3. Classsification
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta
Superdivision Spermatophyta
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Subclass Dilleniidae
Order Violales
Family Caricaceae
Genus Carica
Species Carica papaya
4. Carica papaya (Caricaceae)
Synonym : papaya Carica.
Common names : papaya, pawpaw, tree melon
East indies and southern Asia : tapaya, kepaya ,
kapaya, lapaya
Brazil : Mamao
5. Carica papaya Distribution
Native : Costa rica , Mexico, USA
Exotic : Australia, Barbadus, Bahamas, Antigua and
Berbuda, Brazil, Cameroon, Cambodia, chile, Cuba,
Columbia, Fiji, Haiti, India, Indonesia , Kenya ,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Newzealand, Nigeria, Philppines,
Singapore, Solomon islands, South Afriqa, Sri lanka,
Tanzania, Sodan , thailand , vitenam.
6. Botanical Description of Carica
papaya
Carica papaya is an evergreen herb, having treelike
appearance, 2-10 m tall and usually unbranched. It
contains white latex. Its stem is cylindrical having
diameter 10-30 cm. root system is extensive. C.papaya
comes into fruiting in 5 months and it lives for 4-5
years.
LEAVES : Leaves are arranged spirally , clusterd close
to apex of trunk, petiole upto 1m long, purple green or
green colored orbicular lamina, diameter is 25-75cm
,glabrous, palmate, venation prominent, lobes are
deep and broadly toothed
7. FLOWER : Flowers are yellow and tiny, funnel shaped,
solitary and may be clustered in the leaf axils
Three types of flower
Male flower
Female flower
Hermaphrodite
8. FEMALE FLOWER:
3-5cm in length, pistil large functional,
ovary ovoid.
MALE FLOWER:
Flower present on long hanging
penicles having 10 stamens in two rows.
HERMAPHRODITE:
Flower larger than male flower, ovary 5
carpellate.
9. FRUIT :
fruit is large with fleshy orange pulp, when
ripe skin is thin yellow. Female flower fruit are pear
shaped, spherical, oblong. Fruit of hermaphrodite
flower are long pyriform or obovoid. Seeds larger in
number black small , round covered with gelatinous
aril.
10. CONSTITUENTS
Contains many biological active compounds, important
two are papain and chymopapain, known to aid in
digestion.
Phenolic compounds more in male trees
Leaf, fruit , stem and root yield a proteolytic enzyme ,
propain(papayotin) , malic acid, phtokinase and calcium
maliate.
Its fresh latex gives chymopapain .
Its fruit yields saccharose 0.85% , dextrose 2.6% , levulose
2.1% , pectin, malic acid , citrate and papain.
Volatile oil obtained from its seeds.
11. Papaya :304.00 grams ,118.56
calories
Nutrient amount DV (%) Nutrient density
Vitamin c 187.87 mg 313.1 47.5
Vitamin A 3325.76 IU 66.5 10.1
Folate 115.52 mcg 28.9 4.4
Potassium 781.28 mg 22.3 3.4
Fiber 5.47 g 21.9 3.3
Vitamin E 2.22 mg 11.1 1.7
Vitamin K 7.90 mcg 9.9 1.5
12. Compounds found in different
parts of Carica papaya
Compounds Plant part Amount
Alkaloids Leaves 1,300-4,000 ppm
Butanoic acid Fruit Pulp 1.2mg/kg
Methyl butanoate Fruit
Dehydrocarpaines Leaves 1,000 ppm
Pseudocarpaine Leaves 100 ppm
Chymopapain Latex and exudate
Flavonols Leaves 0-2,000 ppm
Benzylglucosinolate All Parts
Alpha-linolenic acid Fruit 250-2,238 ppm
Papain Fruit, Latex 53,000 ppm
Alpha-phellandrene Fruit
Tannins Leaves 5,000-6,000 ppm
13. ECOLOGY
Carica papaya satisfactorily grows in wide range of
areas , equatorial tropics to temperate latitudes . it
should be grown in warm sunny sites, strong winds are
harmfull. When Carica papaya is exposed to frost or
cold wind result in leaf damage and death of plant
waterlogging even for a short time kill the plant.
14. BIOPHYSICAL LIMIT:
Altitude 0- 1600m , Mean annual
temperature (15) 21-33 deg centigrade, Mean annual
rainfall : 1000- 2000 mm.
SOIL TYPE:
Well aerated, permeable, well drained, fertile
loamy soil, enough with organic matter and PH range
6-7 is ideal for growth of Carica papaya.
15. Dangers of Carica papaya
Papaya is generally safe for human consumption
even for children and pregnant women. But caution is
given to those who have latex allergy as Papaya can
cause anaphylaxis attack in some cases.
Fresh papaya latex causes skin irritation in papaya
harvesters and pollens of papaya has also induced
severe respiratory tract infections in sensitive persons.
These people may react when come in touch with
papaya plant or when eat ripe papaya or papaya
containing food. (2)
16. FOOD USES :
Ripe papaya are eaten fresh, seeded, peeled
cut in wedges and served with lime. Flesh is often
shaped and cubed and served in fruit salad. Papaya
riped flesh is commonly used in pie cakes, ice-cream ,
pickles , marmalade and jams. Young leaves are cooked
and eaten like spinach in east indies.(13)
17. MEDICOBOTANICAL USES
Carica papaya is an evergreen flowering tree that is
valued for its buttery fruit that is believed to offer
many health benefits.
Carica papaya has wide role in medicine industry, used
to cure many diseases , effective in many health issues
from simple digestive issues to cancer treatment.
