2) Cypripedium acaule f. albiflorum Cypripedium acaule Deschampsia caespitosa var. caespitosa Draba glabella var. glabella (S1) Eleocharis erythropoda Elymus virginicus Epilobium ciliatum Epilobium palustre Erigeron annuus Erigeron strigosus Eriophorum spissum Eriophorum virginicum Eupatorium maculatum Euthamia graminifolia Festuca rubra Fragaria virginiana Geranium robertianum Glyceria X laxa Gnaphalium sylvaticum Halenia deflexa Hieracium murorum Hieracium pilosella Hydrocotyle americana Hypericum perforatum Impatiens capensis Iris versicolor Juncus effusus var. pylaei Leucanthemum vulgare Linaria vulgaris Linnaea borealis Lobelia inflata Lycopus americanus Lycopus uniflorus Lysimachia ciliata Lysimachia terrestris Maianthemum canadense Mentha arvensis Monotropa uniflora Muhlenbergia frondosa Muhlenbergia glomerata

Muhlenbergia mexicana forma ambigua Myriophyllum exalbescens (S2) Oxalis acetosella Oxalis stricta Phalaris arundinacea Phleum pratense Plantago major Poa compressa Polygonum cuspidatum Polygonum persicaria Potamogeton perfoliatus Potentilla anserina Prenanthes altissima Prenanthes trifoliolata Primula mistassinica Prunella vulgaris var. elongata Ranunculus acris Raphanus raphanistrum Rumex crispus Ruppia maritima Saponaria officinalis Saxifraga paniculata (S1) Scirpus georgianus Scutellaria lateriflora Sedum rosea Sedum telephium Senecio jacobaea Senecio pauperculus Senecio schweinitzianus Silene vulgaris Solanum dulcamara Solidago canadensis Solidago flexicaulis Solidago hispida Solidago juncea Solidago rugosa Sonchus asper Spartina pectinata Sphenopholis obtusata Stachys palustris var. palustris Stellaria calycantha

Streptopus amplexifolius var. americanus Symplocarpus foetidus Taraxacum officinale Thalictrum pubescens Trientalis borealis Trifolium pratense Trisetum triflorum Tussilago farfara Uvularia sessilifolia Veronica officinalis Vicia cracca Xanthium strumarium Shrubs Alnus incana ssp. rugosa Alnus viridis ssp. crispa Cornus sericea Corylus cornuta Crataegus brainerdii var. scabrida Diervilla lonicera Gaultheria hispidula Ilex verticillata Kalmia angustifolia Lactuca canadensis Ledum groenlandicum Lonicera canadensis Myrica gale Potentilla fruticosa Prunus virginiana Rhododendron canadense Rosa sp. Rubus hispidus Rubus pubescens Rubus strigosus Salix eriocephala Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens Sorbus americana Spiraea latifolia Spiraea tomentosa Taxus canadensis Toxicodendron rydbergii Vaccinium myrtilloides

29

Viburnum lantanoides Viburnum trilobum Trees Abies balsamea Acer pensylvanicum Acer rubrum Acer saccharum Acer spicatum Betula alleghaniensis Betula cordifolia Betula papyrifera Fraxinus americana Fraxinus pennsylvanica Larix laricina Malus sylvestris Picea glauca Picea rubens Populus balsamifera Populus grandidentata Populus tremuloides Thuja occidentalis Tsuga canadensis Ulmus americana Bryophytes (mosses & liverworts) Mosses Amphidium mougeotii Andreaea rupestris

Anomodon rostratus Atrichum crispum Atrichum oerstedianum Aulacomnium androgynum Aulacomnium palustre Barbula unguiculata Blindia acuta Brachythecium reflexum Brachythecium rivulare Brachythecium rutabulum Brotherella recurvans Bryhnia novae-angliae Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum Bryum capillare

Bryum lisae var. cuspidatum Callicladium haldanianum Calliergon stramineum Campylium chrysophyllum Campylium stellatum Climacium dendroides Cynodontium alpestre Dicranum flagellare Dicranum fulvum Dicranum fuscescens Dicranum montanum Dicranum ontariense Dicranum polysetum Dicranum scoparium Dicranum viride Distichium capillaceum Ditrichum flexicaule Encalypta procera Fissidens dubius Fissidens osmundoides Gymnostomum aeruginosum Hedwigia ciliata Herzogiella striatella Hygrohypnum eugyrium Hygrohypnum luridum Hylocomium splendens Hypnum cupressiforme Hypnum curvifolium Hypnum fertile Hypnum imponens Hypnum lindbergii Hypnum pallescens Isopterygiopsis muelleriana Isothecium myosuroides (S2) Leskea polycarpa Leskeella nervosa Leucobryum glaucum Loeskeobryum brevirostre Mnium ambiguum Myurella julacea Myurella sibirica

Neckera complanata Neckera pennata Orthotrichum obtusifolium Palustriella commutata (S2) Paraleucobryum longifolium Philonotis fontana Plagiomnium cuspidatum Plagiothecium cavifolium Pleurozium schreberi Pohlia cruda Polytrichastrum alpinum Polytrichum commune Polytrichum ohioense Polytrichum strictum Pterigynandrum filiforme Racomitrium aciculare Rhabdoweisia crispata Rhizomnium punctatum Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus Sanionia uncinata Schistidium apocarpum Seligeria calcarea (S2) Sphagnum russowii Sphagnum angustifolium Sphagnum capillifolium Sphagnum fallax Sphagnum flavicomans Sphagnum girgensšhnii Sphagnum magellanicum Sphagnum palustre Sphagnum quinquefarium Sphagnum russowii Sphagnum squarrosum Sphagnum subsecundum Tetraphis pellucida Thuidium delicatulum Tortella tortuosa Ulota coarctata Ulota crispa Weissia controversa (S2) Liverworts

30

Anastrophyllum minutum Barbilophozia attenuata Bazzania denudata Bazzania trilobata Blepharostoma trichophyllum Calypogeja muelleriana Cephalozia bicuspidata Conocephalum conicum Fossombronia foveolata Frullania eboracensis Frullania tamarisci subsp. asagrayana Geocalyx graveolens Jamesoniella autumnalis Jungermannia obovata (S1) Lejeunea cavifolia Lepidozia reptans Lophocolea heterophylla Lophozia incisa Lophozia ventricosa Metzgeria furcata Nowellia curvifolia Pellia epiphylla Pellia neesiana Plagiochila porelloides Preissia quadrata Ptilidium ciliare Ptilidium pulcherrimum Radula complanata Scapania nemorosa Tritomaria exsectiformis Tritomaria quinquedentata 3.6 Other Observations Garter Snake @ Ministers Face Peregrine nesting possibility @ Ministers Face cleft Hawk above old field habitat Winter Wren White Throated Sparrow

Appendix B

List of Plant Names, Common and Latin

31

Agrimony, Striate Alder, Green Alder, Speckled Alexanders, Great Anemone, Canada Apple, Wild Arrow-grass Arrow-grass, Seaside Arrow-wood Arrowhead, Broad-leaved Arrowhead, Cuneate-leaved Arrowhead, Grass-leaved Ash, Black Ash, Red Ash, White Aspen, Trembling Aspen, Large Toothed Aster, Bog Aster, Calico Aster, Flat-topped White Aster, Heart-leaved Aster, Large-leaved Aster, New York Aster, Purple-stemmed Aster, Rough-leaved Aster, Rush-like Aster, Simple Aster, Whorled Wood Balsam Fir Baneberry, White Beach Pea Beak-rush, Brown Beak-rush, White Bearded Short-husk Bedstraw, Bog Bedstraw, Clayton's Bedstraw, Marsh Bedstraw, Sweet-scented Beech Beech-drops Beggar-ticks Beggar-ticks Bellflower, Creeping Bellflower, Marsh Bellwort, Sessile-leaved Bent-grass, Creeping Bindweed, Fringed Black Bindweed, Hedge Birch, Grey Birch, Heart-leaved Birch, White Birch, Yellow Bird's Rape Birdseye Bitter Cress, Pennsylvania Bitter Cress, Small-flowered Black Bindweed, Fringed Black-eyed Susan Blackberry Blackberry Blackberry, Canada Blackberry, Hispid

