 Open Access Library Journal How to cite this paper: Kolahi, M. and Atri, M. (2014) Plant Diversity, Life Form and Phytochoria of Hamedan Alvand Region in Iran. Open Access Library Journal, 1: e682. http://dx.doi.org/10. 4236/oa lib.1100682 Plant Diversity, Life Form and Phytochoria of Hamedan Alvand Region in Iran Maryam Kolahi1*, Morteza Atri2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Email: *m.kolahi@scu.ac .ir Received 2 August 2014; revised 26 September 2014; accepted 27 October 2014 Copyright © 2014 by authors and OALib. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract This study was carried out for determination and discrimination vegetation by Eco-phytosociology method. Flora of this area was determined by using available references. Based on collection we encountered about 290 specimens that belong to 167 genera and 41 families. The largest families in the area are Asteraceae (47 genera), Poaceae (34 genera), Lamiaceae (30 genera), Caryophy- laceae (18 genera) Papilonaceae (17 genera). The floristic composition of the area is strongly in- fluenced by large number of Irano-Turanian elements. The life form spectrum was characterized according to Raunkiers system. The life form spectrum observed was: Hemichryptophyte (61.62%), Chamophyte (15.14%), Therophyte (14.79%), Phanerophyte (4.58%) and Geophyte (3.87%). The largest phytochoria distribution species is Irano-Turanian (59%). Medicinal plants were identified that 71 medicinal plants species is belonging to 20 families and 57 genuses. Spe- cies riches as 290 plant species in this region distinguished by variable habitats, because of dif- ferent ecologic factor and variation endogenous milieus. High variation of floristic showed varia- tion biologic conditions and ecologic high power in this region for survivals. Anthropogenic impact of human and pasturing in this region are species downfall factors, especially rare species. Keywords Alvand, Flora, Life Fo rm, Chorotype, Eco-Phytosociology Method, Iran Subject Areas: Ecology, Plant Science 1. Introduction Iran with an area of more than 1.6 million square km2 is the sixteenth largest country in the world, placed in the Middle East and surrounded by the Armenia, Azerbaijan and Caspian Sea, Turkmenistan on the north, Afghani- * M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 2 October 2014 | Volume 1 | stan and Pakistan on the east, Oman Sea and Persian Gulf on the south and Iraq and Turkey on the west. Iranian habitats support about 8000 species of flowering plants (belonging to 167 families and 1200 genera), of which almost 1700 are endemic [1]. These plant species grow on four Ecological Zones which have different physi- ographical and climatic conditions. These four ecological zones are: Hyrcanian, Zagross, Iran-o-Turanian, Plains Mountain, Khalij-o-Ommanian. Iran is one of countries with diverse flora and fauna. This diversity results from its topography and diverse climatic conditions which led to the emergence of habitats that are suitable for the evolution and survival of various plant and animal species. Clearance of natural vegetation to meet the demands of an ev er increasing human population has been an on- going process as long as permanent settlements existed. Ecological and environmental problems such as soil degradation, soil erosion and alteration of natural resources are just some of the negative effects resulting from the destruction of these habitats [2]. These habitats usually reg enerate through natural processes after a significant disturbance of human activities such as cutting for fuel wood, construction material and clearance for cultivation [3]. Therefore, in order to maintain the ecological equilibrium and to meet the vegetation resource requirements of the population, scien- tific information on the composition, structure and distribution of species is the basis for habitat development. 