Carica papaya medicinal importance cannot be denied
described ahead are some common medicobotanical
uses of Carica papaya.
18. DENGUE :
Subenthiran et al. conducted a study to
investigate platelets increasing property of Carica
papaya leaf juice (CPL J) in dengue fever (DF) and
dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients. They
concluded that CPL J does significantly increase platlet
counts in DF and DHF patients.(10)
Ahmed et al. also found Carica papaya leaves
extract having potential Activity of increasing platlets
against dengue fever in their study.(11)
19. ANTI-CANCER EFFECT:
In a study that exposed 10 different types of cancers--
including cervix, breast, liver, lung, and pancreas-- extract
made from dried papaya leaves was reported to slow down
tumor growths. While one mechanism suggested apoptosis
induction as a mechanism, the extract also boosted the
production of key signaling molecules called Th-1 type
cytokines. Results suggest a potential therapeutic strategy
that uses the immune system to fight cancers and a use for
various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Also,
the extract showed no toxicity on normal cells. (12)
20. ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTIULCER:
Study of the aqueous extract on alcohol-induced acute
damage and the immediate blood oxidative stress level in
rats showed that Cp may potentially serve as a good
therapeutic agent against gastric ulcer and oxidative stress.
WOUND HEALING PROPERTY/ LATEX:
Study showed the papaya latex formulated in the
Carbopol gel, based on hydroxyproline content, wound
contraction and epithelialization time, to be effective in the
treatment of burns and supports its traditional use
21. DRIED SEED/ANTHELMINTIC :
Study evaluated air-dried papaya seeds on human
intestinal parasitosis showed efficacious results without
significant side effects.
ANTIMICROBIAL/ LEAVES:
Study evaluated various extract of dried and fresh
leaves of C. papaya against bacteria and fungi of medical
importance. Results showed a very significant broad
spectrum of antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative
and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Organic extracts
were more effective than aqueous extracts.
23. CONCLUSION :
Carica papaya plant is although used mainly as food in
different forms , used commercially ( wine industry )
but its mainly known for its use in medicinal
importance curing many of the diseases from simple
wounds to anticancer activity. Today Carica papaya leaf
extract is given to dengue patients to increase the
number of platlets. Researchers worked a lot on
medicinal outcome of Carica papaya now there is need
to use this research in practical field .
24. Citation :
Ahmad S.M., T.S. Gouda. A study on antidiarrheal activity
of fruit extract of Carica papaya (caricaceae) L. in
rats.pharmacy infopedia (46).
Kadry Mohamed Sadek.2012.Antioxidant and
immunostimulant effect of Carica papaya L. aquous extract
Acrylamide intoxicated rats, 20(3), 180-185
* Ravikant T., G. Nishant, S. Shashipal, T. Samriti, T. R.
Kumar, V.Vikas, S. Dishant.2012.Antihypertensive effect of
ethanolic extract of Indian Carica papaya L. root bark
(caricaceae) in renal artery occluded hypertensive rats.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical
Research, 4(3): 20-23
25. Kalil, I.C.,B.A.V. Gibson,C.A. Ribeiro,L.S. Benincá,G.A.
Brasil, T.U.Andrade,M.C.P. Batitucci and D.C.
Endringer*. 2011.Antimutagenic activity of Carica
papaya L. assayed in vivo by micronucleus test,
32(3):419-423
Otsukia, N., N. H. Dangb, E. Kumagaia, A. Kondoc, S.
Iwataa, C.Morimoto.2010.Aquous extract of Carica
papaya leaves exhibit anti tumor activity and immune
modulatory effects.Journal of
ethnopharmacology,127,760-767.
26. Adu O.A., K.A. Akingboye and A. Akinfemi .2009.Potency
of pawpaw (Carica papaya) latex as an anthelmintic in
poultry production. Botany Research International, 2 (3),
139-142.
Olagunju, J.A., , A.A. Adeneyeb , B.S. Fagbohunkac , N.A.
Bisugac , A.O. Ketikuc , A.S. Benebod , O.M. Olufowobic ,
A.G. Adeoyec , M.A. Alimic , A.G. Adelekec.2009.
Nephroprotective activities of the aqueous seed extract of
Carica papaya Linn. in carbon tetrachloride induced renal
injured Wistar rats: a dose- and time-dependent study.
Biology and medicine Nigeria , vol 1 (1), 11-19
27. Okunola A. A.*, M. T. Haruna, C. P. Anokwuru, T.
Jegede, H. Abia, V. U. Okegbe and B. E.
Esan.2012.Comparative studies on antimicrobial
properties of extract of fresh and dried leaves of Carica
papaya L. on clinical bacterial and fungal isolates
Advances in Applied Science Research, 3 (5):3107-3114
Okeniyi, J.A., T.A.ogunlesi, O.A. Oyelami,
L.A.Adevemi .2007. Effectiveness of dried Carica
papaya seeds against human intestinal parasitosis: a
pilot study.
28. Subenthiran, s., T.C.choon, K.C.cheong, R.thayan,
M.B.teck, P.K.Muniandy,A.Afzan, N.R.Abdullah and
Z.Ismail.2013. Evidence-Based Complementary and
Alternative Medicine
Ahmed, N., H.Fazal, M. ayaz,B.H.Abbasi, I.
Mohammad and L.fazal.2011.Asian pak J Trop
BioMed.1 (4), 330-333.
Papaya extract thwarts growth of cancer cells in lab
test. Mar. 10, 2010 /University of Florida
Mortan, j. 1987. Fruits of warm climates.