Agrimonia striata Alnus viridis Alnus incana Angelica atropurpurea Anemone canadensis Malus sylvestris Triglochin gaspense Triglochin maritima Viburnum recognitum Sagittaria latifolia Sagittaria cuneata Sagittaria graminea Fraxinus nigra Fraxinus pennsylvanica Fraxinus americana Populus tremuloides Populus grandidentata Aster nemoralis Aster lateriflorus Aster umbellatus Aster cordifolius Aster macrophyllus Aster novi-belgii Aster puniceus Aster radula Aster borealis Aster lanceolatus Aster acuminatus Abies balsamea Actaea pachypoda Lathyrus japonicus Rhynchospora fusca Rhynchospora alba Brachyelytrum erectum Galium labradoricum Galium tinctorium Galium palustre Galium triflorum Fagus grandifolia Epifagus virginiana Bidens connata Bidens frondosa Campanula rapunculoides Campanula aparinoides Uvularia sessilifolia Agrostis stolonifera Polygonum cilinode Calystegia sepium Betula populifolia Betula cordifolia Betula papyrifera Betula alleghaniensis Brassica rapa Sagina procumbens Cardamine pensylvanica Cardamine parviflora Polygonum cilinode Rudbeckia hirta Rubus alleghaniensis Rubus pensilvanicus Rubus canadensis Rubus hispidus

Bladder-campion Bladderwort, Common Bladderwort, Horned Bladderwort, Intermediate Blue Lettuce, Tall Blue Vervain Blue-eyed Grass Blue-stem Bluebell Blueberry, Lowbush Blueberry, Sour-top Blueflag, Larger Bluegrass, Kentucky Bluets Bog Hemp Bog Rosemary Boneset Bouncing-Bet Bracken Fern Brome-grass, Fringed Brome-grass, Smooth Buckbean Buckthorn, Alderleaf Buckwheat, Climbing False Bugleweed, Northern Bulblet Bladder-fern Bullhead Pond Lily, Bulrush, Blackish Bulrush, Great Bulrush, Maritime Bulrush, Red-sheathed Bulrush, Torrey's Bunchberry Bur-reed Bur-reed, American Bur-reed, Floating Bur-reed, Green Burdock, Common Burnet Saxifrage Bush-honeysuckle Bushy Naiad Butter and Eggs Buttercup, Common Buttercup, Creeping Buttercup, Kidney-leaf Buttonbush Cabbage, Skunk Campion, Bladder Canada Mayflower Canary Grass, Reed Candles, Swamp Cardinal-flower Carrion Vine Cattail Cedar Running , Cedar, Eastern White Cedar, Ground Celery, Wild Cherry, Choke Cherry, Pin Cherry, Sand Chickweed, Bog

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Silene vulgaris Utricularia vulgaris Utricularia cornuta Utricularia intermedia Lactuca biennis Verbena hastata Sisyrinchium montanum Calamagrostis canadensis Campanula rotundifolia Vaccinium angustifolium Vaccinium myrtilloides Iris versicolor Poa pratensis Hedyotis caerulea Boehmeria cylindrica Andromeda polifolia Eupatorium perfoliatum Saponaria officinalis Pteridium aquilinum Bromus ciliatus Bromus inermis Menyanthes trifoliata Rhamnus alnifolia Polygonum scandens Lycopus uniflorus Cystopteris bulbifera Nuphar luteum Scirpus georgianus Scirpus acutus Scirpus maritimus Scirpus microcarpus Scirpus torreyi Cornus canadensis Sparganium emersum Sparganium americanum Sparganium fluctuans Sparganium chlorocarpum Arctium minus Pimpinella saxifraga Diervilla lonicera Najas fl exilis Linaria vulgaris Ranunculus acris Ranunculus repens Ranunculus abortivus Cephalanthus occidentalis Symplocarpus foetidus Silene vulgaris Maianthemum canadense Phalaris arundinacea Lysimachia terrestris Lobelia cardinalis Smilax herbacea Typha latifolia Lycopodium complanatum Thuja occidentalis Lycopodium digitatum Vallisneria americana Prunus virginiana Prunus pensylvanica Prunus pumila Stellaria alsine

Chickweed, Common Chives Chokeberry, Black Chokeberry, Purple Chokecherry Cinquefoil, Common Cinquefoil, Marsh Cinquefoil, Rough Cinquefoil, Shrubby Cleavers Climbing False Buckwheat Clintonia, Yellow Clover, Low Hop Clover, Rabbit-foot Clover, Red Clover, Tall White Sweet Clover, White Club Rush, Tufted Club-rush, Subterminal Clubmoss, Bristly Clubmoss, Running Clubmoss, Running Clubmoss, Shining Cocklebur Colt's-foot, Sweet Coltsfoot Copperleaf Coralroot, Early Yellow Cord-grass, Freshwater Cotton-grass, Dense Cotton-grass, Filiform Cotton-grass, Narrow-leaved Cotton-grass, Virginia Couch-grass Couch-grass, Dog Cow Vetch Cowbane, Spotted Cranberry, American Cranberry, Bog Cranberry, Highbush Cranberry, Mountain Creeper, Virginia Cress, Creeping Yellow Crowberry, Black Crowfoot, Bristly Cucumber, Wild Cucumber-root, Indian Cudweed, Low Cudweed, Wood Currant, Bristly Black Currant, Skunk Currant, Wild Red Daisy, Ox-eye Dandelion Dandelion, Fall Day Lily, Orange Devil's Weed Devil, King Dewberry Ditch Grass Ditch Stonecrop Dock, Curled

Stellaria media Allium schoenoprasum Aronia melanocarpa Aronia prunifolia Prunus virginiana Potentilla simplex Potentilla palustris Potentilla norvegica Potentilla fruticosa Galium aparine Polygonum scandens Clintonia borealis Trifolium campestre Trifolium arvense Trifolium pratense Melilotus alba Trifolium repens Scirpus caespitosus Scirpus subterminalis Lycopodium annotinum Lycopodium lagopus Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodium lucidulum Xanthium strumarium Petasites frigidus Tussilago farfara Acalypha rhomboidea Corallorhiza trifida Spartina pectinata Eriophorum spissum Eriophorum tenellum Eriophorum angustifolium Eriophorum virginicum Agropyron repens Agropyron trachycaulum Vicia cracca Cicuta maculata Vaccinium macrocarpon Vaccinium oxycoccus Viburnum trilobum Vaccinium vitis-idaea Parthenocissus quinquefolia Rorippa sylvestris Empetrum nigrum Ranunculus pensylvanicus Echinocystis lobata Medeola virginiana Gnaphalium uliginosum Gnaphalium sylvaticum Ribes lacustre Ribes glandulosum Ribes triste Leucanthemum vulgare Taraxacum officinale Leontodon autumnalis Hemerocallis fulva Lactuca canadensis Hieracium caespitosum Rubus hispidus Ruppia maritima Penthorum sedoides Rumex crispus

Dock, Narrow-leaved Water Dock, Long-leaved Dodder, Buttonbush Dogbane, Spreading Dogwood, Alternate-leaf Dogwood, Red-osier Dogwood, Round-leaved Dogwood, Silky Draba, Smooth Duckweed Elder, Red-berried Elderberry, Common Elm, American Enchanter's Nightshade, Dwarf Evening Primrose Eyebright False Buckwheat, Climbing False Oats False Solomon's Seal False Solomon's Seal, Three-leaved Fern, Bracken Fern, Bulblet Bladder Fern, Christmas Fern, Cinnamon Fern, Crested Wood Fern, Evergreen Wood Fern, Fiddlehead Fern, Fragile Fern, Fragile Cliff Fern, Glandular Wood Fern, Hay-scented Fern, Interrupted Fern, Lady Fern, Marginal Shield Fern, Marsh Fern, Mountain Wood Fern, New York Fern, Northern Beech Fern, Oak Fern, Ostrich Fern, Royal Fern, Sensitive Fern, Spinulose, Wood Fern, Sweet Fescue, Hair Fescue, Hard Fescue, Red Fiddlehead Fern Fir, Balsam Fireweed Fleabane, Daisy Fleabane, Daisy Floating-heart Flower, Cardinal Foamflower Forget-me-not Foxtail, Meadow Foxtail, Short-awned Gale, Sweet Gall-of-the-earth

