Flowering class: Dicot
Habit: Climber
Distribution notes: Exotic
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Eupatorium denticulatum Vahl |
| synonym | Eupatorium orinocense (Kunth) Gómez de la Maza |
| synonym | Eupatorium orinocense var. batataefolium (DC.) M.Gómez |
| synonym | Eupatorium orinocense var. tamoides (DC.) M.Gómez |
| synonym | Kleinia alata G. Meyer |
| synonym | Mikania alata (G.Mey.) DC. |
| synonym | Mikania cissampelina DC. |
| synonym | Mikania cordata var. indica |
| synonym | Mikania denticulata (Vahl) Willd. |
| synonym | Mikania glechomaefolia Sch.Bip. ex Baker [Illegitimate] |
| synonym | Mikania glechomifolia Sch.Bip. ex Baker |
| synonym | Mikania micrantha f. hirsuta (Hieron.) B.L.Rob. |
| synonym | Mikania micrantha f. micrantha |
| synonym | Mikania micrantha Kunth |
| synonym | Mikania orinocensis Kunth |
| synonym | Mikania scandens var. cynanchifolia Hook. & Arn. ex Baker |
| synonym | Mikania scandens var. sagittifolia Hassl. |
| synonym | Mikania scandens var. subcymosa (Gardner) Baker |
| synonym | Mikania scandens var. umbellifera (Gardner) Baker |
| synonym | Mikania sinuata Rusby |
| synonym | Mikania subcrenata Hook. & Arn. |
| synonym | Mikania subcymosa Gardner |
| synonym | Mikania umbellifera Gardner |
| synonym | Mikania variabilis Meyen & Walp. |
| synonym | Willoughbya cissampelina (DC.) Kuntze |
| synonym | Willoughbya micrantha (Kunth) Rusby |
| synonym | Willoughbya scandens var. orinocensis (Kunth) Kuntze |
| synonym | Willoughbya variabilis (Meyen & Walp.) Kuntze |
🗒 Common Names
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| Malayalam |
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| Manipuri |
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📚 Overview
Brief
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Mikania micrantha is a perennial climber, originally from tropical America. It is a major invasive in several parts of south-east Asia and the Pacific islands. It was introduced in India in the 1940s as ground cover in tea plantations (Prabu, Stalin & Swamy, 2014), and is now a serious threat to several plantation crops as well as forest areas all over the country. It produces thousands of lighweight seeds that are wind-dispersed and also has the ability to reproduce vegetatively through its roots, resulting in rapid and widespread invasion by this weed in any disturbed area.
One study suggests the planting of the sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), also a perennial vine, to control the growth of Mikania micrantha (Shen etal., 2015). Several studies, mostly from China, also suggest that Cuscuta campestris, a parasitic vine, is a useufl biological control agent for the spread of Mikania (Li, et al., 2012).
One study suggests the planting of the sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), also a perennial vine, to control the growth of Mikania micrantha (Shen etal., 2015). Several studies, mostly from China, also suggest that Cuscuta campestris, a parasitic vine, is a useufl biological control agent for the spread of Mikania (Li, et al., 2012).
samagni
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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Description
Global description
Mikania micrantha is a perennial herbaceous vine, climbing, variable development, sparse pubescence nearly hairless. It can measure 3-6 m long. The stems are slender, hexagonal, often highly branched and intertwined, yellowish to brown. The leaves are simple, opposite, petiole long and hail. The leaf blade is broadly ovate or triangular, with acute apex and deeply cordate base and attenuated, virtually glabrous or underside with sparse hairs. The flowers are grouped by 4 small heads whitish to greenish white, arranged in inflorescences repeatedly branched, carried by a long stalk. Dry fruits are black, oblong with 4-5 ribs and truncated at the top.
Cotyledons
Cotyledons stalked, fleshy, hairless, oval with a notched apex and attenuated base.
First Leaves
First leaves simple, opposite, glabrous, carried by a long petiole. Blade lanceolate oblong, elongated, attenuated at the top and shortly acuminate, margin subentire to roughly crenate or wavy. The upper facee is marked with 3-veins from the base.
Habit
Vine, which winds in crops or trees.
Underground System
Taproot deep rooting.
Stem
Small rod, cylindrical or hexagonal, full, often very branched and intertwined, yellowish to brown. Young stems bear a pubescence sparse, then become glabrous with age.