2. Study Area Alvand region is located in the west of Iran, and Hamedan, Asadabad and Touyserkan cities surround it. This region is located between western longitudes 48˚10' to 48˚40' and northern latitudes 34˚30' to 34˚50'. The pre- cipitation ranges between 206.1 and 420.7 mm, respectively. Its maximal altitude is 3428 m. The special nature of this region and its historic sites attract tourists. The main sites of this region are the Ganjnameh, Takhteh-Nader, MeydanMi s han, Kivare stan. The climate of the study area is considered to be semi-arid, the annual precipitation being approximately 300 mm. Rainfall occurs from October to May, with a maximum during November and February of each year. An- other feature characterizing the precipitation in the study site is its irregular yearly distribution. The mean monthly temperatures vary between 1.91˚C and 23.45˚C, the mean annual value being 10.88˚C. The annual po- tential evaporation far exceeds the annual rainfall with a mean annual amount of 1505 mm, approximately esti- mated [4]. The aim of this study was to determine floristic composition and plant species diversity in the Hamedan Al- vand region of Iran (Figure 1). 3. Materials and Methods In this study the unit of study (endogenous milieu) in Eco-phytosociological method is used [5]. Endogenous milieu (special station ) in Eco-phytosociological method is an area of vegetation that is homogenous view point of Floristic-Ecologic. In vegetations study, Endogenous milieu determine by physiognomic-floristic-ecological criteria. Establishment of releves (sampling unit in phytosociology) was carried out randomly in each Endoge- nous milieu (special station) for floristic-ecologic data collecting. In this order, all ecologic-floristic data were collected of each special station. Plant specimen deposited in the herbarium, of Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan, Iran. After providing herbarium labels were identified using available literature [6]-[12] and compar- ing with identical specimens in herbarium. The chorology of each species was determined using published data [7]-[9] [13]. Determining the life form was done by Raunchiers classification [14] and then floristic list of this area provided in Table 1. The abbrevia- tions used in the text and the floristic list is as follow: T: Theroph yte, H: Hemicryptophyte, C: Chamaephyte, P: Phanerophyte, G: Geophyte, IT: Irano-Turanian, Z: Zagrosian, KO: Khaliji_Omani, M: Mediterranean, COS: Cosmopolite, H: Khazari. 4. Results The result of study show that about 290 species belong to 167 genera and 41 families. Among the existing fami- lies, 34 families are Dicotyledonous, 5 families are monocotyledon, 1 family (Ephedraceae) is Gymnosperms and 1 f amily is Pteridophyta . Compositae with 17.2% species is the most abundant family in the area, followed by families of Poaceae, Labiatae with 11.4%, 11% species, respectively (Figure 2). In the paper che cklist of all  M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 3 October 2014 | Volume 1 | Figure 1. Topographic map of Hamedan Alvand region showing position of the area in Iran. Figure 2. The pie chart of families Hamedan Alvand region. species collected in Hamedan Alvand region is shown with information about their life forms and chorological types (Table 1). The jenera with the greatest number of species were Astragalus 2.7% species. The life-form spectrum was shown that a high proportion Hemichryptophyte (61.62%) followed by Chamophyte (15.14%), Therophyte (14.79%), Phanerophyte (4.58%) and Geophyte (3.87%) (Figure 3). The chorology spectrum was shown: Hamedan Alvand region is geographically located main phytogeographic Irano-Turanian region. The most of plants chorotype with 58.62% is related to Irano-Toranian (Figure 4). About 71 medicinal species were determined in this area that was shown in Table 1. Some of most important species are as follow: Echinops orientalis Trautv., Lactuca serriola L., Scariola orientalis (Boiss.) Sojak Alys- sum lanigerum Dc. Euphorbia