33

Rumex salicifolius Rumex longifolius Cuscuta cephalanthi Apocynum androsaemifolium Cornus alternifolia Cornus sericea Cornus rugosa Cornus amomum Draba glabella Lemna minor Sambucus racemosa Sambucus canadensis Ulmus americana Circaea alpina Oenothera parviflora Euphrasia stricta Polygonum scandens Trisetum triflorum Smilacina racemosa Smilacina trifolia Pteridium aquilinum Cystopteris bulbifera Polystichum acrostichoides Osmunda cinnamomea Dryopteris cristata Dryopteris intermedia Matteuccia struthiopteris Cystopteris fragilis Cystopteris tenuis Dryopteris intermedia Dennstaedtia punctilobula Osmunda claytoniana Athyrium filix-femina Dryopteris marginalis Thelypteris palustris Dryopteris campyloptera Thelypteris noveboracensis Thelypteris phegopteris Gymnocarpium dryopteris Matteuccia struthiopteris Osmunda regalis Onoclea sensibilis Dryopteris carthusiana Comptonia peregrina Festuca tenuifolia Festuca longifolia Festuca rubra Matteuccia struthiopteris Abies balsamea Epilobium angustifolium Erigeron annuus Erigeron strigosus Nymphoides cordata Lobelia cardinalis Tiarella cordifolia Myosotis laxa Alopecurus pratensis Alopecurus aequalis Myrica gale Prenanthes trifoliolata

Gentian, Great Lakes Gentian, Spurred Glasswort Golden Lungwort Goldenrod Goldenrod, Canada Goldenrod, Early Goldenrod, Giant Goldenrod, Grass-leaved Goldenrod, Hairy Goldenrod, Rough-stemmed Goldenrod, Seaside Goldenrod, Swamp Goldenrod, Zigzag Goldthread Gooseberry, Bristly Grape, River Grass, Black Grass, Blue-eyed Grass, Canada Wild Rye Grass, Ditch Grass, False Melic Grass, Fernald's Manna Grass, Lyme Grass, Reed Canary Grass, Rough Mountain-rice Grass, Sea Lyme Grass, Sweet Grass, Sweet Vernal Grass, Tufted Hair Grass, Wavy Hair Grass, Wild-oat Great Alexanders Ground Cedar Ground Pine, Flat-branch Ground Pine, Round Branch Groundnut Grove Sandwort Hackmatack Hawkweed Hawkweed, Mouse-ear Hawkweed, Orange Hawkweed, Rough Hawthorn, Scabrid Hawthorn, Velvety Hazelnut, Beaked Hedge Bindweed Hedge Hyssop Hemlock Parsley Hemlock, Eastern Hemp, Bog Hemp-nettle, Common Herb-Robert Hobblebush Hog-peanut Holly, Mountain Holly, Winterberry Honeysuckle, Canada Fly Honeysuckle, Fly Honeysuckle, Mountain Fly Horehound, Water Horsetail, Common Field

Gentiana rubricaulis Halenia deflexa Salicornia europaea Hieracium murorum Solidago spathulata Solidago canadensis Solidago juncea Solidago gigantea Euthamia graminifolia Solidago hispida Solidago rugosa Solidago sempervirens Solidago uliginosa Solidago flexicaulis Coptis trifolia Ribes hirtellum Vitis riparia Juncus gerardii Sisyrinchium montanum Elymus canadensis Ruppia maritima Schizachne purpurascens Torreyochloa pallida Elymus virginicus Phalaris arundinacea Oryzopsis asperifolia Elymus mollis Hierochloe odorata Anthoxanthum odoratum Deschampsia caespitosa Deschampsia flexuosa Danthonia spicata Angelica atropurpurea Lycopodium digitatum Lycopodium obscurum Lycopodium dendroidium Apios americana Moehringia lateriflora Larix laricina Hieracium sp. Hieracium pilosella Hieracium aurantiacum Hieracium scabrum Crataegus brainerdii Crataegus submollis Corylus cornuta Calystegia sepium Gratiola neglecta Conioselinum chinense Tsuga canadensis Boehmeria cylindrica Galeopsis tetrahit Geranium robertianum Viburnum lantanoides Amphicarpaea bracteata Nemopanthus mucronata Ilex verticillata Lonicera canadensis Lonicera canadensis Lonicera villosa Lycopus americanus Equisetum arvense

Horsetail, Meadow Horsetail, Water Horsetail, Wood Huckleberry, Black Hyssop, Hedge Indian Cucumber-root Indian Hemp Indian Pipe Indian-tobacco Iris Ironwood Ivy, Poison Jack-in-the-pulpit Joe-pye-weed Juniper, Common Juniper, Creeping King Devil Knapweed, Black Knotweed, Fowler's Knotweed, Japanese Labrador Tea Ladies'-tresses, Northern Slender Lady's-slipper, Pink Lady's-slipper, White Lady's-thumb Lady-fern Lamb's Quarters Lambkill Larch Laurel, Bog Laurel, Sheep Lavender, Sea Leatherleaf Lesser Persicaria Lettuce, Tall Blue Lettuce, White Lilac Lily, Blue-bead Lily, Bullhead Pond Lily, Canada Lily, Fragrant Water Lily, Orange Day Live-forever Lobelia, Water Loosestrife, Fringed Loosestrife, Garden Loosestrife, Lance-leaved Loosestrife, Mississippi -valley Loosestrife, Purple Lovage, Scotch Lungwort, Golden Lupine Lyme Grass Lyme Grass, Sea Madder, Wild Manna-grass Manna-grass, Fernald's Manna-grass, Fowl Manna-grass, Slender Manna-grass, Small Floating

34

Equisetum pratense Equisetum fluviatile Equisetum sylvaticum Gaylussacia baccata Gratiola neglecta Medeola virginiana Apocynum sibiricum Monotropa uniflora Lobelia inflata Iris versicolor Ostrya virginiana Toxicodendron rydbergii Arisaema triphyllum Eupatorium maculatum Juniperus communis Juniperus horizontalis Hieracium caespitosum Centaurea nigra Polygonum fowleri Polygonum cuspidatum Ledum groenlandicum Spiranthes lacera Cypripedium acaule Cypripedium acaule Polygonum persicaria Athyrium filix-femina Chenopodium album Kalmia angustifolia Larix laricina Kalmia polifolia Kalmia angustifolia Limonium carolinianum Chamaedaphne calyculata Polygonum minus Lactuca biennis Prenanthes altissima Syringa vulgaris Clintonia borealis Nuphar luteum Lilium canadense Nymphaea odorata Hemerocallis fulva Sedum telephium Lobelia dortmanna Lysimachia ciliata Lysimachia vulgaris Lysimachia hybrida Lysimachia hybrida Lythrum salicaria Ligusticum scothicum Hieracium murorum Lupinus polyphyllus Elymus virginicus Elymus mollis Galium mollugo Glyceria X laxa Torreyochloa pallida Glyceria striata Glyceria melicaria Glyceria borealis