Leaf
Leaves simple, opposite, stalked. Leaf blade 3 to 13 cm wide and from 3 to 10 cm wide, oval or triangular, almost glabrous or lower face bearing a sparse pubescence. Its apex is acute and its base shortly acuminate, deep and roped subhastate or subsagitate. The main venation is formed from 3 to 7 palmate-veined from the base. Margin subentire, wavy or coarsely toothed. Small petiole more or less as long as the blade.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence formed by small whitish or greenish-white flower heads arranged in panicles, twigs bearing composite cymes, dense, terminal and lateral. The flowers are long-stalked. The flower stalk is 5 mm long, each having at its top a subinvolucrale bract, narrowly elliptic to obovate, acuminate, glabrous to more or less pubescent, about 2 mm long. The flowers are 4 to 5.5 mm long and contain only 4 flowers. The involucral bracts are arranged in 2 rows. They are obovate oblong, greenish white, sparsly pubescent, about 3.5 mm long and 1 mm wide, acute or shortly acuminate apex and laciniate margin.
Flower
The flowers are white, all tubular, corolla is 2.5 to 3 mm long, ending with 5 triangular lobes. The style is long forked.
Fruit
The fruit is a black achene, oblong to obovate, ribbed, pentagonal section, from 1.5 to 2 mm long. Its white longitudinal ribs are covered with bristles. The faces are sparsly glandular. The achene is surmounted by a pappus 30-40 uniseriate long bristles 2.5 mm, white and barbed turning brown, they are sometimes swollen at the top.
WIKWIO Project
| Attributions | WIKWIO Project |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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Climbers, stem glandular-hispid. Leaves opposite, 5-8 x 4-6 cm, ovate, apex acute, base cordate, crenate, glabrate; petiole 2-4 cm long. Heads 5 mm long, in axillary panicles; bracts biseriate, outer 2 smaller, inner 3-5, 4 x 1.5 mm, ovate, obtuse. Flowers 3-5, similar, bisexual; corolla 3 mm long, tubular, lobes 5, glandular, white; anthers linear. Achenes 2 mm long, 5-ribbed, black, glabrous; pappus 4 mm long, many, hispid.
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Habit: Scandent shrub
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
| Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Although it blooms all year, it exhibits abundant flowering during short days. During this period, the flowers are visited by numerous flower-eating insects feeding on nectar.
WIKWIO Project
| Attributions | WIKWIO Project |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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Reproduction
Mikania micrantha is a perennial species with both vegetative and sexual reproduction. It produces many seeds carried away by the wind. The vine grows up to 27 mm / day under optimal conditions.
WIKWIO Project
| Attributions | WIKWIO Project |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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Ecology
Mikania micrantha is a ubiquitous species, very common in tropical areas. It is very pervasive in cities and fields that it covers fences and hedges and sometimes the ground. It forms large, thick formations in abandoned areas. It is common in degraded forests, riparian forests, roadsides, pastures and crops. Sunny or shady environments wet 0-2000 m altitude. It grows all the better when the soil is fertile and air is humid.
Local
Local
Mauritius : It is mostly present in wetlands and perhumid areas in Mauritius, growing on wasteland, riverbanks, in the sugarcane fields and banana plantations.
WIKWIO Project
| Attributions | WIKWIO Project |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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Miscellaneous Details
Notes: Forest plantations and also in the plains in moist localities
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
| Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Forest plantations and also in the plains in moist localities
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Description
Origin
Species native to Central America, South America and the Lesser Antilles
World distribution
Widely introduced in various parts of Africa, Asia, Indonesia and the Pacific Islands ; very quickly became a bad pantropical weed.
Widely introduced in various parts of Africa, Asia, Indonesia and the Pacific Islands ; very quickly became a bad pantropical weed.
WIKWIO Project
| Attributions | WIKWIO Project |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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Global Distribution
Pantropical
Indian distribution
State - Kerala, District/s: All Districts
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Karnataka: Mysore
Kerala: All districts
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
| Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
Global
Belongs to the 100 most invasive species in the world, it can be a nuisance for crops. Its ability to vegetative reproduction requires the complete eradication of the plant to good control of its development and dissemination. It mobilizes nutrients from the soil and can hinder seedling germination and good growth of young plants. This is a major weed in plantations, pastures and roadsides and a weed of minor importance in culture and forest. Once established it spreads extremely fast climbing and winding on a backing and covering vegetation. Its stems can elongate 27 mm per day. Mikania micrantha by its cover intercepts the light and its weight can collapse the supporting plants. It is especially harmful to young plants and nurseries. It enters into competition for water and nutrients, but also appears to be allelopathic to other species. Mikania micrantha is one of three main weeds for tea in India and Sri Lanka and Malaysia.
Local
West Indies: This is an important weed for sugarcane, fruit and food crops, because of its ability to climb quickly on the plants. As it recovers the vegetation completely, it can be responsible for a significant reduction in yield.