macroclada Bioss. Marrubium vulgare L. Mentha lon g ifolia (L.) Hudson, Salvia multicaulis Vah1. Teucrium orientale L., Lotus corniculatus L., Plantago lanceolata L., Crataegus pontica C. Koch. Urticadioica L. 5. Discussion The result of study show that the study area is very rich with refer to plant diversity. Among all plants Hemi- chryptophyte with 61.62% is dominant and Camophyte with 15.14% is in the next order. In facts life forms of the plants indicate the possibility of adaptation of plants to environmental factors especially climatic conditio n. According to Archibold (1995) the frequency of Hemicryptophyte plants is due to cold and to altitude climate. The whole frequency of Hemicryptophyte among the plants of the region shows that the effect form of climate area is cold semi-arid to climatic of heights [15]. Therophyte adapted to the dryness of the region and shortage rainfall, because these plants spend vegetative period in the form of seed [16] [17].  M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 4 October 2014 | Volume 1 | Table 1. list of species, life form and phytochoria from Hamedan Alvand region. Scientific name Life for m Phytocoria Medicinal use ASTERACEAE Achillea tenuifolia Lam. H IT Aster alpinus L. H IT Centaurea behen L. H IT Centaurea iberica Trev. Ex. Spreng H H, IT, Z Centaurea virgata Lam. H H, IT, Z Cerastium dichotomum L. H IT Chondrilla juncea L. H IT * Cichorium intybus L. H IT, H, KO * Cirsium congestum Fisch. & Dc. H Z, IT Cirsium echinus Hand-Mzt. H IT, Z Cirsium haussknechtii Boiss. H IT Cirsium hygrophilum Boiss. H IT Cirsium lappaceum M. B. H IT Cirsium libanoticum Dc. H IT Cousinia cylindracea Boiss. H IT, Z Cousinia ecbatanensis Bornm. H IT Cousinia elwendensis Bornm. H IT Echinops macrophyllus Boiss. & Hausskn. H IT Echinops mosulensis Rechf. H IT Echinops orientalis Trautv. H IT * Echinops ritrodes Bunge. H IT Echinops tournefortii Trautv. H IT Erigeron sp. T IT Filago arvensis L. T IT Filago pyramidata L. T IT Gundelia tournefortii L. H Z, IT, M, H * Helichrysum oligocephalum Dc. H IT Helichrysum psychrophilum Boiss. H IT Inula britannica L. H IT,Z Inula helenium L. H IT * Lactuca serriola L. H IT, Z, M, H * Micropus supinus L. T IT * Onopordon acanthium L. H IT, ES Onopordon leptolepis Dc. H IT Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. T H , IT, Z * Picris strigosa M. B. H Z, IT Scariolao rientalis (Boiss.) Sojak H IT * Scorzonera tortuosissima Boiss. H IT Senecio vulgaris L. T IT * Serratula cerinthifolia Boiss. H IT, Z Sonchus asper (L.) Hill H I, KO, H, M * Tanacetum parthenium Schult-Bip. C IT * Tanacetum persica H IT Tanacetum polycephalum Schultz H IT * Taraxacum syriacum Boiss. H IT, Z Tragopogon graminifolius Dc. H H, IT  M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 5 October 2014 | Volume 1 | Continued Tripeluros pemumdisciforme Schultz H IT * BORAGINACEAE Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss. H IT, Z * Helotropium. sp. T IT Lappula. sp. H IT Boiss. H IT Onosma elwendicum Wettst. H IT Dc. H IT Trichodesma aucheri Dc. H IT Trichodesma incanum (Bge.) A. Dc. CAMPANULACEAE Asyneuma multicaule Boiss H IT Asyneuma persicum (Dc.) Bronm. H IT Campanula latifolia L. H IT CAPPARIDACEAE Dc. T IT, M, KO CARYOPHYLLACEAE Acanthophyllum microcephalum Boiss. C IT Arenaria insignis Litw. H IT Boiss. H IT Arenaria serpyllifolia L. H IT Buffonia sp. H IT Cerastium inflatum Link ex. Desf. T IT, KO, Z Dianthus orientalis Adams H IT, KO * Dianthus tabris ianus BienertBoiss. H IT * Gypsophila bicolor (Freyn & Sint.) Grossh. C IT, KO Gypsophila caricifolia Boiss. H IT Stapf. H IT Herniaria glabra L. H IT Minuartia lineate Bornm. H IT Minuartia meyeri (Boiss.) Bornm. T IT, KO, Z L. H IT Silene chlorifolia Sm. C IT * Silene noctiflora L. H IT Stellaria media (L.) Cyr. T IT, M * CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium botrys L. T IT, M * Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad H IT Noaeamu cronata (Forsk.) Aschers