Maple, Manitoba Acer negundo Maple, Mountain Acer spicatum Maple, Red Acer rubrum Maple, Silver Acer saccharinum Maple, Striped Acer pensylvanicum Maple, Sugar Acer saccharum Mare's-tail Hippuris vulgaris Marigold, Water Megalodonta beckii Marsh Pea Lathyrus palustris Marsh-five-finger Potentilla palustris Mayflower, Canada Maianthemum canadense Meadow Foxtail Alopecurus pratensis Meadow-rue, Tall Thalictrum pubescens Meadowsweet Spiraea latifolia Mermaid-weed Proserpinaca palustris Milk-Vetch, Brunet’s Astragalus alpinus Milkweed, Common Asclepias syriaca Milkweed, Swamp Asclepias incarnata Milkwort, Sea Glaux maritima Mint, Common Mentha arvensis Monkeyflower Mimulus ringens Morning-glory, Wild Convolvulus sepium Mountain Holly Nemopanthus mucronata Mountain-ash Sorbus americana Mountain-rice, Rough Oryzopsis asperifolia Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris Muhlenbergia, Agglomerated Muhlenbergia glomerata Muhlenbergia, Leafy Muhlenbergia frondosa Muhlenbergia, Mexican Muhlenbergia mexicana Mustard, Wormseed Erysimum cheiranthoides Naiad, Bushy Najas flexilis Nettle, Stinging Urtica dioica Nettle, Wood Laportea canadensis Nightshade, Bittersweet Solanum dulcamara Nightshade, Deadly Solanum dulcamara Oak, Red Quercus rubra Oats, False Trisetum triflorum Oats, Wild Uvularia sessilifolia Orache Atriplex sp Orchis, Small Purple Fringed Platanthera psycodes Orpine Sedum telephium Ostrich Fern Matteuccia struthiopteris Parsley, Hemlock Conioselinum chinense Parsnip, Water Sium suave Partridgeberry Mitchella repens Pea, Beach Lathyrus japonicus Pea,Marsh Lathyrus palustris Pearly Everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea Pepperwort Polygonum pensylvanicum Persicaria, Lesser Polygonum minus Pickerel Weed Pontederia cordata Pilewort Erechtites hieracifolia Pine, Jack Pinus banksiana Pine, White Pinus strobus Pineapple-weed Matricaria matricarioides Pinesap Monotropa hypopythys Pinkweed Polygonum pensylvanicum Pitcher-plant Sarracenia purpurea Plantain, Common Plantago major Plantain, Seaside Plantago maritima Plantain, Water Alisma plantago-aquatica Pod-grass Scheuchzeria palustris

Poison Ivy Polypody, Rock Pond Lily, Bullhead Pondweed Pondweed, Dimorphous Pondweed, Emersed Pondweed, Floating Pondweed, Grass-leaved Pondweed, Small Pondweed, Zostera-like Poplar, Balsam Primrose, Bird's-eye Primrose, Evening Purslane, Water Pussy-toes, Neglected Pyrola, One-flowered Pyrola, One-sided Quillwort, Lake Quillwort, Spinose-spored Radish, Wild Ragweed, Common Ragwort, Depauperate Ragwort, Golden Ragwort, Swamp Ragwort, Tansy Ragwort, Wood Raisin, Wild Raspberry, Dwarf Raspberry, Red Rattle, Common Yellow Rattlesnake-grass Rattlesnake-plantain, Checkered Red Elderberry Reed Canary Grass Rhodora Rice, Wild Richweed Rocket, Sea Rosa, Swamp Rose Rose, Meadow Rosemary, Bog Roseroot Running Cedar Rush, Alpine Rush, Baltic Rush, Bayonet Rush, Brown-fruited Rush, Canada Rush, Common Rush, Short-caudate Rush, Slender Rush, Soft Rush, Thread Rush, Toad Rush, Twig Rusty Woodsia, Rye, Canada Wild Sand-spurrey Sandcherry Sandwort, Grove

35

Toxicodendron rydbergii Polypodium virginianum Nuphar luteum Potamogeton perfoliatus Potamogeton spirillus Potamogeton epihydrus Potamogeton natans Potamogeton gramineus Potamogeton pusillus Potamogeton zosterifolius Populus balsamifera Primula mistassinica Oenothera parviflora Ludwigia palustris Antennaria neglecta Moneses uniflora Orthilia secunda Isoetes lacustris Isoetes echinospora Raphanus raphanistrum Ambrosia artemisiifolia Senecio pauperculus Senecio aureus Senecio schweinitzianus Senecio jacobaea Senecio sylvaticus Viburnum cassinoides Rubus pubescens Rubus strigosus Rhinanthus minor Glyceria canadensis Goodyera tesselata Sambucus racemosa Phalaris arundinacea Rhododendron canadense Zizania palustris Pilea pumila Cakile edentula Rosa palustris Rosa sp. Rosa blanda Andromeda polifolia Sedum rosea Lycopodium complanatum Juncus alpinus Juncus balticus Juncus militaris Juncus pelocarpus Juncus canadensis Juncus effusus Juncus brevicaudatus Juncus tenuis Juncus effusus Juncus filiformis Juncus bufonius Cladium mariscoides Woodsia ilvensis Elymus canadensis Spergularia marina Prunus pumila Moehringia lateriflora

Sarsaparilla, Bristly Sarsaparilla, Wild Saxifrage, Burnet Saxifrage, Livelong Scotch Lovage Sea Blite Sea Milkwort Sea Rocket Sea-coast Angelica Sedge Sedge Sedge, Tufted Hair Sedge, Aquatic Sedge, Bladder Sedge, Bristle-stalked Sedge, Broom Sedge, Brownish Sedge, Bur Sedge, Common Sedge, Compressed Sedge, Cyperus-like Sedge, Few-seeded Sedge, Folliculate Sedge, Fox Sedge, Fringed Sedge, Greenish Sedge, Gynandrous Sedge, Hidden-scaled Sedge, Inflated Sedge, Lake Sedge, Lenticular Sedge, Leptonerved Sedge, Mackenzie's Sedge, Moniliform Sedge, New England Sedge, Pale Sedge, Scaly Sedge, Silvery Sedge, Spreading Sedge, Stiff Sedge, Stipitate Sedge, Stunted Sedge, Three-seeded Sedge, Three-way Sedge, Tuckerman's Sedge, Two-seeded Sedge, Umbel-like Sedge, Villose Sedge, Weak Sedge,Depressed Sedge,Rough Sedge,Yellow Self Heal Sensitive Fern Serviceberry Serviceberry, High Serviceberry Sheep Laurel Shinleaf Short-awned Foxtail Short-husk, Bearded Silverweed

Aralia hispida Aralia nudicaulis Pimpinella saxifraga Saxifraga paniculata Ligusticum scothicum Suaeda maritima Glaux maritima Cakile edentula Angelica lucida Carex sp. Carex utriculata Bulbostylis capillaris Carex aquatilis Carex intumescens Carex leptalea Carex scoparia Carex brunnescens Carex echinata Carex communis Carex arctata Carex pseudo-cyperus Carex oligosperma Carex folliculata Carex vulpinoidea Carex crinita Carex viridula Carex gynandra Carex cryptolepis Carex vesicaria Carex lacustris Carex lenticularis Carex leptonervia Carex mackenziei Carex hormathodes Carex novae-angliae Carex pallescens Carex paleacea Carex canescens Carex projecta Carex stricta Carex stipata Carex paupercula Carex trisperma Dulichium arundinaceum Carex tuckermanii Carex disperma Carex umbellata Carex lasiocarpa Carex debilis Carex deflexa Carex scabrata Carex flava Prunella vulgaris Onoclea sensibilis Amelanchier sp. Amelanchier arborea Amelanchier X neglecta Kalmia angustifolia Pyrola elliptica Alopecurus aequalis Brachyelytrum erectum Potentilla anserina

Skullcap, Common Skullcap, Mad-dog Skunk Cabbage Smartweed, Common Smartweed, Water Snakeroot, White Snowberry, Creeping Solomon's Seal Solomon's Seal, False Solomon's Seal, Three-leaved False Sorrel, Common Sorrel, Wood Sorrel, Yellow Wood Sow Thistle, Annual Sow Thistle, Spiny Spearwort, Creeping Speedwell, Common Speedwell, Long-leaved Speedwell, Marsh Speedwell, Purslane Spike-rush Spike-rush Spike-rush, Bald Spike-rush, Ovate Spike-rush, Small's Spike-rush, Intermediate Spike-rush, Needle Spikenard Spleenwort, Green trichomanes-ramosum Spruce, Black Spruce, Red Spruce, White Spurge, Vermiculate St. John's-wort, Canada St. John's-wort, Common St. John's-wort, Marsh St. John's-wort, Pale Starflower Steeplebush Stitchwort, Northern Stonecrop, Ditch Strawberry, Wild Strawberry,Woodland Sumac, Staghorn Sundew, Narrow-leaved Sundew, Round-leaved Sundrops Susan, Black-eyed Swamp candles Sweet Clover, Tall White Sweet Colt's-foot Sweet Fern Sweet Gale Sweet Grass Sweetflag Tamarack Tansy, Common Tansy, Lake Huron Tea, Labrador Tearthumb, Arrow-leaved