Comoros: Absent.
Madagascar: Absent.
Mauritius: important weed of sugarcane fields because of its ability to grow quickly and to climb in the canes. It can completely cover the sugarcane plantations or trees and can cause significant yield lost.
Reunion: Not identified as a weed of crops.
Samoa: This species poses serious problems in the coconut and can kill breadfruit trees. It also causes damage to oil palm plantations, cocoa, pastures and cultivated forests, banana plantations.
Seychelles: Absent.
WIKWIO Project
| Attributions | WIKWIO Project |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Management
Local control
Mauritius: It is effectively controlled in sugarcane with fluroxypyr as post-emergent herbicide.
Global control
The most effective control remains complete uprooting and export of plants out of plots in production or chemical control with selective herbicides when they exist in different cultures and systemic herbicides.
Mechanical control: Pulling out should be performed on seedlings because cutting the young plants do not kill them. It restarts from the root.
Chemical control: Species sensitive to many herbicides such as glyphosate and 2,4-D before flowering and contact herbicides (pararaquat) on seedlings.
Biological control: A rust in South America, Puccinia spegazzinii was introduced into quarantine for trials in India. A thrips, Liothrips mikaniae was introduced and released in Malaysia and the Solomon Islands but heavy predation has prevented its establishment.
Local control
Mauritius: It is effectively controlled in sugarcane with fluroxypyr as post-emergent herbicide.
WIKWIO Project
| Attributions | WIKWIO Project |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- Mikania scandens Clarke, Comp. Ind. 34. 1876, non L.; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 144. 1881.
- Mikania micrantha Kunth in HBK, Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 134. 1820; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 217. 1989; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 375. 1990; Uniyal in Hajra et al., Fl. India 12: 357.1995; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 171. 2002; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 475. 2009.
- Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Robins., Contrib. Gray Herb. 104:65.1934; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 231. 1984; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 253. 1988; Sasidh. et al., Bot. Stud. Med. Pl. Kerala 9. 1996; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 251. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 177. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 205. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 168. 1999; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 286. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 386. 2009.
- Eupatorium cordatum Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 176. t. 58. 1768.
Overview > Brief
- Shen, S., Xu, G., Clements, D. R., Jin, G., Chen, A., Zhang, F., & Kato-Noguchi, H. (2015). Suppression of the invasive plant mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha) by local crop sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) by means of higher growth rate and competition for soil nutrients. BMC ecology, 15(1), 1.
- Prabu, N. R., Stalin, N., & Swamy, P. S. (2014). Ecophysiological attributes of Mikania micrantha, an exotic invasive weed, at two different elevations in the tropical forest regions of the Western Ghats, South India. Weed Biology and Management, 14(1), 59-67.
- LI, F. L., LI, M. G., ZAN, Q. J., Qiang, G. U. O., ZHANG, W. Y., Zhi, W. U., & WANG, Y. J. (2012). Effects of the residues of Cuscuta campestris and Mikania micrantha on subsequent plant germination and early growth. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 11(11), 1852-1860.
Overview > Diagnostic > Description
- http://portal.wikwio.org/species/show/210?lang=fr
Natural History > Life Cycle
- http://portal.wikwio.org/species/show/210?lang=fr
Natural History > Reproduction
- http://portal.wikwio.org/species/show/210?lang=fr
Natural History > Ecology
- http://portal.wikwio.org/species/show/210?lang=fr
Habitat and Distribution > Distribution > Description
- http://portal.wikwio.org/species/show/210?lang=fr
Demography and Conservation > Risk Statement
- http://portal.wikwio.org/species/show/210?lang=fr
Uses and Management > Uses
- http://portal.wikwio.org/species/show/210?lang=fr
Uses and Management > Management
- http://portal.wikwio.org/species/show/210?lang=fr#speciesField7_4
Information Listing > References
- Mikania scandens Clarke, Comp. Ind. 34. 1876, non L.; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 144. 1881.
- Mikania micrantha Kunth in HBK, Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 134. 1820; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 217. 1989; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 375. 1990; Uniyal in Hajra et al., Fl. India 12: 357.1995; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 171. 2002; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 475. 2009.
- Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Robins., Contrib. Gray Herb. 104:65.1934; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 231. 1984; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 253. 1988; Sasidh. et al., Bot. Stud. Med. Pl. Kerala 9. 1996; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 251. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 177. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 205. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 168. 1999; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 286. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 386. 2009.
- Eupatorium cordatum Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 176. t. 58. 1768.
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Asterales |
| Family | Asteraceae |
| Genus | Mikania |
| Species | Mikania micrantha |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
👥 Groups