Et. Schweinf H IT, M, KO CRASSULACEAE Rosularia elymaitica Berger H IT Berger H IT CRUCIFERAE Alyssum dasycarpum Step. willd H IT Alyssum marginatum Steud, Boiss. T IT * Alyssum minus (L.) Rothm. T IT * Alyssum szowitsianum Fisch. & Mey. T IT Aubrietia parviflora Boiss. H IT  M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 6 October 2014 | Volume 1 | Continued Barbarea plantaginea Dc. T IT Cardamine uliginosa M. B. H IT Carda ria draba (L.) Desv. T IT, KO, Z Clastopus vestitus (Desv.) Boiss. C IT Drabopsis verna C. Koch T IT Erysimum caespitosum Dc. H IT Fibigia suffruticosa (vent.) Sweet C IT, Z Hesperis persica Boiss. (L.) T IT Nasturtium officinale R. Br. C IT, KO, H Physoptychis gnaphalodes Boiss. H IT CYPERACEAE Carex stenophylla Wahlenb C IT Cyperus difformis L. H IT, KO, COS Cyperus longus L. G IT, KO * Holoschoenus vulgaris H IT DATISCACEAE Datisca cannabina L. C IT, KO DIPSACACEAE Cephalaria procera Fisch. & Avel. C IT Pterocephalus canus Coult. Ex. Dc. H IT Scabiosa argentea L. H IT Scabiosa flavida Boiss. & Hausskn H IT EPHEDRACEAE Ephedra major Host. C IT EQUISETACEAE Equisetum arvense L. G IT * Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. G IT EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbi a boissieriana Prokh. H IT Euphorbi a cheiradenia Boiss.& Hohen. H IT, KO, Z Euphorbi a decipiens Boiss. & Buhse. H IT Euphorbi a macroclada Bioss. H IT * GENTIANACEAE Centaurium minus (Moench) T IT * Centaurium pulchellum Druce. H IT GERANIACEAE Geranium montanum Habl. Ex.Pall C IT JUNCACEAE Juncus articulatus L. G IT, Z Juncus inflexus L. G IT Juncus rigidus Desf. G IT, Z HYPERICACEAE Hypericum perforatum L. H IT Hypericum scabrum L. H IT, M LABIATAE Acinos graveolens (M. B.) Link T IT, KO, Z, H * Marrubium astracanicum jacq. C IT, KO Marrubium cuneatum Russell H IT, KO  M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 7 October 2014 | Volume 1 | Continued Marrubium vulgare L. H IT, Z, KO, M * Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson. H IT, KO * Nepeta crispa Willd IT * Nepeta fissa C. A. Mey. H IT Nepeta pungens (Bunge) Benth. T IT Nepeta straussii Hausskn & Bornm. T IT * Phlomis anisodonta Boiss. H IT, KO, Z Phlomis olivieri Benth. H IT, KO, Z Phlomis persica Boiss. H IT, Z Phlomis polioxantha Rechf. H IT, Z Prunella vulgaris L. C IT * Salvia aethiopis L. H IT * Salvia multicaulis Vah1. C IT, KO * Salvia spinosa L. H IT, KO * Scutellaria multicaulis Boiss. H IT, KO Scutellaria nepetifolia Benth. H IT, KO Scutellaria pinnatifida A. Hamilt. H IT, KO Stachys acerosa Bo i ss. C IT, KO Stachys inflate Benth. H IT, KO * Stachys lavandulifolia Vah1. H IT, KO, H * Stachys multicaulis Benth. C IT * Stachys setifera C. A. Mey. G IT, KO L. H IT, KO * Teucrium polium L. H IT, M, KO * Thymus daenensis Celak. H IT, Z Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen C IT, Z * Ziziphora cllinopodioides Lam C IT, Z * LILIACEAE Allium paniculatum L. G IT, Z Colchicum sp. G IT, Z LINACEAE Linum catharticum L. T IT, Z LYTHRACEAE Lythrum salicaria L. H IT * MALVACEAE Alceakurdica (Schlecht.) Alef. H IT OLEACEAE Fraxinus sp. H IT ONAGRACEAE Epilobium hirsutum L. H IT Epilobium palustre L. H IT ORCHIDACEAE (L.) Crantz H IT PAPILONACEAE Astragalus alopecias Pallas H IT Astragalus caprinus H IT Boiss H IT Astragalus glaucops Bornm. H IT  M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 8 October 2014 | Volume 1 | Continued Astragalus gossypinus Fischer C IT * Astragalus hymenocalyx Boiss. H IT Astragalus parrowianus Boiss. & Hausskn. H IT * Astragalus satiger H IT Cicer anatolicum Alef. H IT * Cicer oxyodon Boiss. & Hohen H IT Lotus corniculatus L. H IT, M * Medicago lupulina L. H IT, KO, H Medicago sativa L. H IT, KO, H Ononis spinosa L. C IT * Sophora alopecuroides L. H IT * Trifolium pratense L. H IT Trifolium radicoum Boiss. & Hohen H IT PAPAVERACEAE Papaver rhoeas L. T IT, KO, Z, H, * Papaver dubium L. T IT, KO, H, COS * Papaver fugax Poir. T IT, KO, Z, H PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago gentianoides Sibth. & Sm. H IT, KO, H Plantago lagopus L. T IT, KO, H Plantago lanceolata L. H COS * Plantago major L. H COS * PLUMBAGINACEAE Acantholimon bromifolium Boiss. C IT, Z Acantholimon olivieri (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss. C IT, Z * POACEAE Agropyrum elongatiforme Drobov H KO, H, Z, IT Agropyrum intermedium P. Beauv. H KO, H, Z, IT Agropyrum longe_aristatum Boiss. H KO, H, Z, IT Agropyrum pectiniforme Roemer & Schultes H KO, H, Z, IT Agropyrum tauri Boiss. & Bal. H KO, H, Z, IT Agropyrum trichophorum Richter G KO, H, Z, IT Agrostis canina L. C IT Agrostis gigantea Roth. C IT Arrhenatherum kotschyi Boiss. C IT Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng. C IT Brachypodium sylvaticum P.Beauv. H IT Bromus danthoniae Trin. T IT, Z, KO Bromus tectorum L. T IT, M, COS Bromus tomentellus Boiss. H IT Calamagrostis pseudophragmites koel. C IT Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. C IT, KO, H * Dactylis glomerata L. C IT Eremopoa persica (Trin.) Roshev T IT, KO Festuca ovina L. H IT Festuca rubra L. C IT Hordeum bulbosum L. H Z, IT, H Hordeum violaceum Boiss. & Huet. C IT, KO  M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 9 October 2014 | Volume 1 | Continued Leucopoa sclerophylla. Krecz. & Bobrov T IT, KO Melica jacquemontii Decne. Ex. Jacquem. T IT, KO Melica persica Kunth. H IT * Oryzopsis lateralis (Regel) Stapf. H IT, KO Oryzopsis molinioides (Boiss.) H IT, KO Phalaris arundinacae L. H IT, KO Phragamites australis Trin.Ex .S t e u d . H IT, KO Poa bulbosa L. C IT, M, Z, H, KO Poa trivialis L. T IT, M Stipa barbata Desf. H IT Taeniatherum crinitum (Schreb) Nevski T IT Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. C IT POLYGONACEAE Polygonum bistorta L. H IT * Polygonum luzuloides Jaub. & Spach H IT Polygonum paronychioides C. A. Mey, Hohen H IT Polygonum polycnemoides Jaub. & Spach. T IT, KO, Z Rumex chalepensis Miller C IT, M Rumex conglomerates Murr. H IT, M L. H IT, M * PRIMULACEAE Primula auriculata Lam. H IT RANUNCULACEAE sp. C IT Ranunculus seric eus Banks & Soland C IT ROSACEAE Alchemilla kurdica Rothm. Ex. Bornm H IT Rothm H IT Amaygdalus lycioides Spach P IT * Cerasus microcarpa (C.A.Mey)B oi s s. P IT, H * Cerasus microcarpa (C.A.Mey.)B oiss. P IT, H * sp P IT Crataegus pontica C. Koch. P IT Crataegus pseudoheterophylla Pojark. P IT * Potentilla canescens Besser H IT L. H IT Rosa canin a L. P IT * Rosa elymaitica Boiss. & Hausskn. P IT Rosa orientalis Dupont Ex. Ser. P IT (Focke.) Focke. Ex. Hausskn. P IT Rubus saxatilis L. P IT Sanguisorba minor Scop. H IT, KO * Sibbaldia parviflora Willd. G IT, KO RUBIACEAE Asperula glomerata (M. B.) Griseb. T IT Asperula setosa Jaub. Et. Sp. T IT Callipeltis cucularis Stev. T IT, Z Ehrend H IT, Z  M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 10 October 2014 | Volume 1 | Continued Galium aparine L. T IT, Z * Galium mite Boiss. & Hoh. C IT Galium setaceum Lam. T IT, KO, Z Galium verum L. C IT * Rubia tinctorum L. H IT SALICACEAE Salix acmophylla Boiss. P IT Salix. sp. P IT SCROPHULARIACEAE Linaria grandiflora Desf. H IT Scrophularia azerbaijanica Grau. H IT, KO Scrophularia nervosa Benth. H IT, KO Scrophularia variegata M. B. H IT, KO Verbascum agrimoniifolium C IT Verbascum nudicaule (wydl.)Takht. C IT Verbascum songaricum Schrenk Ex. Fisch. & C. A. Mey. C IT * Verbascum speciosum Schrad. H IT, KO * Veronica anagal lisaquatica L. H IT * THYMELAEACEAE Dendrostelleralessertii Van Tiegh. C IT UMBELLIFERAE Bupleurum Exaltatum M. B. H IT Bupleurum gerardii All. H IT Echinophora platyloba Dc. H IT Eryngium billardieri F. Delaroche H H, IT Boiss. & Housskn. H H, IT Ferula orientalis L. H IT Grammosciadium platycarpum Boiss. & Hausskn. T IT Leutea gracillima M. Pimen. H IT Peucedanum sp. H IT Pimpinella affinis Ledeb. H IT Pimpinella aurea Dc. H IT Pimpinella tragium Vill. H IT Prangosu loptera Dc. H IT Rhabdosciadium aucheri Boiss. H IT