36

Scutellaria galericulata Scutellaria lateriflora Symplocarpus foetidus Polygonum hydropiper Polygonum amphibium Eupatorium rugosum Gaultheria hispidula Polygonatum pubescens Smilacina racemosa Smilacina trifolia Rumex acetosella Oxalis acetosella Oxalis stricta Sonchus oleraceus Sonchus asper Ranunculus reptans Veronica officinalis Veronica longifolia Veronica scutellata Veronica peregrina Eleocharis pauciflora Eleocharis robbinsii Eleocharis erythropoda Eleocharis ovata Eleocharis smallii Eleocharis intermedia Eleocharis acicularis Aralia racemosa Asplenium Picea mariana Picea rubens Picea glauca Chamaesyce vermiculata Hypericum canadense Hypericum perforatum Triadenum fraseri Hypericum ellipticum Trientalis borealis Spiraea tomentosa Stellaria calycantha Penthorum sedoides Fragaria virginiana Fragaria vesca Rhus typhina Drosera intermedia Drosera rotundifolia Oenothera perennis Rudbeckia hirta Lysimachia terrestris Melilotus alba Petasites frigidus Comptonia peregrina Myrica gale Hierochloe odorata Acorus americanus Larix laricina Tanacetum vulgare Tanacetum bipinnatum Ledum groenlandicum Polygonum sagittatum

Thistle, Annual Sow Thistle, Bull Thistle, Canada Thistle, Spiny Sow Thistle, Swamp Three-seeded Mercury Ticktrefoil, Canadian Timothy, Common Touch-me-not, Spotted Trillium, Painted Trillium, Purple Turtlehead Twinflower Twisted Stalk Twisted Stalk, Rose Vervain, Blue Vetch, Cow Viburnum, Sweet Vine, Carrion Violet Violet, False Violet, Northern Blue Violet, Northern White Violet, Smooth Yellow Virgin's Bower Virginia Creeper Wall rue Water Dock, Narrow-leaved Water Horehound Water Lily, Fragrant Water Lobelia Water Marigold Water Plantain Water Purslane Water-hemlock, Bulblet-bearing Water-milfoil, Alternate Water-milfoil, Northern Water-milfoil, Whitish Water-milfoil, Whorled Water-parsnip Water-pennywort Water-starwort Water-starwort, Common Water-starwort, Terrestrial

Sonchus oleraceus Cirsium vulgare Cirsium arvense Sonchus asper Cirsium muticum Acalypha rhomboidea Desmodium canadense Phleum pratense Impatiens capensis Trillium undulatum Trillium erectum Chelone glabra Linnaea borealis Streptopus amplexifolius Streptopus roseus Verbena hastata Vicia cracca Viburnum lentago Smilax herbacea Viola sp. Dalibarda repens Viola septentrionalis Viola macloskeyi Viola pubescens Clematis virginiana Parthenocissus quinquefolia Asplenium ruta-muraria Rumex salicifolius Lycopus americanus Nymphaea odorata Lobelia dortmanna Megalodonta beckii Alisma plantago-aquatica Ludwigia palustris Cicuta bulbifera Myriophyllum alterniflorum Myriophyllum exalbescens Myriophyllum exalbescens Myriophyllum verticillatum Sium suave Hydrocotyle americana Callitriche heterophylla Callitriche verna Callitriche terrestris

37

Watercress Waterweed, Canada Waterwort Waterwort, American Wedge-grass, Slender Weed, Devil's White-buttons Wild Celery Wild Lily-of-the-valley Wild Madder Wild Oats Wild Radish Wild Raisin Wild Rice Wild Rye, Canada Wild-oat Grass Willow Willow, Bog Willow, Red-tipped Willow, Silky Willow, Slender

Nasturtium microphyllum Elodea canadensis Elatine minimum Elatine americana Sphenopholis obtusata Lactuca canadensis Eriocaulon septangulare Vallisneria americana Maianthemum canadense Galium mollugo Uvularia sessilifolia Raphanus raphanistrum Viburnum cassinoides Zizania palustris Elymus canadensis Danthonia spicata Salix sp. Salix pedicellaris Salix eriocephala Salix pellita Salix petiolaris

Willow-herb, Glandular Willow-herb, Narrow-leaved Willow-herb, Swamp Willow-weed Winterberry Holly Wintergreen Wiregrass Wood Fern Wood Nettle Wood Reed, Drooping Wood Sorrel Wood Sorrel, Yellow Wood-rush Woodsia, Alpine Wool-grass, Common Wormseed Mustard Wormwood, Sagewort Woundwort Yarrow Yellow Cress, Creeping Yellow Rattle, Common Yew

Epilobium ciliatum Epilobium leptophyllum Epilobium palustre Polygonum lapathifolium Ilex verticillata Gaultheria procumbens Poa compressa (see Fern) Laportea canadensis Cinna latifolia Oxalis acetosella Oxalis stricta Luzula multiflora Woodsia alpina Scirpus cyperinus Erysimum cheiranthoides Artemisia campestris Stachys palustris Achillea millefolium Rorippa sylvestris Rhinanthus minor Taxus canadensis

Appendix III. Vascular plants observed on Long Island, Kings County, NB , by Sean Blaney, November 4, 1999. The following list includes all species seen during the walk down the central road on the island, with NB S-ranks*. It is far from complete - a large number of species were not identifiable given the time of year, and the most significant habitats were not covered. Taxonomy follows Kartesz (1999). Only Geranium robertianum is currently tracked by the AC CDC. * - see http://accdc.com/products/lists/ranks/ for explanations Species / Family

NB S-rank Family# AC CDC Common Name Comments

LYCOPODIACEAE

0.99

CLUBMOSSES

Lycopodium annotinum

S5

1

Stiff Clubmoss

Lycopodium clavatum

S5

1

Running Pine

S4S5

1

Trailing Clubmoss

Lycopodium complanatum Lycopodium obscurum

S5

1

Tree Clubmoss

Huperzia lucidula

S5

1

Shining Fir-Clubmoss

EQUISETACEAE

6.99

HORSETAILS

Equisetum fluviatile

S5

7

Water Horsetail

Equisetum sylvaticum

S5

7

Woodland Horsetail

OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda claytoniana

11.99 S5

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE

12 14.99

FLOWERING-FERNS Interrupted Fern BRACKEN FERNS

Dennstaedtia punctilobula

S5

15

Eastern Hay-Scented Fern

Pteridium aquilinum

S5

15

Bracken Fern

Phegopteris connectilis

S5

24

Northern Beech Fern

DRYOPTERIDACEAE

24.99

WOOD-FERNS

Athyrium filix-femina

S5

25

Lady-Fern

Dryopteris campyloptera

S5

25

Mountain Wood-Fern

Dryopteris intermedia

S5

25

Evergreen Woodfern

Onoclea sensibilis

S5

25

Sensitive Fern

PINACEAE

32.99 33

PINES

Abies balsamea

S5

Balsam Fir

Larix laricina

S5

33

American Larch

Picea mariana

S5

33

Black Spruce

Picea glauca

S5

33

White Spruce

Picea rubens

S5

33

Red Spruce

Pinus strobus

S5

33

Eastern White Pine

Tsuga canadensis

S5

33

Eastern Hemlock

38

ID refers to the species in the broad sense

CUPRESSACEAE Thuja occidentalis

35.99 S5

RANUNCULACEAE

36 46.99

CYPRESSES Northern White Cedar BUTTERCUPS

Coptis trifolia

S5

47

Goldthread

Ranunculus acris

SE

47

Tall Butter-Cup

Thalictrum pubescens

S5

47

Tall Meadow-Rue

BERBERIDACEAE Berberis thunbergii

62.99 SE

MYRICACEAE Myrica gale

S5

BETULACEAE

63

BARBERRIES Japanese Barberry

78.99

BAYBERRIES

79

Sweet Bayberry

86.99

BIRCHES

Alnus incana

S5

87

Alnus viridis

S5

87

Green Alder

Betula alleghaniensis

S5

87

Yellow Birch

Betula papyrifera

S5

87

Paper Birch

Corylus cornuta

S5

87

Beaked Hazelnut

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Speckled Alder

111.99 PINKS

Cerastium fontanum

SE

112

Common Mouse-Ear Chickweed

Moehringia lateriflora

S5

112

Grove Sandwort

POLYGONACEAE

127.99 SMARTWEEDS

Polygonum sagittatum

S5

128

Arrow-Leaved Tearthumb

Rumex longifolius

SE

128

Door-Yard Dock

HYPERICACEAE

140.99 ST. JOHN’S-WORTS

Hypericum canadense

S5

141

Canadian St. John's-Wort

Hypericum perforatum

SE

141

A St. John's-Wort

DROSERACEAE Drosera rotundifolia

152.99 SUNDEWS S5

VIOLACEAE

153

Roundleaf Sundew

156.99 VIOLETS

Viola sp.

157

SALICACEAE

violet species

165.99 WILLOWS

Populus tremuloides

S5

166

Quaking Aspen

Salix bebbiana

S5

166

Bebb's Willow

Salix discolor

S5

166

Pussy Willow

39

BRASSICACEAE Brassica sp.

174.99 MUSTARDS (SE)

ERICACEAE

175

Mustard sp.

200.99 HEATHS

Gaultheria hispidula

S5

201

Creeping Snowberry

Kalmia angustifolia

S5

201

Sheep-Laurel

Rhododendron canadense

S5

201

Rhodora

Vaccinium myrtilloides

S5

201

Velvetleaf Blueberry

Vaccinium oxycoccos

S5

201

Small Cranberry

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

S5

201

Mountain Cranberry

PYROLACEAE Pyrola elliptica

212.99 PYROLAS S5

PRIMULACEAE Trientalis borealis

Shinleaf

219.99 PRIMROSES S5

GROSSULARIACEAE Ribes lacustre

213

220

Northern Starflower

225.99 CURRANTS S5

ROSACEAE

226

Bristly Black Currant

237.99 ROSES

Crataegus sp.

237.99 hawthorn species

Agrimonia striata

S5

Amelanchier laevis

S5

Fragaria virginiana

S5

Geum macrophyllum

S5

238

Large-Leaved Avens

Potentilla simplex

S5

238

Old-Field Cinquefoil

Prunus serotina

S5

238

Wild Black Cherry

Prunus virginiana

S5

238

Choke Cherry

Rosa blanda

S5

238

Smooth Rose

Rubus allegheniensis

S5

238

Allegheny Blackberry

Rubus canadensis

S5

238

Smooth Blackberry

Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus

S5

238

American Red Raspberry

Sorbus americana

S5

238

American Mountain-Ash

Spiraea alba var. latifolia

S5

238

Northern Meadow-Sweet

Spiraea tomentosa

S5

238

Hardhack Spiraea

FABACEAE

238

Woodland Agrimony

ID probable only (vs. A. gryposepala)

238

Allegheny Service-Berry

ID probable only

238

Virginia Strawberry

272.99 BEANS

Trifolium pratense

SE

273

Red Clover

Vicia cracca

SE

273

Tufted Vetch

ONAGRACEAE Epilobium leptophyllum Oenothera sp.

312.99 EVENING-PRIMROSES S5

313

Linear-Leaved Willow-Herb

313

Evening-primrose species

40

ID probable only

CORNACEAE

322.99 DOGWOODS

Cornus alternifolia

S5

323

Alternate-Leaf Dogwood

Cornus canadensis

S5

323

Dwarf Dogwood

RHAMNACEAE Frangula alnus

339.99 BUCKTHORNS SE

ACERACEAE

340

Glossy Buckthorn

350.99 MAPLES

Acer pensylvanicum

S5

351

Striped Maple

Acer rubrum

S5

351

Red Maple

OXALIDACEAE Oxalis montana

356.99 SORRELS S5

GERANIACEAE Geranium robertianum

White Wood-Sorrel

358.99 GERANIUMS S2?

ARALIACEAE Aralia nudicaulis

357

359

Herb-Robert

362.09 SARSAPARILLAS S5

APIACEAE

362.1

Wild Sarsaparilla

363.99 CARROTS

Pastinaca sativa

SE

364

Wild Parsnip

Zizia aurea

S4

364

Common Alexanders

GENTIANACEAE Halenia deflexa

385.99 GENTIANS S4S5

APOCYNACEAE Apocynum cannabinum

S5

393

Clasping-Leaf Dogbane

405.99 BINDWEEDS S5

BORAGINACEAE Myosotis laxa

Spurred Gentian

392.99 DOGBANES

CONVOLVULACEAE Calystegia sepium

386

406

Hedge Bindweed

418.99 BORAGES S5

LAMIACEAE

419

Small Forget-Me-Not

431.99 MINTS

Glechoma hederacea

SE

432

Ground Ivy

Lycopus uniflorus

S5

432

Northern Bugleweed

Mentha arvensis

S5

432

Corn Mint

Prunella vulgaris

S5

432

Self-Heal

Scutellaria lateriflora

S5

432

Mad Dog Skullcap

41

ID probable only (one small seedling probably this very invasive alien species)

Stachys palustris

SE

PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago major

Marsh Hedge-Nettle

459

Nipple-Seed Plantain

461.99 OLIVES S5

462

White Ash

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

S4

462

Green Ash

Syringa vulgaris

SE

462

Common Lilac

SCROPHULARIACEAE

464.99 FIGWORTS

Chelone glabra

S5

465

White Turtlehead

Linaria vulgaris

SE

465

Butter-And-Eggs

Veronica officinalis Veronica serpyllifolia

S5SE

465

Gypsy-Weed

S5

465

Thyme-Leaved Speedwell

CAMPANULACEAE Campanula rotundifolia

495.99 HAREBELLS S5

CAPRIFOLIACEAE Linnaea borealis

ID refers to the species in the broad sense

458.99 PLANTAINS SE

OLEACEAE Fraxinus americana

432

496

American Harebell

506.99 HONEYSUCKLES S5

507

Lonicera canadensis

S5

507

American Fly-Honeysuckle

Symphoricarpos albus

SE

507

Snowberry

Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides

S5

507

Wild Raisin

Viburnum opulus var. americanum

S5

507

Highbush Cranberry

ASTERACEAE

Twinflower

517.99 ASTERS

Achillea millefolium

S5

518

Oclemena acuminata

S5

518

Common Yarrow Whorled Aster

Symphyotrichum cordifolium

S5

518

Heart-Leaf Aster

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum

S5

518

Farewell-Summer

Symphyotrichum novi-belgii

S5

518

New Belgium American-Aster

Doellingeria umbellata

S5

518

Parasol White-Top

Bidens cernua

S5

518

Nodding Beggar-Ticks

Centaurea nigra

SE

518

Black Starthistle

Leucanthemum vulgare

SE

518

Oxeye Daisy

Cirsium arvense

SE

518

Creeping Thistle

Cirsium vulgare

SE

518

Bull Thistle

Eupatorium maculatum

S5

518

Spotted Joe-Pye Weed

Euthamia graminifolia

S5

518

Flat-Top Fragrant-Golden-Rod

Hieracium lachenalii

SE

518

Common Hawkweed

Lactuca biennis

S5

518

Tall Blue Lettuce

Packera schweinitziana

S4

518

Robbins Squaw-Weed

Solidago canadensis

S5

518

Canada Goldenrod

Solidago rugosa

S5

518

Rough-Leaf Goldenrod

42

ID probable only

Taraxacum officinale

S5

518

Common Dandelion

Tussilago farfara

SE

518

Colt's Foot

JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin maritima

639.09 ARROW-GRASSES S5

ARACEAE Arisaema triphyllum

639.1

Common Bog Arrow-Grass

647.99 ARUMS S5

JUNCACEAE

648

Swamp Jack-In-The-Pulpit

657.99 RUSHES

Juncus effusus

S5

658

Soft Rush

Juncus filiformis

S5

658

Thread Rush

Juncus tenuis

S5

658

Slender Rush

CYPERACEAE

666.99 SEDGES

Carex arctata

S5

667

Black Sedge

Carex debilis

S5

667

White-Edge Sedge

Carex disperma

S5

667

Softleaf Sedge

Carex gynandra

S5

667

A Sedge

Carex novae-angliae

S5

667

New England Sedge

Carex retrorsa

S4

667

Retrorse Sedge

Carex trisperma

S5

667

Three-Seed Sedge

Eleocharis palustris

S5

667

Creeping Spike-Rush

667

Cotton-grass sp.