Rhabdosciadium petiolare Boiss. & Hausskn. H IT Siumsis aroideum Dc. H IT URTICACEAE Urtica dioica L. H IT, KO * VALERIANACEAE Valerianasis ymbriifolia Vah1. H IT, KO The low percentage of Chamaephyte, Geophytes and Phanerophyte shows that they are not adapted to exis- tence climate and edaphically situations. Each plant species has its special ecological area with a known toler- ance to life conditions of area. Therefore, the geographical distribution of plant species depending on life condi- tions of area and adaptation of plants to area [16]. Astragalus diversity with its 8 species in this area which is mountainous shows that Astragalus has adapted to the mountainous conditions.  M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 11 October 2014 | Volume 1 | Figure 3. The pie chart of life form of species Hamedan Alvand region. Figure 4. The pie chart of percentage of phytochoria of species Hamedan Alvand region. The Chorotype distribution of plants reflects the climate conditions. Considering to this fact that 59% plant species in a region are IT elements, so this region belong to IT. IT (the Irano-Turanian region) is characterized by low rainfall and a long dry season. The existence of Compositae family with large diversity is the result of destruction in this region. It is experi- ence understood that the increasing of the number of some plant families including Asteraceae accompanied with destruction in area, following studies support the mentioned fact [15] [18]. About 71 medicinal species were determined in this area that was shown in Table 1. Presence of important medicinal plants is indica ted Po tential of region as pool of medicinal plants. Some of most important species area as follows: Thymus kotschyamus, Ziziphora clinopodioides, Stachys in- flata, Stachys lavandulifolia. The presence of high biodiversity, visual and historical regions as: Ganjnameh, eye-catching landscape of Alvand top, Takhteh-Nader, MeydanMishan, Kivarestan, have encouraged research, educational and tourist activities in the region. The rapid development of tourism industry, Tele Cabin in recent years has had a significant effect on the vegetation and landscape. Ganjnameh has a long history of human occupation with ancient civilizations well re- flected in the archaeological records. Existence of ruderal plant such as Cardariacraba in this region showed anthropogenic impacts. As human population levels and resource requirements continue to grow, function of ecosystem (net primary productivity) and species richness distribu tions are likely to be increasingly affected by anthropogenic land-use [17] [19] [20]. The research in the Alvand Hamedan region has revealed the importance of this region in terms of plant bio- diversity, and particularly of touristic ch aracteristics, which urgently require further management and conserva- tion activities.  M. Kolahi, M. Atri DOI:10.4236/oalib.1100682 12 October 2014 | Volume 1 | Acknowledgements This work was funded by a grant from Bu Ali Sina university and Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Re- search Council Grant No: Grant No: (p.2.2186, 1392.10.8). The authors declare that there is no conflict of in ter- est. References [1] Eftekhari, T. and Ramezani, M. (2004) Introduction to Plant Biodiversity in Iran. In: Pushpangadan, P., Nai r, K.N. and Ahmad, M.R., Eds., Biodiversity and Medicinal Plant Wealth of South Asian Countries, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 39-40. [2] Hundera, K., Bekele, T. and Kelbessa, E. (2007) Floristics and Phytogeographic Synopsis of a Dry Afromontane Co- niferous Forest in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia: Implications to Biodiversity Conservation. Ethiopian Journal of Sci- ence, 30, 1-12. [3] Mengistu, K. (2002) Tropical Secondry Forest Management in Africa: Reality and Perspectives: Ethiopia Country Pa- per. FAO Document Reposi t o ry, 13, 43-58. 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