Eriophorum sp. Scirpus hattorianus

S4

667

Bulrush

Scirpus cyperinus

S5

667

Cottongrass Bulrush

Schoenoplectus pungens

S5

667

Three-Square Bulrush

POACEAE Elymus repens

736.99 GRASSES SE

737

S4S5

737

Slender Wheatgrass

Agrostis gigantea

SE

737

Black Bentgrass

Agrostis scabra

S5

737

Rough Bentgrass

Bromus ciliatus

S5

737

Fringed Brome

Calamagrostis canadensis

S5

737

Blue-Joint Reedgrass

Cinna latifolia

S5

737

Slender Wood Reedgrass

Danthonia spicata

S5

737

Poverty Oat-Grass

Deschampsia caespitosa

S5

737

Tufted Hairgrass

Elymus virginicus

S5

737

Virginia Wild-Rye

Glyceria borealis

S5

737

Small Floating Manna-Grass

Glyceria canadensis

S5

737

Canada Manna-Grass

Glyceria melicaria

S5

737

Slender Manna Grass

Glyceria striata

S5

737

Fowl Manna-Grass

Elymus trachycaulus

Quackgrass

43

ID probable only - infertile

ID refers to the species in the broad sense

Dichanthelium boreale

S5

737

Northern Witchgrass

Phalaris arundinacea

S5

737

Reed Canary Grass

Phleum pratense

SE

737

Meadow Timothy

Poa palustris

S5

737

Fowl Bluegrass

Spartina pectinata

S5

737

Fresh Water Cordgrass

LILIACEAE Maianthemum canadense

823.09 LILIES S5

IRIDACEAE

823.1

Wild Lily-of-The-Valley

844.99 IRISES

Iris setosa

S4

845

Beach-Head Iris

Iris versicolor

S5

845

Blueflag

44

Appendix IV. Report on the bird species identified on Long Island, summer 2003.

AVIFAUNA of LONG ISLAND KENNEBECASIS RIVER, NEW BRUNSWICK

Prepared for ACAP Saint John by Hank Deichmann July 2003

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Table of Contents

Sketch Map of Long Island, naming the important features follows this page p 1 Introduction to Avifauna of Long Island, Character of the Avifauna p 2 How the Fieldwork was conducted, Comments on Specific Avifauna p 3 Recommended Sites of Significance to Avifauna p 4-7 Appendix 1- Annotated List of the Avifauna of Long Island

p 8-11 Field Notes of Survey Line #1 p 12 Field Notes of Survey Line #2 p 13 Field Notes of Survey Line #3

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INTRODUCTION Long Island is well named, as it is about eight kilometers in length, and usually less than two kilometers wide. Once well settled with farmers of European origin, it was abandon over 80 years ago, and the forest has gradually returned, and now the only significant openings are areas in which deer and moose have successionally held back. Metamorphic rock (locally called ”pudding stone”) underlines the island, and generally with exception of a feature called Minister’s Face, the topography is gentle, and rolling. There is no permanent standing water, and any pools that may form are very small and ephemeral. One beaver meadow, the evolutionary product of an actual beaver pond, is between Kingston Point and Garden of Eden Cove. Eastern white cedar is essentially ubiquitous, even to the point of growing severely stunted versions on the exposed cliffs of Minister’s Face. Discrete stands of mature Red spruce are found mainly on the southern portions of the island. This species, joined by Balsam fir, and White birch otherwise forms a common association. Red ash hugs the shore fringe around most of the island. White pine often towering over its fellows, grows in a solitary fashion. The purpose of this brief report is to concentrate on the avifauna of the island. CHARACTER of the AVIFAUNA The avifauna of the island is rich and varied, in spite of the fact that it does not now have open fields or crop land as it once did. (See Appendix 1 for an annotated list). Over 100 species were confirmed in this present study; approximately 60 of these were actually documented or indicated as nesting from the “Atlas of Breeding Birds in the Maritime Provinces”(1992). Some 18 species of Wood Warblers have been documented, making this group, with the largest species representation. Out- numbering all other warblers was the Black-throated Green Warbler, which can in part be explained by this species’ affinity to cedar. The relative ranking of this warbler can be seen in the following compilation based on the results of lines#1 and #2 (for details see Appendices). The Ten Commonest Birds as from Fieldwork Conducted; July, 2003 1. American Robin 33registrations, out of 62 plots 2. Black-throated Green Warbler 25 registrations 3. White-throated Sparrow 21 4. Magnolia Warbler 16 5. Hermit Thrush 10 6. Black-capped Chickadee 10 7. Dark-eyed Junco 9 8. Common Yellowthroat 9 9. Swainson Thrush 7 10. Winter Wren 6

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How was the Fieldwork Conducted? It is estimated that 80% of the land mass of the Island was sampled. Lines #1 to #3 were somewhat formalized, and yielded good results. Line #3 a shoreline survey conducted from a rowboat was somewhat innovative and yielded interesting results. Please see Appendices. Besides the sampling done by the three Lines mentioned, the following areas were sampled: Vances’s Beach, Kingston Point, Wilson’s cove, Garden of Eden Cove, Scout Beach, the northern tip (across from Mather’s Island), Minister’s Face area, Frenchman’s Cove, and Cathline Cove. See sketch Map 1 for locations of these features. As will be noted, surveys were timed as much as possible to be close to dawn when bird activity and song would be the most intense. Standard field guides, and tapes were used to confirm identifications. 10 x50 binoculars were ussed in the field. A series of photos shows the major habitats and ecosystems sampled. In summary the following were field days: July 17, 19, 20, 21 and 23. Modes of access were a rowboat, and two different power boats. Assistance in transportation was provided by Chris Bates of ACAP Saint John, Colin Rayworth, Joe Scott and Charles Wilson. This was appreciated. Specific Comments on the Avifauna An Island situation is not considered limiting to most native avifauna. The hesitancy of our two native grouse species to fly over open water may explain the absence of the Spruce Grouse on Long Island. Ruffed Grouse is quite common, however, and probably reached the Island unassisted. The high density of Red squirrels on the southern portion of the Island was surprising. This presence, it is suggested could have a dampening effect on the successful nesting of many passerines, both of the ground nesting and tree nesting species. An indirect effect of mammal-to-mammal interaction is illustrated by coyote predation on Whitetailed deer. Remains of carcasses could provide sustenance for a suite of other mammals plus birds that are scavenger specialists; Bald eagle, Common raven, American crow, Great horned owl, and Black-capped chickadee. Recently there have been sightings of the Peregrine falcon in the vicinity of the Minister’s Face. If breeding can be confirmed, this would be of great significance, considering that this species was as recently as 20 years ago categorized as “Endangered” Winter wrens were observed in a number of locations on the Island. This is an interesting species and not widely found in southern New Brunswick as a whole. It wasn’t a surprise that these open grassland species were not found ; viz., Bobolink, and Savannah sparrow. It’s predicted that the winter wandering flocks of Pine grosbeak will be attracted to seed bearing shoreline Red ash stands. This current year of 2003 appears to be a bumper crop.

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Complete list of bird species and their status on Long Island, summer 2003. STATUS - A= abundant, to very abundant, widespread. C=common, however, may not be everywhere, applicable qualifying comments provided. UC=uncommon. R=rare, very local, or habitat restricted. F=formerly, extirpated. AN=anecdotal, local knowledge, second or third hand information. Cy=cyclic. Extrapolated breeding status, if applicable, from the “Atlas of Breeding Birds of the Maritime Provinces” (Erskine, 1992 ) viz., Con=confirmed, Pr=probable, Ps=possible. C. Loon - UC, Pr Double-crested Cormorant - A Great Blue Heron - UC Canada Goose - C seasonally; especially during fall migration Green-winged Teal - R Black Duck - UC, Pr Common Golden-eye- UC, formerly common as a transient Common Merganser - UC to C, Con ( more common formerly ) Red-breasted Merganser - UC, most common during the spring migration Turkey Vulture - R increasing in southern NB generally Osprey - UC, Pr Bald Eagle - UC increasing modestly in southern NB. Year round resident Northern Harrier - Transient Sharp -Shinned Hawk - Pr Goshawk - Ps Broad- Winged Hawk - Pr Red-tailed Hawk - Transient Merlin - Transient Peregrine Falcon- AN, Ps; specifically Minister’s Face Ring-necked Pheasant - F, several modest introductions since ca.1960, central and southern Spruce Grouse - F? (AN on Kennebecasis Island) Ruffed Grouse - C, con, Cy, suggested to have been more connon formerly when the vegetation was at an earlier successional stage Semipalmated Plover - R, possible visitor during fall migration, not likely to be seen annually Greater Yellowlegs - R, possible visitor during fall migration Spotted Sandpiper - C, Con Semiplamated Sandpiper - R, possible visitor during fall migration, not likely to be seen annually Common Snipe - UC, transient only Woodcock - Pr Ring-billed Gull - UC, summer visitor Herring Gull - C, visitor at any season Great Black-backed Gull - C, visitor at any season Mourning Dove - Pr, frost free season only Black-billed Cuckoo - Pr, Cy Great Horned Owl - AN, Ps Barred Owl - AN, Pr, increasing in southern New Brunswick Northern Saw-Whet Owl - Ps Common Nighthawk - Ps

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Chimney Swift - Ps Ruby- throated Hummingbird - R, local, most likely around summer camps that have syrup feeders! Yellow-bellied Sapsucker - current status uncertain, probably occurs rarely, not found in the current study Downy Woodpecker - UC, Pr (Resident) Hairy Woodpecker - C, Con, widespread (Resident) Black-backed Woodpecker - R? (not found in the current study) Northern Flicker - R, Ps Pileated Woodpecker - R, Ps, widespread sign (feeding slots ) Olive-sided Flycatcher - Ps Yellow-bellied Flycatcher - R, Ps (scattered) Least Flycatcher - UC, Pr more suitable habitat than the previous species Alder Flycatcher - UC, Pr as with the Least Flycatcher Great Crested Flycatcher - R, Ps? Eastern Kingbird - R, Ps Tree Swallow - Ps, natural cavities available for nesting Cliff Swallow - F (see comments under Barn swallow) Barn Swallow -F (likely occurred when there was active farming, with outbuildings for nesting) Gray jay - very R, Ps Blue Jay - UC, Pr (found in the present study) American Crow - R, Pr (restricted to vicinity of summer camps, and the shoreline) Common Raven - UC to C, widespread, Pr Black-capped Chickadee- C, Con, widespread Boreal Chickadee - C-R?,F? (not found in the current study, has been in a decline for at least decade regionally) Red-breasted Nuthatch - UC to R, Cy, Ps Winter Wren, C, Ps, widespread Golden crowned Kinglet-Ps (resident) Ruby crowned Kinglet - Ps (summer resident) Eastern Bluebird - R of F Veery-status, undetermined, limited suitable habitat, e.g. Cathline Cove Swainson’s Thrush - C, Ps, as forests mature, or become over-mature this Thrush will become less common Hermit Thrush - C, Ps the present trend in forest development suits this species, it’s more common than the Swainson Wood Thrush - status, undetermined, some mature hardwood habitat in the southern end of the island and in the Garden of Eden Cove area American Robin - A, Con, perhaps the commonest passerine on the Island, along with the Black-throated Green Warbler Gray Catbird - R, Pr, suitable habitat exists around Kingston Point, and across form Mather’s Island Cedar Waxwing -C, Pr

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Northern Shrike - R, fall to spring only, suitable habitat is present ( alder beds and sparsely treed areas, like Kingston point, Frenchman’s and Cathline Cove, and the extreme northern portion of the Island) Loggerhead Shrike - F? This species has suffered significant declines throughout eastern North America European Starling - status uncertain, common in the region, possible transient, or visitor to the island Blue-headed/Solitary Vireo-R, Ps Red-eyed Vireo - UC, Ps, this species being slightly more common than the previous species Tennesee Warbler - R, Ps Nashville Warbler - UC, Ps Northern Parula Warbler - UC, Ps, suitable habitat: old growth conifers, harbouring beard lichens expanding Yellow Warbler-R, Ps, preferred habitat, alder beds, brambles, and spirea Chestnut-sided Warbler-R, Pr comments under Yellow Warbler are applicable Cape May Warbler- R, actually very rare, may not nest annually. It’s suggested that the Bay-breasted Warbler has a similar status. Both these species are cyclically tied to spruce budworm populations. Yellow-rumped Warbler - C, Ps; well distributed on the island, seems to have a preference for forest bordering shoreline Black-throated Green Warbler - A, Ps / Con A. widespread, next to Robin, in overall abundance Blackburnian Warbler - R. Pr Palm Warbler - transient in spring and fall, mainly along wet shorelines Black & White Warbler - UC, Pr, much suitable habitat (old growth hardwoods) American Redstart - UC, Pr Ovenbird - UC, Pr local, Garden of Eden and Cathline Coves Mourning Warbler - UC, Pr, widely scattered Common Yellowthroat- C, Pr widespread in suitable wet bushy habitats Wilson’s Warbler - UC, Ps found mainly along shrubby shorelines Canada Warbler - R, Ps, seems to have a preference for wet areas, especially stream valleys, and swamp edges Rose-breasted Grosbeak - R, Ps, patches of suitable habitat occur north of Vance’s Beach, and Garden of Eden Cove American Tree Sparrow - a winter visitor only, the brushy, bushy habitats, so prevalent in the middle of the island would be to its liking. Chipping Sparrow - UC to R, Ps, open spruces, old fields Savannah Sparrow - F, there is currently no suitable habitat for this grassland sparrow Fox Sparrow - a bird of passage, especially in the spring. Normally, uncommon Song Sparrow - r, Pr, restricted to the impacted areas around summer camps, and the shore zone Lincoln’s Sparrow - R, Ps, wet brushy areas Swamp Sparrow - R, Ps, wet reedy areas.

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Appendix III. Summary of Visual Analysis by Kathy Beaton, Forester, Natural Resources Canada, 2003 Viewshed Analysis of Long Island The viewshed analysis of Long Island was derived using ESRI’s ArcGIS 3D Analyst.

A

viewshed analysis identifies areas on the terrain that can be seen from specified points. For the viewshed analysis of Long Island, aerial photographs of the island and the surrounding area were digitally joined together and georeferenced over an elevation grid. The aerial photographs are not needed to perform the viewshed analysis but are useful for visual reference. Five observation points from the Rothesay area, were used in the analysis. This analysis does not take into account any structures or trees that may block the view from the observation point; the viewshed is derived as though there was bare terrain. Such objects could be accounted for in future analysis, however, to present a more accurate viewshed. To approximate the view a person would have when standing at the spot, each observation point was placed 2 metres above the terrain for the analysis. The following figure depicts the viewshed analysis using the five points from the Rothesay area: Yacht Club, Public Park, Beach and Boat Club, Golf Club, and Public Beach. The light green shading indicates the areas on the island that can be seen from all these view points combined. This analysis clearly demonstrates the aesthetic value of Long Island as viewed from the rapidly urbanizing Rothesay region.

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